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Showing papers by "University of Houston published in 2014"


Journal ArticleDOI
14 Mar 2014-Science
TL;DR: Large errors in flu prediction were largely avoidable, which offers lessons for the use of big data.
Abstract: In February 2013, Google Flu Trends (GFT) made headlines but not for a reason that Google executives or the creators of the flu tracking system would have hoped. Nature reported that GFT was predicting more than double the proportion of doctor visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which bases its estimates on surveillance reports from laboratories across the United States ( 1 , 2 ). This happened despite the fact that GFT was built to predict CDC reports. Given that GFT is often held up as an exemplary use of big data ( 3 , 4 ), what lessons can we draw from this error?

2,062 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of effective leaders and leadership behavior is a prominent concern in organizations of all types as discussed by the authors, and the theoretical and empirical literature on leader and leadership development published over the past 25 years, primarily focusing on research published in The Leadership Quarterly.
Abstract: The development of effective leaders and leadership behavior is a prominent concern in organizations of all types. We review the theoretical and empirical literature on leader and leadership development published over the past 25 years, primarily focusing on research published in The Leadership Quarterly . Compared to the relatively long history of leadership research and theory, the systematic study of leadership development (broadly defined to also include leader development) has a moderately short history. We examine intrapersonal and interpersonal issues related to the phenomena that develop during the pursuit of effective leadership, describe how development emerges with an emphasis on multi-source or 360-degree feedback processes, review longitudinal studies of leadership development, and investigate methodological and analytical issues in leader and leadership development research. Future research directions to motivate and guide the study of leader and leadership development are also discussed.

836 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) nanoparticles can carry out overall water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of around 5% and that the high photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles arises from a significant shift in the position of the band edge of the material.
Abstract: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles can carry out overall water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of around 5%.

714 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider as mentioned in this paper continuously took data during the first physics campaign of the machine from fall 2009 until early 2013, using proton and lead-ion beams.
Abstract: ALICE is the heavy-ion experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The experiment continuously took data during the first physics campaign of the machine from fall 2009 until early 2013, using proton and lead-ion beams. In this paper we describe the running environment and the data handling procedures, and discuss the performance of the ALICE detectors and analysis methods for various physics observables.

691 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Caleb F. Davis1, Christopher J. Ricketts, Min Wang1, Lixing Yang2  +222 moreInstitutions (18)
TL;DR: Genomic rearrangements lead to recurrent structural breakpoints within TERT promoter region, which correlates with highly elevated TERT expression and manifestation of kataegis, representing a mechanism of TERT upregulation in cancer distinct from previously observed amplifications and point mutations.

658 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that a graphene-clad microfiber all-optical modulator can achieve a modulation depth of 38% and a response time of ∼ 2.2 ps, limited only by the intrinsic carrier relaxation time of graphene.
Abstract: Graphene is an optical material of unusual characteristics because of its linearly dispersive conduction and valence bands and the strong interband transitions. It allows broadband light-matter interactions with ultrafast responses and can be readily pasted to surfaces of functional structures for photonic and optoelectronic applications. Recently, graphene-based optical modulators have been demonstrated with electrical tuning of the Fermi level of graphene. Their operation bandwidth, however, was limited to about 1 GHz by the response of the driving electrical circuit. Clearly, this can be improved by an all-optical approach. Here, we show that a graphene-clad microfiber all-optical modulator can achieve a modulation depth of 38% and a response time of ∼2.2 ps, limited only by the intrinsic carrier relaxation time of graphene. This modulator is compatible with current high-speed fiber-optic communication networks and may open the door to meet future demand of ultrafast optical signal processing.

619 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a unified framework for this purpose using unsupervised latent Dirichlet allocation, which enables marketers to track dimensions' importance over time and allows for dynamic mapping of competitive brand positions on those dimensions over time.
Abstract: Online chatter, or user-generated content, constitutes an excellent emerging source for marketers to mine meaning at a high temporal frequency. This article posits that this meaning consists of extracting the key latent dimensions of consumer satisfaction with quality and ascertaining the valence, labels, validity, importance, dynamics, and heterogeneity of those dimensions. The authors propose a unified framework for this purpose using unsupervised latent Dirichlet allocation. The sample of user-generated content consists of rich data on product reviews across 15 firms in five markets over four years. The results suggest that a few dimensions with good face validity and external validity are enough to capture quality. Dynamic analysis enables marketers to track dimensions' importance over time and allows for dynamic mapping of competitive brand positions on those dimensions over time. For vertically differentiated markets (e.g., mobile phones, computers), objective dimensions dominate and are similar acr...

562 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Consideration of these principles addresses many of the current uncertainties regarding the AOP framework and its application and is intended to foster greater consistency in AOP development.

501 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
John R. B. Perry, Felix R. Day1, Cathy E. Elks1, Patrick Sulem2  +217 moreInstitutions (64)
02 Oct 2014-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies and found robust evidence for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche.
Abstract: Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.

498 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
26 Sep 2014-Science
TL;DR: It is shown through kinetics and infrared spectroscopy that the presence of water can lower the reaction activation barrier by enabling OOH groups to form from adsorbed oxygen (see the Perspective by Mullen and Mullins).
Abstract: We provide direct evidence of a water-mediated reaction mechanism for room-temperature CO oxidation over Au/TiO2 catalysts. A hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effect of nearly 2 implicates O-H(D) bond breaking in the rate-determining step. Kinetics and in situ infrared spectroscopy experiments showed that the coverage of weakly adsorbed water on TiO2 largely determines catalyst activity by changing the number of active sites. Density functional theory calculations indicated that proton transfer at the metal-support interface facilitates O2 binding and activation; the resulting Au-OOH species readily reacts with adsorbed Au-CO, yielding Au-COOH. Au-COOH decomposition involves proton transfer to water and was suggested to be rate determining. These results provide a unified explanation to disparate literature results, clearly defining the mechanistic roles of water, support OH groups, and the metal-support interface.

452 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Chuan Fei Guo1, Tianyi Sun1, Feng Cao1, Qian Liu, Zhifeng Ren1 
TL;DR: Guo et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed light trapping with metallic nanostructures for thin film solar cells and selective solar absorbers, and showed that the presence of metallic nanoparticles in a solar cell or a solar absorber can aid light absorption by inducing strong, local fieldenhancement effects or coupling to resonant plasmon modes.
Abstract: Solar energy is abundant and environmentally friendly. Light trapping in solar-energy-harvesting devices or structures is of critical importance. This article reviews light trapping with metallic nanostructures for thin film solar cells and selective solar absorbers. The metallic nanostructures can either be used in reducing material thickness and device cost or in improving light absorbance and thereby improving conversion efficiency. The metallic nanostructures can contribute to light trapping by scattering and increasing the path length of light, by generating strong electromagnetic field in the active layer, or by multiple reflections/absorptions. We have also discussed the adverse effect of metallic nanostructures and how to solve these problems and take full advantage of the light-trapping effect. In recent years, researchers have demonstrated a number of new schemes for enhancing the absorption of light in solar cells. Chuan Fei Guo and colleagues from the University of Houston in the USA and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China in Beijing have now reviewed the use of metallic nanostructures for trapping light in photovoltaic devices. In particular, the presence of metallic nanoparticles in a solar cell or a solar absorber can aid light absorption by inducing strong, local field-enhancement effects or coupling to resonant plasmon modes. Such particles can also promote scattering and thus increase path lengths for light within the device. Solar cells that utilize this approach are either more efficient or substantially thinner than those that do not, thus reducing material costs and creating the opportunity for ultrathin, flexible devices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Feature reduction is an essential step before training a machine learning model to avoid overfitting and therefore improving model prediction accuracy and generalization ability and in this review, feature reduction techniques used with machine learning in neuroimaging studies are discussed.
Abstract: Machine learning techniques are increasingly being used in making relevant predictions and inferences on individual subjects neuroimaging scan data. Previous studies have mostly focused on categorical discrimination of patients and matched healthy controls and more recently, on prediction of individual continuous variables such as clinical scores or age. However, these studies are greatly hampered by the large number of predictor variables (voxels) and low observations (subjects) also known as the curse-of-dimensionality or small-n-large-p problem. As a result, feature reduction techniques such as feature subset selection and dimensionality reduction are used to remove redundant predictor variables and experimental noise, a process which mitigates the curse-of-dimensionality and small-n-large-p effects. Feature reduction is an essential step before training a machine learning model to avoid overfitting and therefore improving model prediction accuracy and generalization ability. In this review, we discuss feature reduction techniques used with machine learning in neuroimaging studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
L. Adamczyk1, J. K. Adkins2, G. Agakishiev3, Madan M. Aggarwal4  +352 moreInstitutions (54)
23 Jan 2014
TL;DR: The beam energy and collision centrality dependence of the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions and the products of moments are found to be significantly below the Skellam expectation and close to expectations based on independent proton and antiproton production.
Abstract: We report the beam energy (root S-NN = 7.7-200 GeV) and collision centrality dependence of the mean (M), standard deviation (sigma), skewness (S), and kurtosis (kappa) of the net-proton multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions. The measurements are carried out by the STAR experiment at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.5) and within the transverse momentum range 0.4 < p(T) < 0.8 GeV/c in the first phase of the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These measurements are important for understanding the quantum chromodynamic phase diagram. The products of the moments, S sigma and K sigma(2), are sensitive to the correlation length of the hot and dense medium created in the collisions and are related to the ratios of baryon number susceptibilities of corresponding orders. The products of moments are found to have values significantly below the Skellam expectation and close to expectations based on independent proton and antiproton production. The measurements are compared to a transport model calculation to understand the effect of acceptance and baryon number conservation and also to a hadron resonance gas model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problem of person re-identification is explored and open issues and challenges of the problem are highlighted with a discussion on potential directions for further research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method for cobalt-catalyzed, aminoquinoline- and picolinamide-directed C(sp(2))-H bond alkenylation by alkynes was developed that shows excellent functional-group tolerance and both internal and terminal alkynes are competent substrates for the coupling.
Abstract: A method for cobalt-catalyzed, aminoquinoline- and picolinamide-directed C(sp2)H bond alkenylation by alkynes was developed. The method shows excellent functional-group tolerance and both internal and terminal alkynes are competent substrates for the coupling. The reaction employs a Co(OAc)2⋅4 H2O catalyst, Mn(OAc)2 co-catalyst, and oxygen (from air) as a terminal oxidant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel false data detection mechanism is proposed based on the separation of nominal power grid states and anomalies, and two methods, the nuclear norm minimization and low rank matrix factorization, are presented to solve this problem.
Abstract: State estimation in electric power grid is vulnerable to false data injection attacks, and diagnosing such kind of malicious attacks has significant impacts on ensuring reliable operations for power systems. In this paper, the false data detection problem is viewed as a matrix separation problem. By noticing the intrinsic low dimensionality of temporal measurements of power grid states as well as the sparse nature of false data injection attacks, a novel false data detection mechanism is proposed based on the separation of nominal power grid states and anomalies. Two methods, the nuclear norm minimization and low rank matrix factorization, are presented to solve this problem. It is shown that proposed methods are able to identify proper power system operation states as well as detect the malicious attacks, even under the situation that collected measurement data is incomplete. Numerical simulation results both on the synthetic and real data validate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Jul 2014-JAMA
TL;DR: In patients with closed head injury, neither the administration of erythropoietin nor maintaining hemoglobin concentration of greater than 10 g/dL resulted in improved neurological outcome at 6 months, and these findings do not support either approach in this setting.
Abstract: Importance There is limited information about the effect of erythropoietin or a high hemoglobin transfusion threshold after a traumatic brain injury. Objective To compare the effects of erythropoietin and 2 hemoglobin transfusion thresholds (7 and 10 g/dL) on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized clinical trial of 200 patients (erythropoietin, n = 102; placebo, n = 98) with closed head injury who were unable to follow commands and were enrolled within 6 hours of injury at neurosurgical intensive care units in 2 US level I trauma centers between May 2006 and August 2012. The study used a factorial design to test whether erythropoietin would fail to improve favorable outcomes by 20% and whether a hemoglobin transfusion threshold of greater than 10 g/dL would increase favorable outcomes without increasing complications. Erythropoietin or placebo was initially dosed daily for 3 days and then weekly for 2 more weeks (n = 74) and then the 24- and 48-hour doses were stopped for the remainder of the patients (n = 126). There were 99 patients assigned to a hemoglobin transfusion threshold of 7 g/dL and 101 patients assigned to 10 g/dL. Interventions Intravenous erythropoietin (500 IU/kg per dose) or saline. Transfusion threshold maintained with packed red blood cells. Main Outcomes and Measures Glasgow Outcome Scale score dichotomized as favorable (good recovery and moderate disability) or unfavorable (severe disability, vegetative, or dead) at 6 months postinjury. Results There was no interaction between erythropoietin and hemoglobin transfusion threshold. Compared with placebo (favorable outcome rate: 34/89 [38.2%; 95% CI, 28.1% to 49.1%]), both erythropoietin groups were futile (first dosing regimen: 17/35 [48.6%; 95% CI, 31.4% to 66.0%], P = .13; second dosing regimen: 17/57 [29.8%; 95% CI, 18.4% to 43.4%], P P = .28). There was a higher incidence of thromboembolic events for the transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL (22/101 [21.8%] vs 8/99 [8.1%] for the threshold of 7 g/dL, odds ratio, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.79], P = .009). Conclusions and Relevance In patients with closed head injury, neither the administration of erythropoietin nor maintaining hemoglobin concentration of greater than 10 g/dL resulted in improved neurological outcome at 6 months. The transfusion threshold of 10 g/dL was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events. These findings do not support either approach in this setting. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00313716

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the progress of cermet-based spectrally selective absorbers with high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance, such as Cr2O3, Al2O 3, AlN, SiO2, and ZrO2 based cermets as absorption layers, is reviewed.
Abstract: Spectrally selective solar absorbers harvest solar energy in the form of heat. Solar absorbers using cermet-based coatings demonstrate a high absorptance of the solar spectrum and a low emittance in the infrared (IR) regime. Extensive work has been done to optimize cermet-based solar absorbers to achieve high performance by exploring different cermet (ceramic–metal composite) materials and film configurations through different preparation techniques such as electrodeposition, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and solution-based methods. In this article, we review the progress of cermet-based spectrally selective absorbers with high solar absorptance and low thermal emittance, such as Cr2O3, Al2O3, AlN, SiO2, and ZrO2 based cermets as absorption layers. We also present an outlook for cermet-based spectrally selective absorbers with high thermal stability and high conversion efficiency from sunlight to heat.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper highlights the two awarded research contributions, which investigated different approaches for the fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR data, including a combined unsupervised and supervised classification scheme, and a graph-based method for the Fusion of spectral, spatial, and elevation information.
Abstract: The 2013 Data Fusion Contest organized by the Data Fusion Technical Committee (DFTC) of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society aimed at investigating the synergistic use of hyperspectral and Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data. The data sets distributed to the participants during the Contest, a hyperspectral imagery and the corresponding LiDAR-derived digital surface model (DSM), were acquired by the NSF-funded Center for Airborne Laser Mapping over the University of Houston campus and its neighboring area in the summer of 2012. This paper highlights the two awarded research contributions, which investigated different approaches for the fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR data, including a combined unsupervised and supervised classification scheme, and a graph-based method for the fusion of spectral, spatial, and elevation information.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2014-Leukemia
TL;DR: CS1 represents a viable target for CAR-expressing immune cells, and autologous or allogeneic transplantation of CS1-specific CAR NK cells may be a promising strategy to treat MM.
Abstract: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells have been demonstrated successfully in the clinic to treat B-lymphoid malignancies. However, the potential utility of antigen-specific CAR-engineered natural-killer (NK) cells to treat MM has not been explored. In this study, we determined whether CS1, a surface protein that is highly expressed on MM cells, can be targeted by CAR NK cells to treat MM. We successfully generated a viral construct of a CS1-specific CAR and expressed it in human NK cells. In vitro, CS1-CAR NK cells displayed enhanced MM cytolysis and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, and showed a specific CS1-dependent recognition of MM cells. Ex vivo, CS1-CAR NK cells also showed similarly enhanced activities when responding to primary MM tumor cells. More importantly, in an aggressive orthotopic MM xenograft mouse model, adoptive transfer of NK-92 cells expressing CS1-CAR efficiently suppressed the growth of human IM9 MM cells and also significantly prolonged mouse survival. Thus, CS1 represents a viable target for CAR-expressing immune cells, and autologous or allogeneic transplantation of CS1-specific CAR NK cells may be a promising strategy to treat MM.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Improved honey bee genome assembly with a new gene annotation set and a number of genes similar to that of other insect genomes are reported, contrary to what was suggested in OGSv1.0.
Abstract: The first generation of genome sequence assemblies and annotations have had a significant impact upon our understanding of the biology of the sequenced species, the phylogenetic relationships among species, the study of populations within and across species, and have informed the biology of humans. As only a few Metazoan genomes are approaching finished quality (human, mouse, fly and worm), there is room for improvement of most genome assemblies. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome, published in 2006, was noted for its bimodal GC content distribution that affected the quality of the assembly in some regions and for fewer genes in the initial gene set (OGSv1.0) compared to what would be expected based on other sequenced insect genomes. Here, we report an improved honey bee genome assembly (Amel_4.5) with a new gene annotation set (OGSv3.2), and show that the honey bee genome contains a number of genes similar to that of other insect genomes, contrary to what was suggested in OGSv1.0. The new genome assembly is more contiguous and complete and the new gene set includes ~5000 more protein-coding genes, 50% more than previously reported. About 1/6 of the additional genes were due to improvements to the assembly, and the remaining were inferred based on new RNAseq and protein data. Lessons learned from this genome upgrade have important implications for future genome sequencing projects. Furthermore, the improvements significantly enhance genomic resources for the honey bee, a key model for social behavior and essential to global ecology through pollination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how social comparison to peers through computer mediated interactions on Facebook might impact users' psychological health and found that the relationship between the amount of time spent on Facebook and depressive symptoms was uniquely mediated by upward, nondirectional, and downward Facebook social comparisons.
Abstract: Two studies investigated how social comparison to peers through computer-mediated interactions on Facebook might impact users' psychological health. Study 1 (N = 180) revealed an association between time spent on Facebook and depressive symptoms for both genders. However, results demonstrated that making Facebook social comparisons mediated the link between time spent on Facebook and depressive symptoms for men only. Using a 14-day diary design (N = 152), Study 2 found that the relationship between the amount of time spent on Facebook and depressive symptoms was uniquely mediated by upward, nondirectional, and downward Facebook social comparisons. Similarly, all three types of Facebook social comparisons mediated the relationship between the number of Facebook logins and depressive symptoms. Unlike Study 1, gender did not moderate these associations. Both studies provide evidence that people feel depressed after spending a great deal of time on Facebook because they feel badly when comparing themselves to...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The highly stretchable and transparent Au nanomesh electrodes are promising for applications in foldable photoelectronics and muscle-like transducers.
Abstract: Foldable photoelectronics and muscle-like transducers require highly stretchable and transparent electrical conductors. Some conducting oxides are transparent, but not stretchable. Carbon nanotube films, graphene sheets and metal-nanowire meshes can be both stretchable and transparent, but their electrical resistances increase steeply with strain <100%. Here we present highly stretchable and transparent Au nanomesh electrodes on elastomers made by grain boundary lithography. The change in sheet resistance of Au nanomeshes is modest with a one-time strain of ~160% (from ~21 Ω per square to ~67 Ω per square), or after 1,000 cycles at a strain of 50%. The good stretchability lies in two aspects: the stretched nanomesh undergoes instability and deflects out-of-plane, while the substrate stabilizes the rupture of Au wires, forming distributed slits. Larger ratio of mesh-size to wire-width also leads to better stretchability. The highly stretchable and transparent Au nanomesh electrodes are promising for applications in foldable photoelectronics and muscle-like transducers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate the applications of game-theoretic models to study the radio resource allocation issues in D2D communication, and outline several key open research directions.
Abstract: Device-to-device communication underlaying cellular networks allows mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets to use the licensed spectrum allocated to cellular services for direct peer-to-peer transmission. D2D communication can use either one-hop transmission (i.e. D2D direct communication) or multi-hop clusterbased transmission (i.e. in D2D local area networks). The D2D devices can compete or cooperate with each other to reuse the radio resources in D2D networks. Therefore, resource allocation and access for D2D communication can be treated as games. The theories behind these games provide a variety of mathematical tools to effectively model and analyze the individual or group behaviors of D2D users. In addition, game models can provide distributed solutions to the resource allocation problems for D2D communication. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the applications of game-theoretic models to study the radio resource allocation issues in D2D communication. The article also outlines several key open research directions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most patients with breast implant-associated ALCL who had disease confined within the fibrous capsule achieved complete remission, justifying cytotoxic chemotherapy in addition to removal of implants.
Abstract: Purpose Breast implant‐associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a recently described clinicopathologic entity that usually presents as an effusion-associated fibrous capsule surrounding an implant. Less frequently, it presents as a mass. The natural history of this disease and long-term outcomes are unknown.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review examines some of the recent discoveries that link oxidative status with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and published results and questions regarding a causal relationship between oxidative and emotional stress.
Abstract: Oxidative stress is an imbalance between cellular production of reactive oxygen species and the counteracting antioxidant mechanisms. The brain with its high oxygen consumption and a lipid-rich environment is considered highly susceptible to oxidative stress or redox imbalances. Therefore, the fact that oxidative stress is implicated in several mental disorders including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, is not surprising. Although several elegant studies have established a link between oxidative stress and psychiatric disorders, the causal relationship between oxidative stress and psychiatric diseases is not fully determined. Another critical aspect that needs much attention and effort is our understanding of the association between cellular oxidative stress and emotional stress. This review examines some of the recent discoveries that link oxidative status with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A discussion of published results and questions that currently exist in the field regarding a causal relationship between oxidative and emotional stress is also provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research investigators should be prepared to return research results and incidental findings discovered in the course of their research and meeting an actionability threshold, but they have no ethical obligation to actively search for such results.
Abstract: As more research studies incorporate next-generation sequencing (including whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing), investigators and institutional review boards face difficult questions regarding which genomic results to return to research participants and how. An American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics 2013 policy paper suggesting that pathogenic mutations in 56 specified genes should be returned in the clinical setting has raised the question of whether comparable recommendations should be considered in research settings. The Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) Consortium and the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network are multisite research programs that aim to develop practical strategies for addressing questions concerning the return of results in genomic research. CSER and eMERGE committees have identified areas of consensus regarding the return of genomic results to research participants. In most circumstances, if results meet an actionability threshold for return and the research participant has consented to return, genomic results, along with referral for appropriate clinical follow-up, should be offered to participants. However, participants have a right to decline the receipt of genomic results, even when doing so might be viewed as a threat to the participants' health. Research investigators should be prepared to return research results and incidental findings discovered in the course of their research and meeting an actionability threshold, but they have no ethical obligation to actively search for such results. These positions are consistent with the recognition that clinical research is distinct from medical care in both its aims and its guiding moral principles.

Journal ArticleDOI
F. P. An1, A. B. Balantekin2, H. R. Band2, W. Beriguete3  +240 moreInstitutions (39)
TL;DR: A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.
Abstract: A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (ν¯_e) from six 2.9 GW_(th) reactors were detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin^2 2θ_(13) = 0.090^(+0.008)_(−0.009) and the first direct measurement of the ν¯e mass-squared difference |Δm2ee|=(2.59^(+0.19)_(−0.20))×10^−3 eV^2 is obtained using the observed ν¯_e rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of |Δm^(2)_(ee)| is consistent with |Δm^(2)_(μμ)| measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.

Journal ArticleDOI
16 May 2014-Science
TL;DR: The mechanism provides a molecular basis for understanding the oncogenic JAK2 mutations responsible for polycythemia vera and certain other hematologic disorders and may thus be of value in the design of small-molecule inhibitors of clinical applicability.
Abstract: Signaling from JAK (Janus kinase) protein kinases to STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) transcription factors is key to many aspects of biology and medicine, yet the mechanism by which cytokine receptors initiate signaling is enigmatic. We present a complete mechanistic model for activation of receptor-bound JAK2, based on an archetypal cytokine receptor, the growth hormone receptor. For this, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor positioning of the JAK2 binding motif in the receptor dimer, substitution of the receptor extracellular domains with Jun zippers to control the position of its transmembrane (TM) helices, atomistic modeling of TM helix movements, and docking of the crystal structures of the JAK2 kinase and its inhibitory pseudokinase domain with an opposing kinase-pseudokinase domain pair. Activation of the receptor dimer induced a separation of its JAK2 binding motifs, driven by a ligand-induced transition from a parallel TM helix pair to a left-handed crossover arrangement. This separation leads to removal of the pseudokinase domain from the kinase domain of the partner JAK2 and pairing of the two kinase domains, facilitating trans-activation. This model may well generalize to other class I cytokine receptors.

Journal ArticleDOI
G. Bellini1, Jay Burton Benziger, D. Bick2, G. Bonfini, D. Bravo3, M. Buizza Avanzini4, B. Caccianiga1, Laura Cadonati4, Frank Calaprice, C. Carraro5, P. Cavalcante, A. E. Chavarria5, A. S. Chepurnov6, V. Chubakov7, D. D'Angelo1, S. Davini1, A. V. Derbin7, A.V. Etenko8, A.V. Etenko9, K. Fomenko10, D. Franco11, Cristiano Galbiati, S. Gazzana, C. Ghiano12, Marco Giammarchi1, M. Göger-Neff13, A. M. Goretti5, L. Grandi2, E. Guardincerri14, S. Hardy, Aldo Ianni, Andrea Ianni5, V. V. Kobychev1, Denis Korablev10, G. Korga14, Yusuke Koshio, D. Kryn11, Matthias Laubenstein, T. Lewke13, Marcello Lissia, E. Litvinovich9, E. Litvinovich8, B. Loer1, F. Lombardi, Paolo Lombardi1, Livia Ludhova1, I. N. Machulin9, I. N. Machulin8, S. Manecki3, W. Maneschg15, G. Manuzio1, Q. Meindl13, E. Meroni1, Lino Miramonti1, M. Misiaszek16, D. Montanari5, P. J. Mosteiro5, F. Mantovani13, V. N. Muratova7, S. Nisi17, Lothar Oberauer13, M. Obolensky11, Fausto Ortica17, K. Otis4, Marco Pallavicini12, L. Papp3, L. Papp13, L. Perasso12, S. Perasso1, A. Pocar4, Gioacchino Ranucci1, A. Razeto, Alessandra Re1, Aldo Romani17, N. Rossi, A. A. Sabelnikov9, A. A. Sabelnikov8, R. Saldanha5, C. Salvo12, S. Schönert13, Hardy Simgen15, M. D. Skorokhvatov8, M. D. Skorokhvatov9, O. Smirnov10, A. Sotnikov10, S. V. Sukhotin9, Y. Suvorov9, Y. Suvorov18, R. Tartaglia, G. Testera12, R. B. Vogelaar3, F. von Feilitzsch13, J. Winter19, Marcin Wójcik16, A. Wright5, Michael Wurm19, G. Xhixha16, Jingke Xu, O. Zaimidoroga10, Sandra Zavatarelli12, G. Zuzel16 
27 Aug 2014-Nature
TL;DR: Spectral observations of pp neutrinos are reported, demonstrating that about 99 per cent of the power of the Sun, 3.84 × 1033 ergs per second, is generated by the proton–proton fusion process.
Abstract: Spectral observations of the low-energy neutrinos produced by proton–proton fusion in the Sun demonstrate that about 99 per cent of the Sun’s power is generated by this process.