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Showing papers by "University of Huddersfield published in 2006"


BookDOI
22 May 2006
TL;DR: Iwnicki et al. as discussed by the authors presented a detailed overview of the history of railway vehicle and track simulation, including the development of the Bogie interaction between vehicles and track.
Abstract: Introduction Simon Iwnicki Aims Introduction to the Aims of Handook Structure of the Handbook A History of Railway Vehicle Dynamics Alan Wickens Introduction Coning and the Kinematic Oscillation Concepts of Curving Hunting and the Empirical Development of the Bogie Interaction between Vehicle and Track Innovations for Improved Steering Carter Wheel-Rail Geometry Matsudaira The ORE Competition Creep The Complete Solution of the Hunting Problem Modern Research on Curving Dynamic Response to Track Geometry Suspension Design Concepts and Optimisation Derailment The Development of Computer Simulation Active Suspensions The Expanding Domain of Rail Vehicle Dynamics References The Anatomy of Railway Vehicle Running Gear Anna Orlova and Yuri Boronenko Main Functions of the Running Gear and Terminology Bogie Components Common Passenger Vehicle Bogie Designs Common Freight Wagon Bogie Designs Common Tram Bogie Designs Principles of Selecting Suspension Parameters Advanced Bogie Designs References Wheel-Rail Contact Jean Bernard Ayasse and Hugues Chollet Introduction The Normal Contact The Tangent Problem Contact Forces in the Railway Context Appendix 4.1: Kinematic Movement: The Klingel Formula Appendix 4.2: Kinematic Hunting and Equivalent Conicity Appendix 4.3: The Circle Theory Appendix 4.4: Analysis of Y/Q and Nadal's Criteria Nomenclature References Tribology of the Wheel-Rail Contact Ulf Olofsson and Roger Lewis Introduction Contact Conditions at the Wheel-Rail Contact Wear and Other Surface Damage Mechanisms Friction Lubrication and Surface Coatings Acknowledgments References Track Issues Tore Dahlberg The Railway Track as a Dynamic System Function of the Track Dynamic Properties of the Track Dynamic Properties of Track Components Summary Acknowledgements References Gauging Issues David M. Johnson Philosophy and History of Gauging Components of Gauging Interaction between Gauging Components References Railway Vehicle Derailment and Prevention Huimin Wu and Nicholas Wilson Introduction History and Statistics Railway Vehicle Derailment Mechanisms and Safety Criteria Prediction of Derailment Prevention of Derailment References Longitudinal Train Dynamics Colin Cole Introduction Modelling Longitudinal Train Dynamics Interaction of Longitudinal Train and Lateral/Vertical Wagon Dynamics Longitudinal Train Crashworthiness Longitudinal Comfort Train Management and Driving Practices Conclusions Acknowledgments Nomenclature References Noise and Vibration from Railway Vehicles David Thompson and Chris Jones Introduction Rolling Noise Reducing Rolling Noise Impact Noise Curve Squeal Other Sources of Noise Vehicle Interior Noise Ground-Borne Vibration and Noise Vibration Comfort on Trains References Active Suspensions R.M. Goodall and T.X. Mei Introduction Basics of Active Suspensions Tilting Trains Active Secondary Suspensions Active Primary Suspensions Technology The Long Term Trends Nomenclature References Simulation Oldrich Polach, Mats Berg, and Simon Iwnicki Introduction Modelling Vehicle-Track Interaction Simulation Methods Computer Simulation Dynamics in Railway Vehicle Engineering Conclusions Acknowledgments Nomenclature References Field Testing and Instrumentation of Railway Vehicles Julian Stow and Evert Andersson Introduction Common Transducers Test Equipment Configuration and Environment Data Acquisition Measurement of Wheel and Rail Profiles Track Geometry Recording Examples of Vehicle Laboratory and Field Tests References Roller Rigs Weihua Zhang, Huanyun Dai, Zhiyun Shen, and Jing Zeng Introduction The History of Roller Rigs The Test Technique and Classification of Roller Rigs Examples of Roller Rigs Operation and Results Conclusions References Scale Testing P.D. Allen Introduction A Brief History of Scaled Roller Rigs Survey of Current Scaled Roller Rigs Roller Rigs: The Scaling Problem Scaling Errors Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index

843 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The general nature and course of commonly experienced LBP means that there is limited scope for preventing its incidence (first-time onset), so there is considerable scope for prevention of the consequences of LBP.
Abstract: Summary of the concepts of prevention in low back pain (LBP): • The general nature and course of commonly experienced LBP means that there is limited scope for preventing its incidence (first-time onset). Prevention, in the context of this guideline, is focused primarily on reduction of the impact and consequences of LBP. • Primary causative mechanisms remain largely undetermined: risk factor modification will not necessarily achieve prevention. • There is considerable scope, in principle, for prevention of the consequences of LBP – e.g. episodes (recurrence), care seeking, disability, and workloss. • Different interventions and outcomes will be appropriate for different target populations (general population, workers, and children) yet inevitably there is overlap. • Interventions that are essentially treatments in the clinical environment, focused on management of current symptoms, are not considered as ‘prevention’ for the purposes of this guideline: they are covered in the accompanying clinical guidelines

464 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of key issues in defining an organisation as a social enterprise and highlighting the central issue of measuring success and impact are discussed. But, it can be concluded that whilst certain beliefs and principles are routinely evident, social enterprises most certainly cannot be described as one-size-fits-all.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the diverse world of social enterprise.Design/methodology/approach – This paper profiles 11 different social enterprises from around the world. These range from a profit‐achieving business in a very competitive industry, but one with strong social principles, through a profitable workers' co‐operative to ones needing to find financial sustainability if they are to continue their social aspirations. The paper discusses a number of key issues in defining an organisation as a social enterprise and highlights the central issue of measuring success and impact.Findings – In some of the enterprises the important contribution of a pivotal social entrepreneur is apparent. The need to create and add value for customers and clients is always apparent, as is the need to find effective routes to market. It can be concluded that whilst certain beliefs and principles are routinely evident, social enterprises most certainly cannot be described as “one‐size‐fits‐all”.Ori...

397 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines the changing form of knowledge in social work over the past thirty years and its implications for theory and practice and identifies a series of key challenges and questions which need to be considered in order to engage with the changes.
Abstract: This paper examines the changing form of knowledge in social work over the past thirty years and its implications for theory and practice. In particular, it considers the impact of new systems related to a range of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the shift from a narrative to a database way of thinking and operating. In doing so, it attempts to identify a series of key challenges and questions which need to be considered in order to engage with the changes. In particular, it addresses how far social work is still primarily concerned with subjects and their social relationships and argues that social work now operates less on the terrain of the ‘social’ and more on the terrain of the ‘informational’. Such changes have implications for the relationship between theory and practice in social work and the nature of ‘social’ work itself.

330 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is little evidence to link such fear states with poor prognosis, but there is some evidence to suggest that fear may play a role when pain has become persistent.
Abstract: Objective Fear of pain, which is hypothesized to result in avoidance behavior, has been described as an obstacle to recovery in populations of patients with low back pain. However, the evidence to support the link between high levels of fear at early stages of pain and poor prognosis has yet to be systematically assessed. We undertook this review to explore current evidence and to propose further development of theoretical models. Methods We performed a systematic literature review of all prospective inception cohorts of patients with acute low back pain that measured fear of pain (often described as fear avoidance) at baseline. Results We reviewed 9 studies reported between 2001 and 2006. Several of these had acceptable/good methodology. Three studies, of which at least 1 had excellent methodology, showed no link between measures of fear at baseline and poor prognosis in the short term (3 months) or the long term (12 months). Three studies with acceptable methodology showed weak evidence for such a link, but the effect sizes were small. The only study with acceptable methodology to find a clear link suggested that fear of movement was linked to long-term pain. Conclusion Despite the prevalent focus on fear of pain at early stages of back pain, there is little evidence to link such fear states with poor prognosis. There is some evidence to suggest that fear may play a role when pain has become persistent. There is a growing consensus that distress/depression plays an important role at early stages, and clinicians should focus on these factors.

236 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the appropriateness of two contrasting models of governance to organisations within the social enterprise sector is assessed, and two propositions result from this which posit that social enterprise, despite being located within the non-profit sector, may be more likely to exhibit for-profit forms of governance.
Abstract: – This paper aims to assess the appropriateness of two contrasting models of governance to organisations within the social enterprise sector., – In order to achieve this aim the paper draws on theories of for‐profit governance, particularly the stewardship model, and theories of non‐profit governance, particularly the democratic model. Theoretical insights from these literatures are then combined with the emerging literature on social enterprise., – Two propositions result from this which posit that social enterprise, despite being located within the non‐profit sector, may be more likely to exhibit for‐profit forms of governance., – Practitioners within social enterprises, and those operating in advisory roles to the sector, could benefit from the argument advanced in the paper in that it offers a potential governance solution to the distinctive management challenges being faced by social enterprises., – The paper contributes a framework for examining governance within social enterprises, and offers a guide for future research into social enterprise governance.

200 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA genome sequences from Peninsular Malaysia suggests an ancestry in Indochina around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into island Southeast Asia.
Abstract: Studying the genetic history of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia can provide crucial clues to the peopling of Southeast Asia as a whole. We have analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNAs) control-region and coding-region markers in 447 mtDNAs from the region, including 260 Orang Asli, representative of each of the traditional groupings, the Semang, the Senoi, and the Aboriginal Malays, allowing us to test hypotheses about their origins. All of the Orang Asli groups have undergone high levels of genetic drift, but phylogeographic traces nevertheless remain of the ancestry of their maternal lineages. The Semang have a deep ancestry within the Malay Peninsula, dating to the initial settlement from Africa >50,000 years ago. The Senoi appear to be a composite group, with approximately half of the maternal lineages tracing back to the ancestors of the Semang and about half to Indochina. This is in agreement with the suggestion that they represent the descendants of early Austroasiatic speaking agriculturalists, who brought both their language and their technology to the southern part of the peninsula approximately 4,000 years ago and coalesced with the indigenous population. The Aboriginal Malays are more diverse, and although they show some connections with island Southeast Asia, as expected, they also harbor haplogroups that are either novel or rare elsewhere. Contrary to expectations, complete mtDNA genome sequences from one of these, R9b, suggest an ancestry in Indochina around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by an early-Holocene dispersal through the Malay Peninsula into island Southeast Asia.

164 citations


Book
30 Mar 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the client's account of a social work intervention was used to justify action in a public inquiry, and a case conference was held to discuss inter-professional decision-making in case conferences.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Categorisation and Accountability in Professional Texts and Talk 3. Collegial Communication in Policy Review Interviews 4. Inter-professional Decision-making in a Case Conference 5. Negotiating Roles in a Home Visit 6. Reporting Events in Case Notes 7. The Client's Account of a Social Work Intervention 8. Justifying Action in a Public Inquiry 9. Narrative Transformation in Media Reporting 10. Conclusion

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the special issue of the Journal of Design History of the same title as discussed by the authors, the authors present an exhibition accompanying the publication of the Special Issue of the journal's Journal of design history.
Abstract: Slideshow of exhibition accompanying the publication of the Special Issue of the Journal of Design History of the same title.

155 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is no sound evidence that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with mild intellectual disability is greater than it is in the population as a whole.
Abstract: Background It has often been stated that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities is greater than it is in the population as a whole. Method The epidemiological studies on psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities were reviewed. Results There is evidence that the prevalence of psychiatric disorder is greater in children with intellectual disabilities, compared with children with normal IQs, that it is higher in both adults and children with severe intellectual disabilities compared with people with mild or no intellectual disability and that the rate of problematic behaviour is higher in both adults and children having intellectual disabilities, than in their non-disabled peers. Conclusions There is no sound evidence that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with mild intellectual disability

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the magnetic flux leakage in high-speed non-destructive inspection (NDI) systems using MFL and showed that eddy currents generated by high speed movement and their characterisation in high speed MFL inspection systems were investigated using numerical simulations.
Abstract: High-speed non-destructive inspection (NDI) systems using magnetic flux leakage method (MFL) is in great demand in online metal inspection and defect characterisation, especially in pipeline and rail track inspection. For MFL systems at high speed measurement, in addition to magnetic flux, eddy currents exist in metal specimen because of the relative movement between the probe and specimen. These currents alter the profile of electromagnetic field, which increases difficulty in signal interpretation and defect characterization. In this paper, eddy currents generated by high speed movement and their characterisation in high-speed MFL inspection systems were investigated by using numerical simulations. Besides, the MFL signals from high speed MFL measurement against defect depth were examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on securing the informed consent of children to participate in health and social research involving children in Australia and England, and find that research ethics committees would permit the research to take place only if both the child's informed consent and that of his or her parents was obtained.
Abstract: This article draws on the authors’ experiences of undertaking health and social research involving children in Australia and England and focuses on securing the informed consent of children to participate in such research. A clear trend within literature, service provision, legislation and international conventions recognizes children as ‘active beings’ in all aspects of their lives. The services that are the focus of the research and evaluation projects in which the authors have been involved sought to empower children as active agents and decision-makers. Crucially, not only were these services available directly to children without requiring parental permission, but many children were also accessing these services without their parents’ knowledge. However, when it came to researching and evaluating users’ experiences of these services, the authors faced the problem that existing research gatekeeping systems tended to construct children as dependent, in need of protection and as ‘human becomings’. The authors found that research ethics committees would permit the research to take place only if both the child’s informed consent and that of his or her parents was obtained. The authors outline the implications of such dilemmas, which may not only be counter productive in terms of research objectives but also risk failing to afford children rightful regard in contemporary society. While the authors conclude that there are no quick fixes to the resolution of such dilemmas, they believe that researchers need to engage with the gatekeepers of research to ensure that the laudable effort to protect potentially vulnerable participants avoids overprotection, paternalism and the further disenfranchisement of already marginalized young people.

Book
01 Jul 2006
TL;DR: This book showcases current work within the field of critical reflection throughout the world and across disciplines in health and social care as well as analyzing the literature in the field.
Abstract: This book showcases current work within the field of critical reflection throughout the world and across disciplines in health and social care as well as analyzing the literature in the field. Critical Reflection in Health and Social Care reflects the transformative potential of critical reflection and provides practitioners, students, educators and researchers with the key concepts and methods necessary to improve practice through effective critical reflection

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis detected small but clinically important changes in foot function in a small cohort of RA patients with disease duration <2 years, accompanied by active joint disease and impairment and disability.
Abstract: Background Foot involvement occurs early in rheumatoid arthritis but the extent to which this impacts on the structure and function leading to impairment and foot related disability is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical disease activity, impairment, disability, and foot function in normal and early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) feet using standardised clinical measures and 3D gait analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review describes the self-assembly of anion receptors from organic ligands and transition metal ions, which can be synthesised from a number of different species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two new types of coordination cage have been prepared and structurally characterized and illustrates how combinations of ligands with different coordination modes can generate coordination cages which are not available using one ligand type on its own.
Abstract: Two new types of coordination cage have been prepared and structurally characterized: [M16(μ-L1)24]X32 are based on a tetra-capped truncated tetrahedral core and have a bridging ligand L1 along each of the 24 edges; [M12(μ-L1)12(μ3-L2)4]X24 are based on a cuboctahedral core which is supported by a combination of face-capping ligands L2 and edge-bridging ligands L1. The difference between the two illustrates how combinations of ligands with different coordination modes can generate coordination cages which are not available using one ligand type on its own.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For reactions involving non-polar hydrocarbons the interfacial species where the accessible tungstate is highest confer the greatest reactivity, while polar chemistry is favoured by higher loadings which can take advantage of the H(3)PW(12)O(40) pseudo-liquid phase available within supported multilayers.
Abstract: Highly dispersed H3PW12O40/SiO2 catalysts with loadings between 3.6 and 62.5 wt% have been synthesised and characterised. The formation of a chemically distinct interfacial HPW species is identified by XPS, attributed to pertubation of W atoms within the Keggin cage in direct contact with the SiO2 surface. EXAFS confirms the Keggin unit remains intact for all loadings, while NH3 adsorption calorimetery reveals the acid strength >0.14 monolayers of HPW is loading invariant with initial ΔHads = ∼−164 kJ mol−1. Lower loading catalysts exhibit weaker acidity which is attributed to an inability of highly dispersed clusters to form crystalline water. For reactions involving non-polar hydrocarbons the interfacial species where the accessible tungstate is highest confer the greatest reactivity, while polar chemistry is favoured by higher loadings which can take advantage of the H3PW12O40 pseudo-liquid phase available within supported multilayers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pulsed magnetic flux leakage (PMFL) technique is proposed for crack detection and characterisation. But the results show that the technique can potentially provide additional information about the defects.
Abstract: Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) techniques have been widely used for non-intrusively inspecting steel installations by applying magnetization. In the situations where defects may take place on the near and far surfaces of the structure under inspection, current MFL techniques are unable to determine their approximate size. Consequently, an extra transducer may have to be included to provide the extra information required. This paper presents a new approach termed as pulsed magnetic flux leakage (PMFL) for crack detection and characterisation. The probe design and method are introduced. The signal features in time–frequency domains are investigated through theoretical simulations and experiments. The results show that the technique can potentially provide additional information about the defects. Lastly, potential applications are suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of cyclic and acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones catalysed by η 6 - p -cymene/ruthenium(II) and η 5 -pentamethylcyclopentadienyl/rhodium(III) complexes have been investigated as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes the curriculum model developed for an ambitious interprofessional education programme for health and social care professions implemented in two universities in the south of England (the New Generation Project).
Abstract: This paper describes the curriculum model developed for an ambitious interprofessional education programme for health and social care professions implemented in two universities in the south of England (the New Generation Project). An outline of how the New Generation Project has interpreted the meaning of interprofessional learning is presented first. This is followed by an outline of the structure of the programme, describing both learning in common and interprofessional learning components. The pedagogies underpinning this curriculum initiative are presented and an integrated pedagogical model, facilitated collaborative interprofessional learning, is proposed. The New Generation Project curriculum is then discussed as an extension of an established typology of interprofessional education.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe changes in woody vegetation in the Mwanihana forest, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania, over an altitude range of 470-1700 m. Two methods, fixed and variable-area plots, are compared to elucidate altitudinal variation in tropical forest structure, diversity and community composition.
Abstract: This study describes changes in woody vegetation in the Mwanihana forest, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania, over an altitude range of 470–1700 m. Two methods, fixed- and variable-area plots, are compared to elucidate altitudinal variation in tropical forest structure, diversity and community composition. Six 25 m · 100 m fixed area plots recorded a total of 2143 woody stems of ‡3 cm d.b.h. from 204 species. The 78 variable-area plots recorded the nearest twenty trees of ‡20 cm d.b.h. to an objectively chosen point, giving a total of 1560 stems in 9.1 ha from 156 species. A linear trend of increasing stem density with altitude was seen for variable-area plots. Species diversity is highest at high elevations. There was no clear zonation of elevational vegetation types. Restricted range taxa occur at all altitudes sampled. The study also revealed some methodological considerations. Bias in sample size and plot area can be tested by employing two sampling methods. Of the two methods used, fixed area plots are preferred as variable area plots are impractical in tangled understorey. Plot size must be controlled for in order to make reliable observations of diversity. Sampling along a continuous or near-continuous altitudinal gradient with sufficient replication is also important.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, isotopic data on groundwater sulphate, inorganic carbon and strontium in thermal and non-thermal waters of a major limestone aquifer system in Derbyshire, England, UK, are used to constrain sulphate sources and groundwater evolution.
Abstract: Thermal waters potentially provide information on geochemical processes acting deep within aquifers. New isotopic data on groundwater sulphate, inorganic carbon and strontium in thermal and non-thermal waters of a major limestone aquifer system in Derbyshire, England, UK, are used to constrain sulphate sources and groundwater evolution. Shallow groundwaters gain sulphate from oxidation of sulphide minerals and have relatively 13C-depleted dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Thermal waters have relatively high Sr/Ca and more 13C-enriched DIC as a result of increased water–rock interaction. In other respects, the thermal waters define two distinct groups. Thermal waters rising at Buxton have higher Mg, Mn and 87Sr/86Sr and lower Ca and SO4, indicating flow from deep sandstone aquifers via a high permeability pathway in the limestone. By contrast, Matlock-type waters (97% of the thermal flux) have elevated sulphate concentrations derived from interaction with buried evaporites, with no chemical evidence for flow below the limestone. About 5% of the limestone area's groundwater flows to the Matlock group springs via deep regional flow and the remainder flows via local shallow paths to many non-thermal springs. Gypsum dissolution has produced significant tertiary porosity and tertiary permeability in the carbonate aquifer and this is an essential precursor to the development of karstic drainage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental results show that the surface roughness contained in the surface speckle pattern texture images has a good monotonic relationship with their energy feature of the gray-level co-occurrence matrices.
Abstract: Surface speckle pattern intensity distribution resulting from laser light scattering from a rough surface contains various information about the surface geometrical and physical properties A surface roughness measurement technique based on the texture analysis of surface speckle pattern texture images is put forward In the surface roughness measurement technique, the speckle pattern texture images are taken by a simple setup configuration consisting of a laser and a CCD camera Our experimental results show that the surface roughness contained in the surface speckle pattern texture images has a good monotonic relationship with their energy feature of the gray-level co-occurrence matrices After the measurement system is calibrated by a standard surface roughness specimen, the surface roughness of the object surface composed of the same material and machined by the same method as the standard specimen surface can be evaluated from a single speckle pattern texture image The robustness of the characterization of speckle pattern texture for surface roughness is also discussed Thus the surface roughness measurement technique can be used for an in-process surface measurement

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The UK Government's 2002-2005 Programme for Length as mentioned in this paper funded several groundbreaking projects in low-force metrology, including a traceable areal contacting instrument, the production of the areal transfer artefacts, the development of Internet-based softgauges for profile parameters, a primary low force balance with a force resolution of 50 pN and the development methods for measuring complex micro-scale structures.
Abstract: It is now fully appreciated that metrology will play an integral role in the successful development and commercialization of micro- and nanotechnology. To this end, the UK Government, through the National Measurement System, funded several groundbreaking projects in its 2002–2005 Programme for Length. This paper will briefly describe the background of the research, concentrating on the technical details of the projects. The Programme for Length normally only funds work into dimensional metrology but this funding cycle also funded work into low force metrology as this area is crucial to most mechanical probing techniques. The projects described include a traceable areal contacting instrument designed to calibrate areal transfer artefacts and hence offer traceability for industrial areal instruments, the production of the areal transfer artefacts, the development of Internet-based softgauges for profile parameters, a primary low force balance with a force resolution of 50 pN and the development of methods for measuring complex micro-scale structures. Amongst others, the projects involved collaboration with PTB, TNO, Taylor Hobson, AWE, Rubert & Co. and the Universities of Warwick, Huddersfield and Eindhoven.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the relationships between parents, children, professionals and the state are being reconfigured as a result and that the priority given to the accumulation, monitoring and exchange of information takes on an increasing significance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that evaluation of different models of interprofessional educational interventions is required if interprofessional education in health and social care is to develop as an informed practice rather than become a transient educational fashion.
Abstract: This paper presents a critical review of literature on interprofessional education in the continuum of professional development in health and social care. In particular it explores the range and variety of theoretical frameworks underpinning interprofessional education initiatives across the United Kingdom. In doing so this paper highlights the limited application of educational theory within the broader literature, particularly in the description of the methods employed and in the choices of processes or outcome measures selected. Despite these drawbacks, a focus on the learning and teaching methods used within each interprofessional education programme enabled an explicit categorization of the educational theories being applied (albeit implicitly). The educational theories identified predominantly linked to adult learning theory and reflective practitioner theory. It is, however, acknowledged that such theories alone are not enough to underpin interprofessional education. Theories were therefore also derived from social psychological studies of group behaviour and teamwork approaches; group development and team learning theories focusing on intragroup collaboration; and bio-psychological theories to inform interprofessional education. The paper concludes that (a) more explicit consideration of theory is required in the development of new interventions; (b) reference to educational theory in evaluation should be encouraged and facilitated; (c) evaluation of different models of interprofessional educational interventions is required if interprofessional education in health and social care is to develop as an informed practice rather than become a transient educational fashion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Classification significance tests suggest that like other physiological cues, facial skin temperature also provides useful information about affective states and their facial expression; patterns of facial skinTemperature variation can complement other cues for AFEC and AAI; and infrared thermal imaging may help achieve artificial sociability in robots and autonomous systems.
Abstract: Machines would require the ability to perceive and adapt to affects for achieving artificial sociability. Most autonomous systems use Automated Facial Expression Classification (AFEC) and Automated Affect Interpretation (AAI) to achieve sociability. Varying lighting conditions, occlusion, and control over physiognomy can influence the real life performance of vision-based AFEC systems. Physiological signals provide complementary information for AFEC and AAI. We employed transient facial thermal features for AFEC and AAI. Infrared thermal images with participants' normal expression and intentional expressions of happiness, sadness, disgust, and fear were captured. Facial points that undergo significant thermal changes with a change in expression termed as Facial Thermal Feature Points (FTFPs) were identified. Discriminant analysis was invoked on principal components derived from the Thermal Intensity Values (TIVs) recorded at the FTFPs. The cross-validation and person-independent classification respectively resulted in 66.28p and 56.0p success rates. Classification significance tests suggest that (1) like other physiological cues, facial skin temperature also provides useful information about affective states and their facial expression; (2) patterns of facial skin temperature variation can complement other cues for AFEC and AAI; and (3) infrared thermal imaging may help achieve artificial sociability in robots and autonomous systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The coordination chemistry of a series of di- and tri-nucleating ligands with Ag(I), HG(I) and Hg(II) has been investigated, displaying a wide range of structural types.
Abstract: The coordination chemistry of a series of di- and tri-nucleating ligands with Ag(I), Hg(I) and Hg(II) has been investigated. Most of the ligands contain two or three N,N′-bidentate chelating pyrazolyl-pyridine units pendant from a central aromatic spacer; one contains three binding sites (2 + 3 + 2-dentate) in a linear sequence. A series of thirteen complexes has been structurally characterised displaying a wide range of structural types. Bis-bidentate bridging ligands react with Ag(I) to give complexes in which Ag(I) is four-coordinate from two bidentate donors, but the complexes can take the form of one-dimensional coordination polymers, or dinuclear complexes (mesocate or helicate). A tris-bidentate triangular ligand forms a complicated two-dimensional coordination network with Ag(I) in which Ag⋯Ag contacts, as well as metal–ligand coordination bonds, play a significant role. Three dinuclear Hg(I) complexes were isolated which contain an {Hg2}2+ metal–metal bonded core bound to a single bis-bidentate ligand which can span both metal ions. Also characterised were a series of Hg(II) complexes comprising a simple mononuclear four-coordinate Hg(II) complex, a tetrahedral HgII4 cage which incorporates a counter-ion in its central cavity, a trinuclear double helicate, and a trinuclear catenated structure in which two long ligands have spontaneously formed interlocked metallomacrocyclic rings thanks to cyclometallation of two of the Hg(II) centres.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided preliminary indications of the performance of typically developing children with English as an additional language (EAL) on the British Picture Vocabulary Scales II [BPVS II].
Abstract: This study provides preliminary indications of the performance of typically developing children with English as an additional language (EAL) on the British Picture Vocabulary Scales II [BPVS II]. One-hundred and sixty-five children aged four to nine years took part in the study, 69 monolingual English speakers and 96 with EAL. The results indicate an effect of both age and language status, with the EAL children scoring proportionally lower at younger ages. There was a narrowing gap between the scores of EAL and monolingual English children with increasing age. These findings differ somewhat from the suggested BPVS EAL norms, but must be treated cautiously because of the limited sampling frame. Nevertheless, some potentially useful suggestions are made for practitioners.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High levels of agreement are indicated that youth who are sexually abusive should be seen as a group clinically distinct from adult sex offenders and that all of their developmental needs, and their problematic behavior, should be targeted in intervention.
Abstract: This article presents the findings of a study exploring current levels of consensus among practitioners in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI) about good practice in relation to youth who are sexually abusive. A three-stage Delphi procedure was used to survey the views of 78 practitioners, experienced in this field, on a range of matters relating to preferred responses to this population. The exercise indicated high levels of agreement that youth who are sexually abusive should be seen as a group clinically distinct from adult sex offenders and that all of their developmental needs, and their problematic behavior, should be targeted in intervention. A strong level of consensus was found among respondents about the goals and content of ideal practice with this user group, although there was less consensus about the theoretical models that should underpin practice.