Showing papers by "University of Iowa published in 1984"
TL;DR: A short form for assessing individual differences in need for cognition is described and its application in medicine is described.
Abstract: A short form for assessing individual differences in need for cognition is described.
2,756 citations
TL;DR: Examination of temporal lobe structures from Alzheimer patients reveals a specific cellular pattern of pathology of the subiculum of the hippocampal formation and layers II and IV of the entorhinal cortex that isolates the hippocampus from much of its input and output and probably contributes to the memory disorder in Alzheimer patients.
Abstract: Examination of temporal lobe structures from Alzheimer patients reveals a specific cellular pattern of pathology of the subiculum of the hippocampal formation and layers II and IV of the entorhinal cortex. The affected cells are precisely those that interconnect the hippocampal formation with the association cortices, basal forebrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, structures crucial to memory. This focal pattern of pathology isolates the hippocampal formation from much of its input and output and probably contributes to the memory disorder in Alzheimer patients.
2,055 citations
TL;DR: The past and present literature on corneal thinning disorders is reviewed, practical approaches to diagnosis and management are outlined and treatment ranges from simple spectacle correction to keratoplasty.
1,394 citations
TL;DR: Because of increased interest in milk proteins of species other than bovine, the Committee suggests that these be identified as homologs of those already characterized in European, Bos taurus , and Indian, Bos indicus , cattle.
870 citations
595 citations
TL;DR: The motile activity of growth cones of specific identified neurons is inhibited by the neurotransmitter serotonin, although other identified neurons are unaffected, demonstrating that neurotransmitters can play a prominent role in regulating neuronal architecture and connectivity in addition to their classical role in neurotransmission.
Abstract: The motile activity of growth cones of specific identified neurons is inhibited by the neurotransmitter serotonin, although other identified neurons are unaffected. As a consequence, affected neurons are unable to form electrical synapses, whereas other neurons whose growth is unaffected can still interconnect. This result demonstrates that neurotransmitters can play a prominent role in regulating neuronal architecture and connectivity in addition to their classical role in neurotransmission.
549 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined Weiss' conceptualization of social and emotional loneliness and found differences in the subjective experiences of both types of loneliness, although both forms of loneliness were also characterized by a common core of experiences.
Abstract: This study examined Weiss' conceptualization of social and emotional loneliness. Using data from an extensive survey of undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Iowa, we measured social and emotional loneliness, students' affective and behavioral reactions to loneliness, students' social relationships, and their judgments of the degree to which their relationships supply the six social provisions described by Weiss. As expected, we found differences in the subjective experiences of social and emotional loneliness, although both forms of loneliness were also characterized by a common core of experiences. The results generally supported Weiss's ideas concerning the determinants of social and emotional loneliness. Predictions concerning the affective and behavioral consequences associated with each type of loneliness, however, were only partly supported, although the two forms of loneliness were associated with different affective reactions and coping behaviors. The implications of these findings for Weiss's typology of loneliness are discussed.
469 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of deterministic models of three interacting populations with a view towards determining when all of the populations persist was considered, and it was shown that the addition of a predator can lead to persistence of a three population system where, without a predator, the two competing populations on the lower trophic level would have only one survivor.
Abstract: This paper considers a class of deterministic models of three interacting populations with a view towards determining when all of the populations persist. In analytical terms persistence means that liminft→∞x(t)> 0 for each population x(t); in geometric terms, that each trajectory of the modeling system of differential equations is eventually bounded away from the coordinate planes. The class of systems considered allows three level food webs, two competing predators feeding on a single prey, or a single predator feeding on two competing prey populations. As a corollary to the last case it is shown that the addition of a predator can lead to persistence of a three population system where, without a predator, the two competing populations on the lower trophic level would have only one survivor. The basic models are of Kolmogorov type, and the results improve several previous theorems on persistence.
428 citations
TL;DR: The present analysis suggests that the inhibition of pain brought about by elevations in either arterial or venous blood pressure may provide a form of psychophysiological relief under situations of stress and contribute to the development of essential hypertension in humans.
416 citations
TL;DR: The results provide evidence that leaf herbivores represent a potentially strong selective force for the evolution of plant defenses.
Abstract: Damage by insect herbivores to neighboring individuals of the shrub Piper arieianum in a neotropical wet forest varies greatly. This differential damage has a genetic basis and results in a 2-year decrease in growth, seed production, and seed viability, with larger plants recovering before smaller plants. The results provide evidence that leaf herbivores represent a potentially strong selective force for the evolution of plant defenses.
409 citations
TL;DR: A spatially distinct, temporally variable, transition region between the magnetotail lobes and the central plasma sheet designated the plasma sheet boundary layer has been identified from a survey of particle spectra and three-dimensional distributions as sampled by the ISEE 1 LEPEDEA as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A spatially distinct, temporally variable, transition region between the magnetotail lobes and the central plasma sheet designated the plasma sheet boundary layer has been identified from a survey of particle spectra and three-dimensional distributions as sampled by the ISEE 1 LEPEDEA. The instrumentation and data presentation are described, and the signatures of the magnetotail plasma regimes are presented and discussed for the central plasma sheet and lobe and the plasma sheet boundary layer. Comparisons of plasma parameters and distribution fucntions are made and the evolution of ion velocity distributions within the plasma sheet boundary layer is discussed. The spatial distribution of the plasma sheet boundary layer is considered and ion composition measurements are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link network and showed that even when equilibrium is unique, link volumes may converge to their equilibrium values, oscillate about equilibrium perpetually, or converge to values that may be considerably different from the equilibrium ones, depending on the details of the route choice decision-making process.
Abstract: Most research and applications of network equilibrium models are based on the assumption that traffic volumes on roadways are virtually certain to be at or near their equilibrium values if the equilibrium volumes exist and are unique. However, it has long been known that this assumption can be violated in deterministic models. This paper presents an investigation of the stability of stochastic equilibrium in a two-link network. The stability of deterministic equilibrium also is discussed briefly. Equilibrium is defined to be stable if it is unique and the link volumes converge over time to their equilibrium values regardless of the initial conditions. Three models of route choice decision-making over time are formulated, and the stability of equilibrium is investigated for each. It is shown that even when equilibrium is unique, link volumes may converge to their equilibrium values, oscillate about equilibrium perpetually, or converge to values that may be considerably different from the equilibrium ones, depending on the details of the route choice decision-making process. Moreover, even when convergence of link volumes to equilibrium is assured, the convergence may be too slow to justify the standard assumption that these volumes are usually at or near their equilibrium values. When link volumes converge to non-equilibrium values, the levels at which the volumes stabilize typically depend on the initial link volumes or perceptions of travel costs. Conditions sufficient to assure convergence to equilibrium in two of the three models of route choice decision-making are presented, and these conditions are interpreted in terms of the route choice decision-making process.
TL;DR: This study examined three kinds of social information-processing deficits in child psychiatric populations and found that the H/A group was found to be deficient in all three areas asssessed, relative to the NC group.
Abstract: This study examined three kinds of social information-processing deficits in child psychiatric populations. The deficits studied were response decision biases, hostile attributional biases, and cue-utilization deficiencies. Subjects were diagnosed as hyperactive/aggressive (H/A) (n = 24), exclusively hyperactive (n = 14), exclusively aggressive (n = 14), psychiatric control (n = 23), and normal control (NC) (n = 60) boys according to procedures suggested by Loney and Milich (1982). They were administered several tasks to solicit information-processing patterns. The H/A group was found to be deficient in all three areas assessed, relative to the NC group. They were also deficient in response decisions and cue-utilization, relative to the other three groups of psychiatrically referred boys. Discriminant function analyses demonstrated that the H/A group displayed a distinct processing pattern. These results were found to be relevant to the study of behavior disorders, to social information processing theory, and to intervention efforts with these boys.
TL;DR: The interaction of hemoglobin with the synthetic peptide AcM-E-E, corresponding to the first 11 residues of band 3, and with the entire 43,000-Da cytoplasmic domain of the protein is reported, indicating that the peptide binds preferentially to deoxyhemoglobin.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the nucleus raphe magnus is not a necessary bulbar relay in a descending antinociceptive pathway activated by stimulation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray; and descending inhibitory pathways activated in the perianal gray course medially as well as laterally in the rat ventral medulla.
TL;DR: In an epidemiologic study of 2982 bladder carcinoma patients and 5782 population controls from 10 geographic areas of the United States, the role of urinary tract infection and inflammation in the etiology of this neoplasm was evaluated.
Abstract: In an epidemiologic study of 2982 bladder carcinoma patients and 5782 population controls from 10 geographic areas of the United States, the role of urinary tract infection and inflammation in the etiology of this neoplasm was evaluated. A history of urinary tract infection significantly elevated the risk of bladder cancer, particularly in individuals who reported three or more infections (relative risk (RR) = 2.0). Significantly increased bladder cancer risk was also found for bladder stones (RR = 1.8), while kidney stones showed no relation. A history of three or more urinary tract infections was strongly related to squamous cell carcinoma in particular (RR = 4.8).
TL;DR: Patients with DSM-III major depression and a concurrent personality disorder (PD) were similar to the patients with no-PD on the dexamethasone suppression test, response to treatment, and familial risk for depression and antisocial personality.
TL;DR: This paper considers ecological relationships which accelerate species loss from habitat islands over and above "random" loss of ecologically independent species predicted from biogeographic theory, and suggests management methods that can reduce such excessive loss.
TL;DR: The reduction of CO2 or any other methanogenic substrate to methane serves the same function as the reduction of oxygen, nitrate or sulfate to more reduced products and these exergonic reactions are coupled to the production of usable energy generated through a charge separation and a protonmotive-force-driven ATPase.
TL;DR: A method of pH-regulated dimorphism is developed in which the original temperature shift is removed from the inductive process and a common transition phenotype is described for cells reverting from the initial mycelial to budding phenotype when either pH or temperature traverse their respective transition points.
Abstract: When cells of the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans are grown to stationary phase in defined liquid medium at 25°C, they accumulate as singlets in Gl of the cell cycle. When these pluripotent, stationary phase singlets are released into fresh medium at 37°C, they synchronously evaginate after an average period of 135 to 140 minutes and form either buds or mycelia, depending upon the pH of the medium into which they are released. This method of dimorphic regulation offers the distinct advantage of comparability and serves as a very precise method for temporal comparisons of molecular and cytological events related to the establishment of the alternate growth phenotypes. In the present report, we have carefully examined the effects of individually varying pH or temperature on the length of the pre-evagination period, the population synchrony for evagination, and the phenotype of daughter cells. Exact phenotypic transition points, optima, and upper limits are defined for both temperature and pH. In addition, a method of pH-regulated dimorphism is developed in which the original temperature shift is removed from the inductive process. Finally, a common transition phenotype is described for cells reverting from the initial mycelial to budding phenotype when either pH or temperature traverse their respective transition points. The advantages as well as limitations of pH-regulated dimorphism are discussed in detail.
TL;DR: Ten moderately myopic women had blurred vision, light flashes, or paracentral scotomas associated with small yellow-white lesions of the inner choroid and pigment epithelium that healed into atrophic scars and became progressively more pigmented with time.
TL;DR: The data suggest that the blood alcohol concentrations reached in the present study may be near the threshold dose for producing deficits in brain growth, and that the females have a lower threshold than the males.
TL;DR: The complete structure of the red crystalline 2∶1 adduct from thiobarbituric acid and malondialdehyde has been unambiguously determined by FTIR and high-field 1H and 13C NMR studies as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The complete structure of the red crystalline 2∶1 adduct from thiobarbituric acid and malondialdehyde has been unambiguously determined by FTIR and high-field1H and13C NMR studies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adaptive estimators are compared (in a Monte Carlo study using the swindle) to some of the usual estimators, including those robust ones of Huber and Tukey.
TL;DR: Higher dose levels of isotretinoin are indicated for treatment of nodulocystic acne because of a highly significant clinical response and only minor differences in the clinical side effects and the laboratory abnormalities.
Abstract: One hundred fifty patients with treatment-resistant nodulocystic acne were entered into a double-blind clinical study. Three different dosing levels (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/day) were used in equal-sized groups. In addition to the clinical response, the clinical side effects, the laboratory abnormalities, and the duration of the induced remissions were evaluated with each dose of the drug. There was a highly significant clinical response to treatment with all three dosages of isotretinoin. There was no significant difference in the clinical response between dosages. However, 42% of the patients who received 0.1 mg/kg/day of isotretinoin required retreatment with the drug. This finding, coupled with only minor differences in the clinical side effects and the laboratory abnormalities, indicates that higher dose levels of isotretinoin are indicated for treatment of nodulocystic acne.
TL;DR: Findings contribute to a growing body of literature establishing (1) the utility of the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rat model for investigations of antinociceptive mechanisms and (2) the presence of multiple loci and pathways in the brainstem capable of modulating spinal nocICEptive processes.
TL;DR: Analysis of the data from the questionnaires indicated that little or no exogenous exposure to mercury occurred among the two groups.
Abstract: Mercury levels in blood and in mouth air before and after chewing were measured in 47 persons with ana 14 persons without dental amalgam restorations. Questionnaires relating to exogenous sources of mercury exposure were administered to both groups. Differences in the mouth air mercury levels before and after chewing were statistically significant in the group with amalgams, but not in the group without amalgams. Analysis of the data from the questionnaires indicated that little or no exogenous exposure to mercury occurred among the two groups. Blood mercury concentrations were positively correlated with the number and surface area of amalgam restorations and were significantly lower in the group without dental amalgams.