Showing papers by "University of Illinois at Chicago published in 1979"
TL;DR: This paper found that people recall script actions in their familiar order, and that a scrambled text that presented some script actions out of order tended to be recalled in canonical order, while goal-relevant deviations from a script were remembered better than script actions.
1,544 citations
TL;DR: The abilities of the modern family to fulfill the needs of its members, young as well as old, must be evaluated against the background of this expansion of expectations.
Abstract: The cultures and the subcultures of a society define both the needs of its members and the ways in which these needs are to be met. The changes in cultures which have accompanied industrialization and urbanization have affected the relationships among family members, irrespective of their ages. This is not solely because of changes in the living arrangements of families which often accompany the push to the city that can now be observed in developing societies. It is also because cultural changes have brought an expansion of what come to be defined as needs. As people live longer, are better educated, and desire a higher standard of living their needs become greater. The abilities of the modern family to fulfill the needs of its members, young as well as old, must be evaluated against the background of this expansion of expectations (Rosenmayr, 1977). In all developed countries, as individual needs both increase and are differently defined, functions which may once have been the unique province of the family become shared functions of the family and bureaucracy, whether the latter be government, industry or the educational system. Old people, like other family members, have been affected by the changes in social structure which have been accelerated in the last several decades. Where the family was once expected to look after the economic needs of its members, industrial societies such as the U.S.
666 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the space of measured foliations with the quadratic forms on a fixed Riemann surface is homeomorphic to a sphere, and that the existence of projective classes of foliations is also homeomorphic.
Abstract: This paper concerns the interplay between the complex structure of a Riemann surface and the essentially Euclidean geometry induced by a quadratic differential. One aspect of this geometry is the " trajectory structure" of a quadratic differential which has long played a central role in Teichmfiller theory starting with Teichmiiller's proof of the existence and uniqueness of extremal maps. Ahlfors and Bers later gave proofs of that result. In other contexts, Jenkins and Strebel have studied quadratic differentials with closed trajectories. Starting from the dynamical problem of studying diffeomorphisms on a C ~ surface M, Thurston [17] invented measured ]ol~t io~. These are foliations with certain kinds of singularities and an invariantly defined transverse measure. A precise definition is given in Chapter I, w 1. This notion turns out to be the correct abstraction of the trajectory structure and metric induced by a quadratic differential. In this language our main statement says that given any measured ]oliation F on M and any complex structure X on M, there is a unique quadratic diHerential on the Riemann surface X whose horizontal trajectory structure realizes F. In particular any trajectory structure on one Riemann surface occurs uniquely on every Riemann surface of that genus. In the special case when the foliation has closed leaves, an analogous theorem was proved by Strebel [15]. Earlier Jenkins [13] had proved that quadratic differentials with closed trajectories existed as solutions of certain extremal problems. We deduce Strebel's theorem from ours in Chapter I, w 3. By identifying the space of measured foliations with the quadratic forms on a fixed Riemann surface, we are able to give an analytic and entirely different proof of a result of Thurston's [17]; that the space of projective classes of measured foliations is homeomorphic to a sphere. This is also done in Chapter I, w 3.
444 citations
405 citations
274 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that a preference for a consistent point of view pervades narrative comprehension, memory, and production, and that subjects read statements exhibiting a consistent view faster than those exhibiting a change in view, and rated the consistent statements as more comprehensible than change statements.
252 citations
TL;DR: The hCa diet significantly attenuated the time course of hypertension in SH rats even though both SH groups eventually developed hypertension, and may attenuate genetic hypertension by inducing an osmotic diuresis.
Abstract: The effect of increased dietary calcium on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats was investigated by feeding lab chow fortified with calcium carbonate (2.5% calcium, hCa) beginning at 4 wk of age. A control SH group was fed regular lab chow (1.2% calcium, rCa). Two groups of age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated in parallel. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly until the age of 18 wk using a tail cuff method. The hCa diet significantly attenuated the time course of hypertension in SH rats even though both SH groups eventually developed hypertension. The hCa also lowered BP in WKYs, but to a lesser extent. Urine output (24-hr volumes) was not affected by hCa, but in both SH and WKY groups fed the hCa diet, the excretion of Na+, K+ and Ca++ was markedly elevated at 11, 15, and 19 wk of age. Urine osmolality was also elevated. Plasma Na+, Ca++ and osmolality were not significantly altered by the diet in either SH or WKY rats; plasma potassium was significantly lower in the SH group fed the hCa diet than in the group given rCa. The hCa diet did not significantly affect the body or heart, kidney, adrenal, or thymus weights. The results suggest that hCa diet may attenuate genetic hypertension by inducing an osmotic diuresis.
208 citations
TL;DR: This study investigates the direct estrogen receptor interactions and the character of the biological activities of three estrogenic resorcylic acid lactones in the immature rat uterus of fungal metabolites associated with estrogenizing syndromes in cattle fed mold-infected grain.
Abstract: This study investigates the direct estrogen receptor interactions and the character of the biological activities of three estrogenic resorcylic acid lactones in the immature rat uterus. These compounds are fungal metabolites (P-1492; zearalenone) or derivatives thereof (P-1496 and P-1560; epimeric zearalanols) that have been associated with estrogenizing syndromes in cattle fed mold-infected grain. The compounds compete with estradiol for binding to the cytoplasmic receptor (P- 1496, 13.6%; P-1492, 1.8%; P-1560, 0.8% that of estradiol), and they translocate estrogen receptor sites to the nucleus, with P- 1496 showing the most prolonged nuclear receptor interaction. The three compounds induce the synthesis of the uterine induced protein (P-1496 > P-1560 > P-1492) and increase uterine weight. Direct binding studies with the most potent compound P-1496, in tritium-labeled form indicates a Kd of 1.8 nM (compared to 0.12 nM for estradiol) for interaction with uterine cytoplasmic receptor. Cytoplasmic receptor ...
198 citations
Journal Article•
193 citations
TL;DR: This chapter describes the mechanisms by which estrogens and antiestrogens regulate the growth of reproductive tissues and of tumors that develop in reproductive tissues.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mechanisms by which estrogens and antiestrogens regulate the growth of reproductive tissues and of tumors that develop in reproductive tissues During the normal development of the rat, uterine growth takes place over a period of several weeks; however, one can induce this growth in a dramatic fashion simply by injecting a dose of estrogen into an immature rat This hormone-induced uterine growth, which occurs over a period of a few days, involves increases in all metabolic activities and increased water uptake, vascularization, and cell division After exposure to estrogen, the steroid binds to the cytoplasmic receptor present in the target cell The cytoplasmic receptor becomes localized in the nucleus, and the nuclear receptor interacts with chromatin in a manner such that a whole series of biochemical and physiological responses are elicited as long as the level of hormone is adequate Hence, the tissue responds and a part of this response entails the replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor that renews the capacity of the tissue to respond further to hormone This replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor is believed to occur both by the resynthesis of receptor and by the recycling of some receptor from the nucleus back to the cytoplasmic compartment When an antiestrogen or a more active metabolite of the antiestrogen enters the target cell, it also binds to the cytoplasmic receptor The antiestrogen–receptor complex does move into the nucleus and binds to chromatin, but its nuclear interaction must be different because it initiates only some responses In some tissues, like the chick oviduct, it does not appear to evoke any estrogen-like responses, although the receptor does localize in the nucleus After antiestrogen, cell division eventually becomes arrested and likewise there is no net increase in receptor content in the tissue
191 citations
TL;DR: In a validation of the Tin to and Spady models of college attrition, the authors reanalyzed an expanded data base from an earlier investigation to further probe the relationships between student-faculty informal contact and freshman year voluntary persistence/withdrawal decisions.
Abstract: In a validation of the Tin to and Spady models of college attrition, this study reanalyzed an expanded data base from an earlier investigation (6) to further probe the relationships between student-faculty informal contact and freshman year voluntary persistence/withdrawal decisions. After statistically controlling the influence of twelve student entering characteristics and six additional measures of freshman year social and academic integration, frequency of student-faculty informal contact of six different types accounted for significant R2 increases and had significant partial correlations with freshman year voluntary persistence/withdrawal decisions. The pattern of associations, however, differed somewhat by sex. For freshman men the categories of interactions having significant partial correlations with persistence were oriented toward instrumental outcomes, while those for freshman women had more intrinsic value.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a field satisfying the Yang-Mills equations in dimension 4 with a point singularity is gauge equivalent to a smooth field if the functional is finite.
Abstract: We show that a field satisfying the Yang-Mills equations in dimension 4 with a point singularity is gauge equivalent to a smooth field if the functional is finite. We obtain the result that every Yang-Mills field overR
4 with bounded functional (L
2 norm) may be obtained from a field onS
4=R
4∪{∞}. Hodge (or Coulomb) gauges are constructed for general small fields in arbitrary dimensions including 4.
TL;DR: The recent popularity of the jury simulation paradigm is probably due to researchers' perception that it offers both theoretical and pragmatic potential as mentioned in this paper, and because of the intrinsic difficulties associated with research on actual juries, it offers an apparently reasonable source of pragmatic insights about jury functioning.
Abstract: While empirical study of the jury has a long history (cf. Marston, 1924), recent years have witnessed a substantial expansion of research interest. Especially noticeable has been the proliferation of studies involving attempted simulation of jury functioning. The recent popularity of the jury simulation paradigm is probably due to researchers' perception that it offers both theoretical and pragmatic potential. The jury's task, that of making a social judgment based on various kinds of information, provides an arena in which social psychologists can test a variety of theoretical conceptions: the just-world model (Jones & Aronson, 1973), the reinforcement model of attraction (Mitchell & Byrne, 1973), information integration theory (Kaplan & Kemmerick, 1974), social decision scheme models (Davis, Kerr, Atkin, Holt, & Meek, 1975), attribution theory (Izzett & Fishman, 1976), and equity theory (DeJong, Morris, & Hastorf, 1976). At the same time, because of the intrinsic difficulties associated with research on actual juries, the jury simulation paradigm offers an apparently reasonable source of pragmatic insights about jury functioning. For example, legal prohibitions enacted to ensure absolute privacy for the jury (Burchard, 1958) bar social scientists at the door when a real jury retires for deliberation. In addition, the behavioral scientist can exercise only limited experimental control over court
TL;DR: Body image distortion in 79 female anorexia nervosa patients were examined on a visual-size estimation apparatus during the emaciated stage of illness and the degree of overestimation was associated with less weight gain during treatment, greater denial of illness, and several other pretreatment characteristics indicative of poor outcome.
Abstract: Body image distortion in 79 female anorexia nervosa patients were examined on a visual-size estimation apparatus during the emaciated stage of illness. Both they and an age-matched female control group overestimated their body widths, so this overestimation cannot be considered unique to anorexia nervosa. Among anorexia patients the degree of overestimation was associated with less weight gain during treatment, greater denial of illness, and several other pretreatment characteristics indicative of poor outcome.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of how victimization rates, safety and fear of crime interrelate is proposed, and a preliminary test of the model is made using cross-sectional city level data on both victimization rate and attitudes from the recent National Crime Survey.
Abstract: A model is postulated of how victimization rates, safety and fear of crime interrelate. Certain population groups and cities show higher levels of fear of crime but lower measured victimization rates. According to the model this can happen because certain groups that do have higher “real” risks of victimization expose themselves less to crime and hence show lower measured victimization rates.
The model also implies that even though victimization rates correct for underreporting of crime, they may still not be the correct calibrator of safety because they do not take into account exposure to crime. Measured victimization rates can be both positively and inversely related to the “real” risk of crime.
A preliminary test of the model is made using cross-sectional city level data on both victimization rates and attitudes from the recent National Crime Survey. The analysis shows that fear of crime has higher correlations with victimization rates adjusted for exposure than the usually measured victimization rates reported by the government, and that exposure appears to be negatively related to fear of crime.
TL;DR: BDH induced by atrial pacing is an infrequent finding in patients with bifascicular block, and can be a functional as well as a pathologic response, which is associated with a high risk of major morbid events.
Abstract: Twenty-one of 496 (4%) patients with chronic bifascicular block, studied and followed prospectively, had block distal to the His bundle (BDH) induced by atrial pacing during initial electrophysiologic studies. In six, BDH was noted during pacing-induced atrioventricular (AV) nodal Wenckebach periods (at paced rates of 150--190 beats/min), with BDH in the short HH cycles after the AV nodal blocked P (lond cycle). The AH interval was normal in all six patients and HV was normal in four. None of the six patients has developed AV block during a mean follow-up of 5.33 +/- 0.48 years. In 15 patients, pacing-induced BDH was noted during intact AV nodal conduction (paced rate of 80--200 beats/min). The AH interval was prolonged in one, and HV was prolonged in 10 of the 15 patients. During a mean follow-up of 3.4 +/- 0.59 years, seven of these patients developed AV block, one had treadmill-provoked AV block, and two died suddenly (major morbid event in 10 of 15 patients). In conclusion, BDH induced by atrial pacing is an infrequent finding in patients with bifascicular block, and can be a functional as well as a pathologic response. The latter is associated with a high risk of major morbid events (AV block and sudden death).
TL;DR: Experiment 1 confirmed the chunking idea by showing that the recall of episode actions depends on the length of that episode, but not on the lengths of other episodes, and showed that the more subordinate actions an episode contains, the more likely a statement summarizing that episode is to be recalled.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that when people learn a series of actions of a character, their memory is strongly influenced by beliefs about that character's motives, which serve as schema for deciding the meaning of the actions, their importance and their interconnections.
Abstract: When people learn a series of actions of a character, their memory is strongly influenced, we suggest, by beliefs about that character’s motives. Motives serve as schema for deciding the meaning of the actions, their importance, and their interconnections. In two experiments, subjects read and later remembered some dull activities of a character. Experimental subjects knew what this character was worrying about (e.g., an unwanted pregnancy); control subjects did not. Recall and recognition showed that motive subjects distorted many of the colorless events to be motive relevant. Although the motive schema helped connect the disparate actions, it interfered with accurate recording and recall of the details.
TL;DR: Wear rates of orthopaedic polyethylene in 37 degrees C water are not very contact stress dependent below 1000 psi but above that level they accelerate substantially and the pressure dependence overall follows an exponential function.
Abstract: Wear rates of orthopaedic polyethylene in 37 degrees C water are not very contact stress dependent below 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) but above that level they accelerate substantially. The pressure dependence overall follows an exponential function. Creep in the contact pressure range of 3--17 MPa and above is a much larger factor than wear in indentation effects. For accurate measurement of wear rates by depth measurements it is necessary to permit creep to proceed under static load until it ceases before beginning the wear test.
TL;DR: Arrested charnockitic conversion of amphibolitic gneiss at Kabbaldurga, Karnataka State, south India, was studied mineralogically.
Abstract: Arrested charnockitic conversion of amphibolitic gneiss at Kabbaldurga, Karnataka State, south India, was studied mineralogically. Iron-rich pyroxenes were generated from amphibole in patches and stringers without melting. The dark colour of charnockite arises from numerous tiny veins of chlorite and manganese-bearing calcite, particularly in feldspars. The metamorphism was effected by very local, mainly grain-boundary, migration of volatiles low in H2O, and probably dominantly CO2. This was followed by vein alteration at lower temperatures from volatiles richer in H2O. The volatiles are ascribed to massive liberation from the mantle in upwelling areas, and this may have been an important process in the evolution of the deep continental crust.
TL;DR: Preliminary work reveals significant differences in the morphology of the ilio-sacral articulation among extant frogs and suggests that differences in types of articulation are correlated with different directional movements at the joint, with specific locomotor modes, and wim phylogenetic groupings.
Abstract: The amphibian order Anura (frogs) is a major group whose origin appears related to the transformation of its locomotor system for saltation. However, the ilio-sacral articulation, a uniquely specialized part of the frog locomotor morphology, remains largely unstudied. Preliminary work reveals significant differences in the morphology of the ilio-sacral articulation among extant frogs and suggests that differences in types of articulation are correlated with different directional movements at the joint, with specific locomotor modes, and wim phylogenetic groupings.
SUMMARY
The morphology of the ilio-sacral articulation in frogs is correlated with different patterns of mobility at the joint and different locomotor behaviors. Overlain on diese basic differences in articulation among frogs is variation in other aspects of pelvic and vertebral morphology as well: muscle origin and insertion, urostyle fused or free, length and angle of the ilia, length of transverse processes of the pre-sacral vertebrae, and die articulation pattern of die presacral vertebrae. Obviously, the role of these additional morphologies must be established and integrated with the data on articular morphology before die form-function complex is completely understood. This paper is the first step towards that end, and work on other aspects of pelvic and vertebral morphology is underway.
TL;DR: Results suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity is reduced in depressive illness.
Abstract: In a study of beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, the authors determined the response of cyclic AMP synthesis to in vitro addition of norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (IP) in leukocytes of patients with affective illness and schizophrenia and of normal controls. IP-stimulated increase in 3H-cyclic AMP synthesis in depressed patients was significantly lower than in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. These results suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity is reduced in depressive illness.
TL;DR: A standardized method of treatment, utilizing radial incisions for drainage, produced satisfactory results with a complication rate, an in-hospital reoperation rate of 0.6 per cent, and an average hospital stay of 5.7 days.
Abstract: A prospective survey of patients with anorectal abscesses treated at Cook County Hospital over a 35-month period produced data on 474 patients. The peak incidence was in the third decade of life. Males were affected 1.76 times more frequently than females. Perianal abscess was the most common anatomic type (42 per cent), with ischiorectal abscess (20 per cent) being second. The supralevator space was involved in 7 per cent of the abscesses. Primary fistulotomy was performed when an anal fistula could be demonstrated (34 per cent). Our standardized method of treatment, utilizing radial incisions for drainage, produced satisfactory results with a complication rate of 3 per cent, an in-hospital reoperation rate of 0.6 per cent, and an average hospital stay of 5.7 days.
TL;DR: All self-dual codes over GF(3) and GF(4) of length 16 are found and several new extremal self- dual codes are given which have length greater than 16.
Abstract: All self-dual codes over GF(3) and GF(4) of length 16 are found. The self-dual codes of shorter length are described in a concise and systematic notation. A number of new techniques ("promotion" and "demotion," "tag olng? and "subtraction") are given for constructing codes. Finally, several new extremal self-dual codes are given which have length greater than 16.
TL;DR: The evidence in the present review casts doubt on eidetic imagery as a developmentally less mature memorial representation, which is gradually replaced by more abstract representations as the child acquires abstract thought, reading, and more advanced cognitive abilities.
Abstract: This paper is a theoretical analysis of eidetic imagery, based upon the author's ten-year study of elementary-school-aged children. The presence of eidetic imagery is inferred from reports of persisting visual images of stimuli when they are no longer in view. According to the criteria for differentiating eidetic images from afterimages, eidetic images should occur even when saccadic eye movements are made during exposure to the stimulus; it should be possible to make saccadic eye movements while one is reporting the image without the image also moving; the image should last long, and it should be positive. The criteria for differentiating eidetic images from nonvisual memorial representations include: reports of seeing an image projected onto a surface in space, the consistent use of present tense when reporting images as opposed to past tense when reporting from nonvisual memory, and the ability to superimpose two images and report the composite image.Eidetic images are only available to a small percentage of children 6–12 years old, and are virtually nonexistent in adults. However, extensive research has failed to demonstrate consistent correlates between the presence of eidetic imagery and any cognitive, intellectual, neurological, or emotional measure. The negative correlation between eidetic imagery and age has prompted hypotheses to explain eidetic imagery as a developmentally less mature memorial representation, which is gradually replaced by more abstract representations as the child acquires abstract thought, reading, and more advanced cognitive abilities. The evidence in the present review casts doubt on this hypothesis on numerous grounds: an extensive longitudinal study over the entire span of elementary school years found that eidetic abilities remain remarkably stable; there is no correlation between eidetic imagery and abstract thinking or reading performance; there is no higher incidence in preschool ages, among retarded or brain-injured subjects, or among illiterate subjects in crosscultural studies.It is concluded that we should not abandon work on eidetic imagery or simply force it into a preconceived mold of what memory must be, but rather, expand work on the phenomenological indicators of perception and memory.
TL;DR: Pulse-labelling studies show that for the brief period of competence protein synthesis is restricted to a few specific polypeptides, and the response to competence factor has been shown to require protein synthesis.
Abstract: In bacterial genetic transformation the uptake of DNA and its integration into the resident chromosome is dependent on a special cellular state, termed competence. In those species where appearance of competence has been studied, specific (but often poorly defined) growth conditions lead to a simultaneous development of competence in a substantial fraction of the cells in a culture. In Bacillus subtilis1–4, and in Haemophilus species5,6, competence appears in the stationary phase of growth or in certain other growth-limiting conditions5,6. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is perhaps unusual in that virtually all cells of a culture become competent7,8, for a short period at a specific cell density during logarithmic growth, without perturbing the growth rate9. The synchronous appearance of competence in pneumococcal cultures results from an auto-catalytic effect of a small protein10 released by the cells that induces competence11,12. The response to competence factor has been shown to require protein synthesis13. We report here additional information on the nature of competence in pneumococcus: pulse-labelling studies show that for the brief period of competence protein synthesis is restricted to a few specific polypeptides.
TL;DR: This paper derived general expressions for computing the two-center approximation of the Slater-Koster integrals for the face-centered cubic structure with arbitrary angular momentum quantum numbers and showed that these general expressions are useful for machine calculations.
Abstract: This paper contains a derivation of general expressions for reducing Slater-Koster integrals ${E}_{\mathrm{ij}}(l,m,n)$ to the two-center approximation for orbitals $i$ (and $j$) having arbitrary angular momentum quantum numbers; $l$,$m$,$n$ describe the location of one center relative to the other. This has allowed the author to check the entries in Table I of the Slater-Koster paper and provides a means for extending these entries to include states of higher angular momenta. The derived general expressions are especially useful for machine calculations when a large number of particular expressions are required to be evaluated. As a collateral result the missing factors in the energy matrix elements along the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ line for the face-centered cubic structure given by Slater and Koster and reviewed by Reitz have been noted.