Showing papers by "University of Huddersfield published in 1987"
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the nature of British capital markets exaggerated the significance of the audit, thus establishing a power base for the profession from which it was able to sponsor its own preferred modes of internal control and so strengthen its position in management structures.
Abstract: This paper represents an attempt to understand the historical factors which have led to the comparative pre-eminence of accountants in British management hierarchies and the emphasis on financial modes of control within British companies. It is argued firstly that the nature of British capital markets exaggerated the significance of the audit, thus establishing a power-base for the profession from which it was able to sponsor its own preferred modes of internal control and so strengthen its position in management structures. Secondly, the mode of wartime state intervention in this country favoured “external” accounting controls as a means of avoiding more directive forms of industrial mobilisation, in line with the policy of maintaining the operation of laisser-faire capitalism as far as possible. Thirdly the profession has played some part in the successive waves of merger which have occured in British industry and has proposed on the basis of offering financial solutions to the control problems of the resulting large organisations.
307 citations
TL;DR: It is explained that penicillin was the first naturally occurring antibiotic to be characterized and used in clinical medicine and can be seen as the progenitor of the β-lactam family of antibiotics, which are characterized by the possession of the four-membered β - lactam ring.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter explains that penicillin was the first naturally occurring antibiotic to be characterized and used in clinical medicine. It can be seen as the progenitor of the β-lactam family of antibiotics, which are characterized by the possession of the four-membered β -lactam ring. Penicillins were originally detected in fungi but subsequently were found in streptomycetes. The cephalosporins, second member of the β -lactam antibiotic family, were also originally discovered in fungi but later detected in streptomycetes. At present, p-lactam antibiotics can be classified into several groups according to their structure: penicillins (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), cephamycins, oxacephems, penems, clavulanic acid, thienamycin (carbapenems), nocardicins, and monobactams. The chapter highlights that large number of nuclear analogs of the β -lactam antibiotics have been prepared by complete chemical synthesis or by partial synthesis starting from a naturally occurring β -lactam. Of these only the oxacephems and the penems have been investigated clinically.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computerized intermediary system is proposed to facilitate online document retrieval from large-scale data bases directly by users of the retrieved information, which does not require the user to be knowledgeable or undergo any training in the use of the underlying retrieval system.
Abstract: This paper concerns the provision of a computerized intermediary system to facilitate online document retrieval from large-scale data bases directly by users of the retrieved information. The system does not require the user to be knowledgeable or undergo any training in the use of the underlying retrieval system. The scope for a novel intermediary system relating to recent developments in expert systems has been identified and a system entitled CANSEARCH designed to enable doctors to specify queries to retrieve cancer-therapy-related documents stored in the MEDLINE data base. The design of the intermediary system uses the principle of search space abstraction, employing menu selection from a touch terminal and encapsulating the necessary intermediary expertise using rule-based techniques programmed in PROLOG. CANSEARCH performed well enough to justify the approach taken, suggesting that further development of CANSEARCH and of intermediary systems for document retrieval in other subject areas should be undertaken.
70 citations
TL;DR: It was found that both the incidence and severity of back pain decreased significantly and this suggests that mechanical shock and vibration are a significant cause of driving related back pain.
25 citations
01 Apr 1987
TL;DR: The essential features and potential of active suspensions are presented and selected systems are examined to relate the effects of closed-loop pole location to system performance.
Abstract: The essential features and potential of active suspensions are presented and selected systems are examined to relate the effects of closed-loop pole location to system performance. Results are compared with those for well-designed passive systems.
16 citations
TL;DR: It was established that Sphaerium attained an equilibrium concentration of dieldrin in its tissues in a short time period and exhibited a bioaccumulation factor of 1000.
16 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This paper aims to explore two possibly important sources of variation between users are sex and cognitive style, to discuss some of their implications for system design and to finally highlight those aspects which may require further investigation.
Abstract: Over the past decade the computer user community has become increasingly heterogeneous. Computers are now much more widely available and are to be found in most schools and places of work. In response to the greater variety of user, designers have become more concerned with the issue of usability. This has led to a growing need for a fuller understanding of the significant differences between users and user groups so that attempts can be made to accommodate these differences in the design of future systems. Two possibly important sources of variation between users are sex and cognitive style. This paper aims to explore these two concepts, to discuss some of their implications for system design and to finally highlight those aspects which may require further investigation.
12 citations
TL;DR: This article found that customers who left food were more likely to be female, younger and have a general tendency to leave food when eating out or eating at home, whereas poor quality had a relatively small effect.
11 citations
TL;DR: Hydroxyl radicals generated via the iron catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction from the superoxide radical formed by the reduction of dissolved oxygen during the xanthine oxidase catalysed oxidation of Xanthine have been shown to degrade polyacrylamide.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance and complexity of environmental influences on the hot corrosion process in gas turbines is recognized, and attention is drawn to the influence exerted by both salt and carbon particulate material and their interrelationship with each engine stage upstream of the turbine.
Abstract: The importance and complexity of environmental influences on the hot corrosion process in gas turbines is now recognized. The present paper seeks to emphasize that the hot corrosion phenomenon is the end product of a chain of events which starts at the air / sea interface (encompassing wind speed, relative humidity, intake siting, etc) and which extends through filter performance, compressor operating characteristics, and flame tube design before terminating at the hot corrosion site, i.e. the high-pressure rotors. Attention is particularly drawn to the influence exerted by both salt and carbon particulate material and their interrelationship with each engine stage upstream of the turbine.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used association analysis to classify trips in terms of a number of travel variables such as purpose, time, frequency, type of fare paid and car availability.
Abstract: A market segment is defined as a subset of the population having specific characteristics distinguishing it from other population groups. Segmentation can be used to make predictions for each sub-market independently; these predictions are more accurate than simple global forecasts. Planners can design a product and associated promotional campaigns appropriate to any sub-market. It is also possible to price the service differentially for each sub-market. Data was collected in Huddersfield by a self-completion questionnaire representing 6.3 per cent of the sampled market. Association analysis was used to classify trips in terms of a number of travel variables such as purpose, time, frequency, type of fare paid and car availability. Results, which compared well with those from a similar study in Leeds, showed ten segments defined with respect to four variables: trip purpose, economic activity, car availability in the household and sex. Other characteristics are shown in which some of the segments are homogeneous. Association analysis is shown to be capable of identifying distinctive segments that other techniques cannot. (TRRL)
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: An experiment concerned with information display format (i.e: graphical and tabular) preference at the human-computer interface suggested that the visualiser-verbaliser and conceptual tempo cognitive style dimensions are unlikely to be of use in predicting display format preference atThe human- computer interface.
Abstract: Many commercial software packages aimed at the business community advertise graphical data presentation as a selling point. However, the general growth in the use of information display techniques in I.T. systems has not been matched by a proper consideration of their effects and at the moment, the evidence regarding display format preference is somewhat contradictory. An experiment is reported which was concerned with information display format (i.e: graphical and tabular) preference at the human-computer interface. Subjects from both business and non-business backgrounds performed a decision-making task after completing the visualiser-verbaliser and conceptual tempo cognitive style tests. The results suggested that the visualiser-verbaliser and conceptual tempo cognitive style dimensions are unlikely to be of use in predicting display format preference at the human-computer interface. Moreover, there were indications that individuals will use information in both graphical and tabular formats regardless of their own stated preferences. Nevertheless, as stated display format preferences were widely dispersed, it is suggested that users of computer systems should be allowed to choose the format in which information is presented.
TL;DR: The Lawteach curriculum as discussed by the authors was designed to teach law to large groups at progressively higher levels of cognitive functioning, where students' responses to these questions are built upon and extended by the lecturer's use of hypothetical problems to enable students to develop concepts at increasing levels of complexity.
Abstract: This paper outlines the piloting, development and evaluation of a curriculum innovation for undergraduates called Lawteach. The innovation was designed to teach law to large groups at progressively higher levels of cognitive functioning. The innovation is a substantial modification of the case method, in which the lecturer poses questions to students, based on source materials which have been studied by them in advance. Students' responses to these questions are built upon and extended by the lecturer's use of hypothetical problems, to enable students to develop concepts at increasing levels of complexity. Traditional lecturing in which the lecturer talks and the students take notes does not occur at all. In the Lawteach innovation the case method was substantially modified by the application of aspects of learning theory to develop “meaningful reception learning˚d (Ausubel, 1968) at increasingly higher levels of cognitive functioning (Bloom, 1956). The method was evaluated empirically.
TL;DR: In this paper, the tendency of chromium, copper, nickel and zinc dodecanoates to complex with octadecanoic acids was investigated by analysis of the thermogravimetric curves.
TL;DR: This study shows that doses of amoxycillin previously recommended for the prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in children having treatment under local anaesthesia also result in adequate serum concentrations at the time of operation.
Abstract: A Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy has recommended an oral regimen for adult patients at risk from infective endocarditis who require dental treatment under a general anaesthesia. The Working Party recommends oral amoxycillin 3 g 4 hours prior to general anaesthesia. This study shows that doses of amoxycillin previously recommended for the prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in children having treatment under local anaesthesia also result in adequate serum concentrations at the time of operation (14.34 mg/l +/- (1 S.D.) 8.64).
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the problems in imparting physics education in Kenya, a primarily an agricultural country with more than 90% of its population living outside the main towns and 90% relying on agriculture for their living.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problems in imparting physics education in Kenya. Kenya is primarily an agricultural country with more than 90% of its population living outside the main towns and 90% relying on agriculture for their living. More than 70% of these are engaged in subsistence farming. Only 2% of the population is employed in industry and only 3% in the service sector. The overwhelming majority of secondary school pupils comes from the rural areas and attends rural schools. Kenya spends around 25% of its total recurrent expenditure on education. Local fund raising is needed to assist with the school construction program. Teaching equipment and materials are expensive, especially for physics instruction. Moreover, any school usage of fuel and land for example, further depletes local resources. The payment of fees and other school-related expenses is a major drain on individual resources. Some parents have to make enormous sacrifices just to keep their children at school for one more term. The hope for the poorer parents is that school will form a way out of the poverty trap for the child, who will later be able to support the rest of the family.
TL;DR: An assessment centre typically involves several trained assessors evaluating the performance of individuals working in a small group as discussed by the authors, this evaluation is based on a number of different techniques such as group discussions, in-tray exercises and psychometric tests.
Abstract: An assessment centre typically involves several trained assessors evaluating the performance of individuals working in a small group. This evaluation is based on a number of different techniques such as group discussions, in‐tray exercises and psychometric tests. The roots of the assessment centre method are usually traced to the Officer Selection Programmes used during the Second World War. These were further developed after the war both by the armed forces and the Civil Service who instituted the Civil Service Selection Board in 1945. The first commercial organisation to utilise the assessment centre method was AT & T in the US, and other large American firms soon followed suit. However, it is only in recent years that a number of British business organisations have committed themselves to the use of assessment centres.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the relationship between experimental and correlational statistical analysis has received little attention in books on statistics for social scientists is due to the divide between the disciplines of experimental and correlation psychology.
Abstract: Here we show that certain statistics are associated with the correlational research format and other statistics are associated with the experimental research format. We argue that this pattern of dependence is a psychological and we demonstrate that correlational statistics can be used to analyse data from experiments. It may be that the reason why the relationship between experimental and correlational statistical analysis has received little attention in books on statistics for social scientists is due to the divide between the disciplines of experimental and correlational psychology.
TL;DR: The authors assesses the international politics of Africa's growing external indebtedness and the pressures for policy direction that it produces, and concludes by examining alternatives to IMF policy direction, including default and collective disengagement.
Abstract: This paper assesses the international politics of Africa's growing external indebtedness and the pressures for policy direction that it produces. After the scale and character of the problem has been assessed, the paper looks, first, at the increasingly significant role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) within Africa. The nature of external policy direction is then examined, particular attention being paid to the influential World Bank policy paper, the Berg Report. Its policy prescriptions are assessed in the light of conditions in several African countries. The paper concludes by examining alternatives to IMF policy direction, including default and collective disengagement.
TL;DR: Experience from the two centres, Huddersfield and Nottingham, suggests that an appointments system, supported by mass media advertising, is more effective than inviting women to attend educational meetings.
Abstract: TWO programmes of education on breast self-exam ination ran from 1978 to 1985. Experience from the two centres, Huddersfield and Nottingham, suggests that an appointments system, supported by mass media advertising, is more effective than inviting women to attend educational meetings. The experi ence of the trials is considered relevant to com munity education programmes on other topics.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The paper describes the concept of a new control device designed specifically for highly automated batch manufacturing facilities, which is a modular, multirole control device which, whilst powerful and flexible in nature, is modestly priced and offers a wide range of potential industrial applications.
Abstract: The paper describes the concept of a new control device designed specifically for highly automated batch manufacturing facilities. It is an extension of the concept of a Machine Interface Terminal (M.I.T.), which is used in some systems to communicate between CNC machine tools, robots and a supervisory (host) computer system. Existing MIT’S incorporate shop floor data collection and have DNC features. The new device, a Flexible Machining Cell Controller (FMCC), is a modular, multirole control device which, whilst powerful and flexible in nature, is modestly priced and offers a wide range of potential industrial applications.
TL;DR: In their study of 237 clinically and radiologically normal subjects, Moll & Wright concluded that lumbar sagittal mobility was influenced by age and sex (reduced from age 25 years and reduced in females), which makes comparison of their reference values with those obtained by inclinometers particularly difficult.
TL;DR: Traditional methods of providing school meals and the difficulties associated with those methods are described and new methods including convenience products, cook-freeze and cook-chill systems are described together with their effects on microbial growth, nutrient retention and food sensory properties.
Abstract: This paper first describes traditional methods of providing school meals and the difficulties associated with those methods. Newer methods including convenience products, cook-freeze and cook-chill systems are described together with their effects on microbial growth, nutrient retention and food sensory properties.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The paper describes a knowledge based information sub-system designed for use within a flexibly automated manufacturing environment that includes a Knowledge Domain Generator which is an easy to use and powerful tool allowing the end user to program the system’s knowledge base.
Abstract: The paper describes a knowledge based information sub-system designed for use within a flexibly automated manufacturing environment. The system comprises an arrangement of knowledge bases and an attendant implementation system designed to provide an operationally efficient system devolving a high degree of control over information output to the end user. Importantly the system includes a Knowledge Domain Generator which is an easy to use and powerful tool allowing the end user to program the system’s knowledge base.