Institution
University of Iowa
Education•Iowa City, Iowa, United States•
About: University of Iowa is a education organization based out in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 49229 authors who have published 109171 publications receiving 5021465 citations. The organization is also known as: UI & The University of Iowa.
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TL;DR: Patients with VM lesions are insensitive to future consequences, positive or negative, and are primarily guided by immediate prospects, according to this study's designs of a variant of the original gambling task.
Abstract: On a gambling task that models real-life decisions, patients with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VM) opt for choices that yield high immediate gains in spite of higher future losses. In this study, we addressed three possibilities that may account for this behaviour: (i) hypersensitivity to reward; (ii) insensitivity to punishment; and (iii) insensitivity to future consequences, such that behaviour is always guided by immediate prospects. For this purpose, we designed a variant of the original gambling task in which the advantageous decks yielded high immediate punishment but even higher future reward. The disadvantageous decks yielded low immediate punishment but even lower future reward. We measured the skin conductance responses (SCRs) of subjects after they had received a reward or punishment. Patients with VM lesions opted for the disadvantageous decks in both the original and variant versions of the gambling task. The SCRs of VM lesion patients after they had received a reward or punishment were not significantly different from those of controls. In a second experiment, we investigated whether increasing the delayed punishment in the disadvantageous decks of the original task or decreasing the delayed reward in the disadvantageous decks of the variant task would shift the behaviour of VM lesion patients towards an advantageous strategy. Both manipulations failed to shift the behaviour of VM lesion patients away from the disadvantageous decks. These results suggest that patients with VM lesions are insensitive to future consequences, positive or negative, and are primarily guided by immediate prospects. This 'myopia for the future' in VM lesion patients persists in the face of severe adverse consequences, i.e. rising future punishment or declining future reward.
1,841 citations
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TL;DR: Over a period of 78 weeks, alirocumab, when added to statin therapy at the maximum tolerated dose, significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels and there was evidence of a reduction in the rate of cardiovascular events.
Abstract: BackgroundAlirocumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9), has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in patients who are receiving statin therapy. Larger and longer-term studies are needed to establish safety and efficacy. MethodsWe conducted a randomized trial involving 2341 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events who had LDL cholesterol levels of 70 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) or more and were receiving treatment with statins at the maximum tolerated dose (the highest dose associated with an acceptable side-effect profile), with or without other lipid-lowering therapy. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive alirocumab (150 mg) or placebo as a 1-ml subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks for 78 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage change in calculated LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24. ResultsAt week 24, the difference between the alirocumab and placebo ...
1,832 citations
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TL;DR: Two important mechanisms for recognition of emotions are the construction of a simulation of the observed emotion in the perceiver, and the modulation of sensory cortices via top-down influences.
1,824 citations
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Emory University1, United States Environmental Protection Agency2, University of Iowa3, Case Western Reserve University4, University of Alabama at Birmingham5, Wayne State University6, Brown University7, Ohio State University8, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital9, Stanford University10, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center11, RTI International12, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center13, Indiana University14, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston15, Duke University16, University of New Mexico17, University of Rochester18, University of Pennsylvania19, Children's Mercy Hospital20, University of California, Los Angeles21, National Institutes of Health22
TL;DR: Among extremely preterm infants born at US academic centers over the last 20 years, changes in maternal and infant care practices and modest reductions in several morbidities were observed, although bronchopulmonary dysplasia increased.
Abstract: Importance Extremely preterm infants contribute disproportionately to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objective To review 20-year trends in maternal/neonatal care, complications, and mortality among extremely preterm infants born at Neonatal Research Network centers. Design, Setting, Participants Prospective registry of 34 636 infants, 22 to 28 weeks’ gestation, birth weight of 401 to 1500 g, and born at 26 network centers between 1993 and 2012. Exposures Extremely preterm birth. Main Outcomes and Measures Maternal/neonatal care, morbidities, and survival. Major morbidities, reported for infants who survived more than 12 hours, were severe necrotizing enterocolitis, infection, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intracranial hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, and/or severe retinopathy of prematurity. Regression models assessed yearly changes and were adjusted for study center, race/ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight for gestational age, and sex. Results Use of antenatal corticosteroids increased from 1993 to 2012 (24% [348 of 1431 infants]) to 87% (1674 of 1919 infants];P Conclusions and Relevance Among extremely preterm infants born at US academic centers over the last 20 years, changes in maternal and infant care practices and modest reductions in several morbidities were observed, although bronchopulmonary dysplasia increased. Survival increased most markedly for infants born at 23 and 24 weeks’ gestation and survival without major morbidity increased for infants aged 25 to 28 weeks. These findings may be valuable in counseling families and developing novel interventions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00063063.
1,818 citations
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TL;DR: The first time that American and Russian leaders had exchanged messages that were simultaneously televised was on New Year's Day, 1986 as mentioned in this paper, when U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Russian Premier Mikhail Gorbachev appeared on television in each others countries.
Abstract: On New Year’s Day, 1986, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and U.S.S.R. Premier Mikhail Gorbachev appeared on television in each others countries. It was the first time that American and Russian leaders had exchanged messages that were simultaneously televised. Reagan’s message, broadcast without warning during the popular Soviet evening news, spoke of world peace and called for the development of new defensive weapons. Gorbachev’s message, which appeared while many Americans were watching coverage of the traditional Tournament of Roses parade, also spoke of peace but decried seeking security with new weaponry. How effective were these messages likely to be? What would be the major determinant of effectiveness—the substance of the messages, or the appearance and demeanor of the speakers? If the messages produced attitude changes, would these changes last and would they lead to changes in behavior?
1,817 citations
Authors
Showing all 49661 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Stephen V. Faraone | 188 | 1427 | 140298 |
Jie Zhang | 178 | 4857 | 221720 |
D. M. Strom | 176 | 3167 | 194314 |
Bradley T. Hyman | 169 | 765 | 136098 |
John H. Seinfeld | 165 | 921 | 114911 |
David Jonathan Hofman | 159 | 1407 | 140442 |
Stephen J. O'Brien | 153 | 1062 | 93025 |
John T. Cacioppo | 147 | 477 | 110223 |
Mark Raymond Adams | 147 | 1187 | 135038 |
E. L. Barberio | 143 | 1605 | 115709 |
Andrew Ivanov | 142 | 1812 | 97390 |
Stephen J. Lippard | 141 | 1201 | 89269 |
Russell Richard Betts | 140 | 1323 | 95678 |
Barry Blumenfeld | 140 | 1909 | 105694 |
Marcus Hohlmann | 140 | 1356 | 94739 |