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Institution

University of Iceland

EducationReykjavik, Suðurnes, Iceland
About: University of Iceland is a education organization based out in Reykjavik, Suðurnes, Iceland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Genome-wide association study. The organization has 5423 authors who have published 16199 publications receiving 694762 citations. The organization is also known as: Háskóli Íslands.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that random forests are less sensitive to the number of training samples and perform well even with only a small number, and are hence considered very well suited for land cover classifications of future multifrequency and multitemporal stacks of SAR imagery.
Abstract: SAR data are almost independent from weather conditions, and thus are well suited for mapping of seasonally changing variables such as land cover In regard to recent and upcoming missions, multitemporal and multi-frequency approaches become even more attractive In the present study, classifier ensembles (ie, boosted decision tree and random forests) are applied to multi-temporal C-band SAR data, from different study sites and years A detailed accuracy assessment shows that classifier ensembles, in particularly random forests, outperform standard approaches like a single decision tree and a conventional maximum likelihood classifier by more than 10% independently from the site and year They reach up to almost 84% of overall accuracy in rural areas with large plots Visual interpretation confirms the statistical accuracy assessment and reveals that also typical random noise is considerably reduced In addition the results demonstrate that random forests are less sensitive to the number of training samples and perform well even with only a small number Random forests are computationally highly efficient and are hence considered very well suited for land cover classifications of future multifrequency and multitemporal stacks of SAR imagery

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first evidence for common genetic variants influencing female sexual maturation is provided, with the strongest signal at 9q31.2, where the nearest genes include TMEM38B, FKTN, FSD1L, TAL2 and ZNF462.
Abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data to detect genes influencing age at menarche in 17,510 women. The strongest signal was at 9q31.2 (P = 1.7 × 10(-9)), where the nearest genes include TMEM38B, FKTN, FSD1L, TAL2 and ZNF462. The next best signal was near the LIN28B gene (rs7759938; P = 7.0 × 10(-9)), which also influences adult height. We provide the first evidence for common genetic variants influencing female sexual maturation.

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from the laboratories and from others regarding the cellular origin of human myoepithelial cells, their function in maintaining tissue polarity in the normal breast, and their role during neoplasia are discussed.
Abstract: The human breast epithelium is a branching ductal system composed of an inner layer of polarized luminal epithelial cells and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells that terminate in distally located terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). While the luminal epithelial cell has received the most attention as the functionally active milk-producing cell and as the most likely target cell for carcinogenesis, attention on myoepithelial cells has begun to evolve with the recognition that these cells play an active part in branching morphogenesis and tumor suppression. A major question that has been the subject of investigation pertains to how the luminal epithelial and myoepithelial lineages are related and precisely how they arise from a common putative stem cell population within the breast. Equally important is the question of how heterotypic signaling occurs between luminal epithelial and surrounding myoepithelial cells in normal breast morphogenesis and neoplasia. In this review we discuss data from our laboratories and from others regarding the cellular origin of human myoepithelial cells, their function in maintaining tissue polarity in the normal breast, and their role during neoplasia.

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several other factors were found to significantly increase the probability of fatal injury for drivers in single-vehicle crashes, most notably: male driver, drunk driving, unsafe speed, older driver (65+) driving an older vehicle, and darkness without streetlights.

276 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The genetics provide a comprehensive view of PCOS that encompasses multiple diagnostic criteria, gender, reproductive potential and mental health and provides the first genetic evidence for a male phenotype for PCOS and a causal link to depression, a previously hypothesized comorbid disease.
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology. Affected women frequently have metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. PCOS is diagnosed with two different sets of diagnostic criteria, resulting in a phenotypic spectrum of PCOS cases. The genetic similarities between cases diagnosed based on the two criteria have been largely unknown. Previous studies in Chinese and European subjects have identified 16 loci associated with risk of PCOS. We report a fixed-effect, inverse-weighted-variance meta-analysis from 10,074 PCOS cases and 103,164 controls of European ancestry and characterisation of PCOS related traits. We identified 3 novel loci (near PLGRKT, ZBTB16 and MAPRE1), and provide replication of 11 previously reported loci. Only one locus differed significantly in its association by diagnostic criteria; otherwise the genetic architecture was similar between PCOS diagnosed by self-report and PCOS diagnosed by NIH or non-NIH Rotterdam criteria across common variants at 13 loci. Identified variants were associated with hyperandrogenism, gonadotropin regulation and testosterone levels in affected women. Linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis revealed genetic correlations with obesity, fasting insulin, type 2 diabetes, lipid levels and coronary artery disease, indicating shared genetic architecture between metabolic traits and PCOS. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested variants associated with body mass index, fasting insulin, menopause timing, depression and male-pattern balding play a causal role in PCOS. The data thus demonstrate 3 novel loci associated with PCOS and similar genetic architecture for all diagnostic criteria. The data also provide the first genetic evidence for a male phenotype for PCOS and a causal link to depression, a previously hypothesized comorbid disease. Thus, the genetics provide a comprehensive view of PCOS that encompasses multiple diagnostic criteria, gender, reproductive potential and mental health.

276 citations


Authors

Showing all 5561 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Albert Hofman2672530321405
Kari Stefansson206794174819
Ronald Klein1941305149140
Eric Boerwinkle1831321170971
Unnur Thorsteinsdottir167444121009
Vilmundur Gudnason159837123802
Hakon Hakonarson152968101604
Bernhard O. Palsson14783185051
Andrew T. Hattersley146768106949
Fernando Rivadeneira14662886582
Rattan Lal140138387691
Jonathan G. Seidman13756389782
Christine E. Seidman13451967895
Augustine Kong13423789818
Timothy M. Frayling133500100344
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202377
2022209
20211,222
20201,118
20191,140
20181,070