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Showing papers by "University of Jena published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall survival and objective response rates were significantly higher with nivolumab plus ipilimumab than with sunitinib among intermediate‐ and poor‐risk patients with previously untreated advanced renal‐cell carcinoma.
Abstract: Background Nivolumab plus ipilimumab produced objective responses in patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma in a pilot study. This phase 3 trial compared nivolumab plus ipilimumab with sunitinib for previously untreated clear-cell advanced renal-cell carcinoma. Methods We randomly assigned adults in a 1:1 ratio to receive either nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram of body weight) plus ipilimumab (1 mg per kilogram) intravenously every 3 weeks for four doses, followed by nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram) every 2 weeks, or sunitinib (50 mg) orally once daily for 4 weeks (6-week cycle). The coprimary end points were overall survival (alpha level, 0.04), objective response rate (alpha level, 0.001), and progression-free survival (alpha level, 0.009) among patients with intermediate or poor prognostic risk. Results A total of 1096 patients were assigned to receive nivolumab plus ipilimumab (550 patients) or sunitinib (546 patients); 425 and 422, respectively, had intermediate or poor risk. At a median follo...

2,984 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides a state-of-the art overview on the redox behavior of materials when used as electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively.
Abstract: Mobile and stationary energy storage by rechargeable batteries is a topic of broad societal and economical relevance. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is at the forefront of the development, but a massively growing market will likely put severe pressure on resources and supply chains. Recently, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been reconsidered with the aim of providing a lower-cost alternative that is less susceptible to resource and supply risks. On paper, the replacement of lithium by sodium in a battery seems straightforward at first, but unpredictable surprises are often found in practice. What happens when replacing lithium by sodium in electrode reactions? This review provides a state-of-the art overview on the redox behavior of materials when used as electrodes in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. Advantages and challenges related to the use of sodium instead of lithium are discussed.

1,316 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is confirmed that sepsis is a common and frequently fatal condition affecting neonates and children globally, and few population-based data are available from low-income settings and the lack of standardisation of diagnostic criteria and definition of sepsi in the reviewed studies are obstacles to the accurate estimation of global burden.

571 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Douglas M. Ruderfer1, Stephan Ripke2, Stephan Ripke3, Stephan Ripke4  +628 moreInstitutions (156)
14 Jun 2018-Cell
TL;DR: For the first time, specific loci that distinguish between BD and SCZ are discovered and polygenic components underlying multiple symptom dimensions are identified that point to the utility of genetics to inform symptomology and potential treatment.

569 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nanocelluloses are natural materials with at least one dimension in the nano-scale as discussed by the authors, which combine important cellulose properties with the features of nanomaterials and open new horizons for materials science and its applications.

567 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a harmonized concept for aggregates in soils is proposed that explicitly considers the structure and build-up of microaggregates and the role of organo-mineral associations.
Abstract: All soils harbor microaggregates, i.e., compound soil structures smaller than 250 µm. These microaggregates are composed of diverse mineral, organic and biotic materials that are bound together during pedogenesis by various physical, chemical and biological processes. Consequently, microaggregates can withstand strong mechanical and physicochemical stresses and survive slaking in water, allowing them to persist in soils for several decades. Together with the physiochemical heterogeneity of their surfaces, the three-dimensional structure of microaggregates provides a large variety of ecological niches that contribute to the vast biological diversity found in soils. As reported for larger aggregate units, microaggregates are composed of smaller building units that become more complex with increasing size. In this context, organo-mineral associations can be considered structural units of soil aggregates and as nanoparticulate fractions of the microaggregates themselves. The mineral phases considered to be the most important as microaggregate forming materials are the clay minerals and Fe- and Al-(hydr)oxides. Within microaggregates, minerals are bound together primarily by physicochemical and chemical interactions involving cementing and gluing agents. The former comprise, among others, carbonates and the short-range ordered phases of Fe, Mn, and Al. The latter comprise organic materials of diverse origin and probably involve macromolecules and macromolecular mixtures. Work on microaggregate structure and development has largely focused on organic matter stability and turnover. However, little is known concerning the role microaggregates play in the fate of elements like Si, Fe, Al, P, and S. More recently, the role of microaggregates in the formation of microhabitats and the biogeography and diversity of microbial communities has been investigated. Little is known regarding how microaggregates and their properties change in time, which strongly limits our understanding of micro-scale soil structure dynamics. Similarly, only limited information is available on the mechanical stability of microaggregates, while essentially nothing is known about the flow and transport of fluids and solutes within the micro- and nanoporous microaggregate systems. Any quantitative approaches being developed for the modeling of formation, structure and properties of microaggregates are, therefore, in their infancy. We respond to the growing awareness of the importance of microaggregates for the structure, properties and functions of soils by reviewing what is currently known about the formation, composition and turnover of microaggregates. We aim to provide a better understanding of their role in soil function, and to present the major unknowns in current microaggregate research. We propose a harmonized concept for aggregates in soils that explicitly considers the structure and build-up of microaggregates and the role of organo-mineral associations. We call for experiments, studies and modeling endeavors that will link information on aggregate forming materials with their functional properties across a range of scales in order to better understand microaggregate formation and turnover. Finally, we hope to inspire a novel cohort of soil scientists that they might focus their research on improving our understanding of the role of microaggregates within the system of aggregates and so help to develop a unified and quantitative concept of aggregation processes in soils.

515 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
Helge Bruelheide1, Jürgen Dengler2, Jürgen Dengler3, Oliver Purschke1, Jonathan Lenoir4, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro5, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro1, Stephan M. Hennekens6, Zoltán Botta-Dukát, Milan Chytrý7, Richard Field8, Florian Jansen9, Jens Kattge10, Valério D. Pillar11, Franziska Schrodt10, Franziska Schrodt8, Miguel D. Mahecha10, Robert K. Peet12, Brody Sandel13, Peter M. van Bodegom14, Jan Altman15, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan2, Mohammed Abu Sayed Arfin Khan16, Fabio Attorre17, Isabelle Aubin18, Christopher Baraloto19, Jorcely Barroso20, Marijn Bauters21, Erwin Bergmeier22, Idoia Biurrun23, Anne D. Bjorkman24, Benjamin Blonder25, Benjamin Blonder26, Andraž Čarni27, Andraž Čarni28, Luis Cayuela29, Tomáš Černý30, J. Hans C. Cornelissen31, Dylan Craven, Matteo Dainese32, Géraldine Derroire, Michele De Sanctis17, Sandra Díaz33, Jiří Doležal15, William Farfan-Rios34, William Farfan-Rios35, Ted R. Feldpausch36, Nicole J. Fenton37, Eric Garnier38, Greg R. Guerin39, Alvaro G. Gutiérrez40, Sylvia Haider1, Tarek Hattab41, Greg H. R. Henry42, Bruno Hérault38, Pedro Higuchi43, Norbert Hölzel44, Jürgen Homeier22, Anke Jentsch2, Norbert Jürgens45, Zygmunt Kącki46, Dirk Nikolaus Karger47, Dirk Nikolaus Karger48, Michael Kessler47, Michael Kleyer49, Ilona Knollová7, Andrey Yu. Korolyuk, Ingolf Kühn1, Daniel C. Laughlin50, Daniel C. Laughlin51, Frederic Lens14, Jacqueline Loos22, Frédérique Louault52, Mariyana Lyubenova53, Yadvinder Malhi26, Corrado Marcenò23, Maurizio Mencuccini, Jonas V. Müller54, Jérôme Munzinger38, Isla H. Myers-Smith55, David A. Neill, Ülo Niinemets, Kate H. Orwin56, Wim A. Ozinga57, Wim A. Ozinga6, Josep Peñuelas58, Aaron Pérez-Haase58, Aaron Pérez-Haase59, Petr Petřík15, Oliver L. Phillips60, Meelis Pärtel61, Peter B. Reich62, Peter B. Reich63, Christine Römermann64, Arthur Vinicius Rodrigues, Francesco Maria Sabatini1, Jordi Sardans58, Marco Schmidt, Gunnar Seidler1, Javier Silva Espejo65, Marcos Silveira20, Anita K. Smyth39, Maria Sporbert1, Jens-Christian Svenning24, Zhiyao Tang66, Raquel Thomas67, Ioannis Tsiripidis68, Kiril Vassilev69, Cyrille Violle38, Risto Virtanen70, Evan Weiher71, Erik Welk1, Karsten Wesche72, Karsten Wesche73, Marten Winter, Christian Wirth10, Christian Wirth74, Ute Jandt1 
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg1, University of Bayreuth2, Zürcher Fachhochschule3, University of Picardie Jules Verne4, University of Oviedo5, Wageningen University and Research Centre6, Masaryk University7, University of Nottingham8, University of Rostock9, Max Planck Society10, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul11, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill12, Santa Clara University13, Leiden University14, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic15, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology16, Sapienza University of Rome17, Natural Resources Canada18, Florida International University19, Universidade Federal do Acre20, Ghent University21, University of Göttingen22, University of the Basque Country23, Aarhus University24, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory25, Environmental Change Institute26, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts27, University of Nova Gorica28, King Juan Carlos University29, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague30, VU University Amsterdam31, University of Würzburg32, National University of Cordoba33, National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco34, Wake Forest University35, University of Exeter36, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue37, University of Montpellier38, University of Adelaide39, University of Chile40, IFREMER41, University of British Columbia42, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina43, University of Münster44, University of Hamburg45, University of Wrocław46, University of Zurich47, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research48, University of Oldenburg49, University of Waikato50, University of Wyoming51, Institut national de la recherche agronomique52, Sofia University53, Royal Botanic Gardens54, University of Edinburgh55, Landcare Research56, Radboud University Nijmegen57, Spanish National Research Council58, University of Barcelona59, University of Leeds60, University of Tartu61, University of Minnesota62, University of Sydney63, University of Jena64, University of La Serena65, Peking University66, Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development67, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki68, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences69, University of Oulu70, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire71, American Museum of Natural History72, International Institute of Minnesota73, Leipzig University74
TL;DR: It is shown that global trait composition is captured by two main dimensions that are only weakly related to macro-environmental drivers, which reflect the trade-offs at the species level but are weakly associated with climate and soil conditions at the global scale.
Abstract: Plant functional traits directly affect ecosystem functions. At the species level, trait combinations depend on trade-offs representing different ecological strategies, but at the community level trait combinations are expected to be decoupled from these trade-offs because different strategies can facilitate co-existence within communities. A key question is to what extent community-level trait composition is globally filtered and how well it is related to global versus local environmental drivers. Here, we perform a global, plot-level analysis of trait-environment relationships, using a database with more than 1.1 million vegetation plots and 26,632 plant species with trait information. Although we found a strong filtering of 17 functional traits, similar climate and soil conditions support communities differing greatly in mean trait values. The two main community trait axes that capture half of the global trait variation (plant stature and resource acquisitiveness) reflect the trade-offs at the species level but are weakly associated with climate and soil conditions at the global scale. Similarly, within-plot trait variation does not vary systematically with macro-environment. Our results indicate that, at fine spatial grain, macro-environmental drivers are much less important for functional trait composition than has been assumed from floristic analyses restricted to co-occurrence in large grid cells. Instead, trait combinations seem to be predominantly filtered by local-scale factors such as disturbance, fine-scale soil conditions, niche partitioning and biotic interactions.

349 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the mass ejection and the associated electromagnetic transients and nucleosynthesis from binary neutron star (NS) mergers were studied, and it was shown that a small fraction of these ejecta are accelerated by shocks formed shortly after merger to velocities larger than 0.6.
Abstract: We present a systematic numerical relativity study of the mass ejection and the associated electromagnetic transients and nucleosynthesis from binary neutron star (NS) mergers. We find that a few $10^{-3}\, M_\odot$ of material are ejected dynamically during the mergers. The amount and the properties of these outflow depend on binary parameters and on the NS equation of state (EOS). A small fraction of these ejecta, typically ${\sim}10^{-6}\, M_\odot$, is accelerated by shocks formed shortly after merger to velocities larger than $0.6\, {\rm c}$ and produces bright radio flares on timescales of weeks, months, or years after merger. Their observation could constrain the strength with which the NSs bounce after merger and, consequently, the EOS of matter at extreme densities. The dynamical ejecta robustly produce second and third $r$-process peak nuclei with relative isotopic abundances close to solar. The production of light $r$-process elements is instead sensitive to the binary mass ratio and the neutrino radiation treatment. Accretion disks of up to ${\sim}0.2\, M_\odot$ are formed after merger, depending on the lifetime of the remnant. In most cases, neutrino- and viscously-driven winds from these disks dominate the overall outflow. Finally, we generate synthetic kilonova light curves and find that kilonovae depend on the merger outcome and could be used to constrain the NS EOS.

325 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jul 2018-Cell
TL;DR: Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of state-of-the-art developments of supercapacitors is presented, including high surface area porous carbons for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) and transition metal oxides, carbides, nitrides and their various nanocomposites for pseudocapacitors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods and used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A high-throughput microfluidic method is presented to generate stable, defined sized liposomes termed 'droplet-stabilized giant unilamellar vesicles (dsGUVs)', and the enhanced stability of dsGUVs enables the sequential loading of these compartments with biomolecules, namely purified transmembrane and cytoskeleton proteins by microfluidity pico-injection technology.
Abstract: Compartments for the spatially and temporally controlled assembly of biological processes are essential towards cellular life. Synthetic mimics of cellular compartments based on lipid-based protocells lack the mechanical and chemical stability to allow their manipulation into a complex and fully functional synthetic cell. Here, we present a high-throughput microfluidic method to generate stable, defined sized liposomes termed 'droplet-stabilized giant unilamellar vesicles (dsGUVs)'. The enhanced stability of dsGUVs enables the sequential loading of these compartments with biomolecules, namely purified transmembrane and cytoskeleton proteins by microfluidic pico-injection technology. This constitutes an experimental demonstration of a successful bottom-up assembly of a compartment with contents that would not self-assemble to full functionality when simply mixed together. Following assembly, the stabilizing oil phase and droplet shells are removed to release functional self-supporting protocells to an aqueous phase, enabling them to interact with physiologically relevant matrices.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A state of “zero functional G” is achieved at the cellular level using HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology of the Gs/q/12 families of Gα proteins, along with pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi/o.
Abstract: G protein-independent, arrestin-dependent signaling is a paradigm that broadens the signaling scope of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) beyond G proteins for numerous biological processes. However, arrestin signaling in the collective absence of functional G proteins has never been demonstrated. Here we achieve a state of “zero functional G” at the cellular level using HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology of the Gs/q/12 families of Gα proteins, along with pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi/o. Together with HEK293 cells lacking β-arrestins (“zero arrestin”), we systematically dissect G protein- from arrestin-driven signaling outcomes for a broad set of GPCRs. We use biochemical, biophysical, label-free whole-cell biosensing and ERK phosphorylation to identify four salient features for all receptors at “zero functional G”: arrestin recruitment and internalization, but—unexpectedly—complete failure to activate ERK and whole-cell responses. These findings change our understanding of how GPCRs function and in particular of how they activate ERK1/2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The term degrowth signals a radical political and economic critique of the ideology and costs of growth-based development as discussed by the authors, and it has been used by scholars and activists to produce knowledge critical of the benefits of economic growth.
Abstract: Scholars and activists mobilize increasingly the term degrowth when producing knowledge critical of the ideology and costs of growth-based development. Degrowth signals a radical political and econ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that high species richness and phylogenetic diversity stabilize biomass production via enhanced asynchrony in the performance of co-occurring species and enhances ecosystem stability directly, albeit weakly.
Abstract: A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that biodiversity stabilizes ecosystem functioning over time in grassland ecosystems. However, the relative importance of different facets of biodiversity underlying the diversity-stability relationship remains unclear. Here we use data from 39 grassland biodiversity experiments and structural equation modelling to investigate the roles of species richness, phylogenetic diversity and both the diversity and community-weighted mean of functional traits representing the 'fast-slow' leaf economics spectrum in driving the diversity-stability relationship. We found that high species richness and phylogenetic diversity stabilize biomass production via enhanced asynchrony in the performance of co-occurring species. Contrary to expectations, low phylogenetic diversity enhances ecosystem stability directly, albeit weakly. While the diversity of fast-slow functional traits has a weak effect on ecosystem stability, communities dominated by slow species enhance ecosystem stability by increasing mean biomass production relative to the standard deviation of biomass over time. Our in-depth, integrative assessment of factors influencing the diversity-stability relationship demonstrates a more multicausal relationship than has been previously acknowledged.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Substantial energy loss in an electron beam passing through a high-intensity laser provides clear evidence of the radiation reaction, shedding light on how electrons interact with extreme electromagnetic fields.
Abstract: Substantial energy loss in an electron beam passing through a high-intensity laser provides clear evidence of the radiation reaction, shedding light on how electrons interact with extreme electromagnetic fields.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review addresses the different endosomal release theories and highlights their key mechanism, which is more related to viral-mediated escape compared to the "proton sponge" effect.
Abstract: The targeted and efficiency-oriented delivery of (therapeutic) nucleic acids raises hope for successful gene therapy, ie, for the local and individual treatment of acquired and inherited genetic disorders Despite promising achievements in the field of polymer-mediated gene delivery, the efficiency of the non-viral vectors remains orders of magnitude lower than viral-mediated ones Several obstacles on the molecular and cellular level along the gene delivery process were identified, starting from the design and formulation of the nano-sized carriers up to the targeted release to their site of action In particular, the efficient escape from endo-lysosomal compartments was demonstrated to be a major barrier and its exact mechanism still remains unclear Different hypotheses and theories of the endosomal escape were postulated The most popular one is the so-called "proton sponge" hypothesis, claiming an escape by rupture of the endosome through osmotic swelling It was the first effort to explain the excellent transfection efficiency of poly(ethylene imine) Moreover, it was thought that a unique mechanism based on the ability to capture protons and to buffer the endosomal pH is the basis of endosomal escape Recent theories deal with the direct interaction of the cationic polyplex or free polymer with the exoplasmic lipid leaflet causing membrane destabilization, permeability or polymer-supported nanoscale hole formation Both escape strategies are more related to viral-mediated escape compared to the "proton sponge" effect This review addresses the different endosomal release theories and highlights their key mechanism

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown LCNECs represent a distinct transcriptional subgroup among lung cancers and comprise two molecular subgroups, type I (TP53 and STK11/KEAP1 alterations) and type II ( TP53 and RB1 inactivation).
Abstract: Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) have similarities with other lung cancers, but their precise relationship has remained unclear. Here we perform a comprehensive genomic (n = 60) and transcriptomic (n = 69) analysis of 75 LCNECs and identify two molecular subgroups: “type I LCNECs” with bi-allelic TP53 and STK11/KEAP1 alterations (37%), and “type II LCNECs” enriched for bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 (42%). Despite sharing genomic alterations with adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, no transcriptional relationship was found; instead LCNECs form distinct transcriptional subgroups with closest similarity to SCLC. While type I LCNECs and SCLCs exhibit a neuroendocrine profile with ASCL1high/DLL3high/NOTCHlow, type II LCNECs bear TP53 and RB1 alterations and differ from most SCLC tumors with reduced neuroendocrine markers, a pattern of ASCL1low/DLL3low/NOTCHhigh, and an upregulation of immune-related pathways. In conclusion, LCNECs comprise two molecularly defined subgroups, and distinguishing them from SCLC may allow stratified targeted treatment of high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors. The molecular nature of large-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC) has remained unclear. Here, the authors show LCNECs represent a distinct transcriptional subgroup among lung cancers and comprise two molecular subgroups, type I (TP53 and STK11/KEAP1 alterations) and type II (TP53 and RB1 inactivation).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that thrips (Thysanoptera) are the closest living relatives of true bugs and allies (Hemiptera) and that hemipteroid insects started diversifying before the Carboniferous period, over 365 million years ago.
Abstract: Hemipteroid insects (Paraneoptera), with over 10% of all known insect diversity, are a major component of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Previous phylogenetic analyses have not consistently resolved the relationships among major hemipteroid lineages. We provide maximum likelihood-based phylogenomic analyses of a taxonomically comprehensive dataset comprising sequences of 2,395 single-copy, protein-coding genes for 193 samples of hemipteroid insects and outgroups. These analyses yield a well-supported phylogeny for hemipteroid insects. Monophyly of each of the three hemipteroid orders (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera) is strongly supported, as are most relationships among suborders and families. Thysanoptera (thrips) is strongly supported as sister to Hemiptera. However, as in a recent large-scale analysis sampling all insect orders, trees from our data matrices support Psocodea (bark lice and parasitic lice) as the sister group to the holometabolous insects (those with complete metamorphosis). In contrast, four-cluster likelihood mapping of these data does not support this result. A molecular dating analysis using 23 fossil calibration points suggests hemipteroid insects began diversifying before the Carboniferous, over 365 million years ago. We also explore implications for understanding the timing of diversification, the evolution of morphological traits, and the evolution of mitochondrial genome organization. These results provide a phylogenetic framework for future studies of the group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental features of various cationic and neutral diimine-diphosphine Cu(I) complexes are compared regarding to their geometrical, optical as well as electrochemical properties.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an effective one-body (EOB) waveform model for non-precessing (spin-aligned) and tidally interacting compact binaries is presented.
Abstract: We present TEOBResumS, a new effective-one-body (EOB) waveform model for nonprecessing (spin-aligned) and tidally interacting compact binaries. Spin-orbit and spin-spin effects are blended together by making use of the concept of centrifugal EOB radius. The point-mass sector through merger and ringdown is informed by numerical relativity (NR) simulations of binary black holes (BBHs) computed with the SpEC and bam codes. An improved, NR-based phenomenological description of the postmerger waveform is developed. The tidal sector of TEOBResumS describes the dynamics of neutron star binaries up to merger and incorporates a resummed attractive potential motivated by recent advances in the post-Newtonian and gravitational self-force description of relativistic tidal interactions. Equation-of-state-dependent self-spin interactions (monopole-quadrupole effects) are incorporated in the model using leading order post-Newtonian results in a new expression of the centrifugal radius. TEOBResumS is compared to 135 SpEC and 19 bam BBH waveforms. The maximum unfaithfulness to SpEC data ¯ F—at design Advanced LIGO sensitivity and evaluated with total mass M with a variance of 10M⊙≤M≤200M⊙—is always below 2.5×10−3 except for a single outlier that grazes the 7.1×10−3 level. When compared to bam data, ¯ F is smaller than 0.01 except for a single outlier in one of the corners of the NR-covered parameter space that reaches the 0.052 level. TEOBResumS is also compatible, up to merger, to high-end NR waveforms from binary neutron stars with spin effects and reduced initial eccentricity computed with the bam and thc codes. The data quality of binary neutron star waveforms is assessed via rigorous convergence tests from multiple resolution runs and takes into account systematic effects estimated by using the two independent high-order NR codes. The model is designed to generate accurate templates for the analysis of LIGO-Virgo data through merger and ringdown. We demonstrate its use by analyzing the publicly available data for GW150914.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparing EA and uneven-aged forest management in Central European beech forests shows that a mosaic of different age-classes is more important for regional biodiversity than high within-stand heterogeneity, and suggests reconsidering the current trend of replacing even-aged management in temperate forests.
Abstract: For managed temperate forests, conservationists and policymakers favour fine-grained uneven-aged (UEA) management over more traditional coarse-grained even-aged (EA) management, based on the assumption that within-stand habitat heterogeneity enhances biodiversity. There is, however, little empirical evidence to support this assumption. We investigated for the first time how differently grained forest management systems affect the biodiversity of multiple above- and below-ground taxa across spatial scales. We sampled 15 taxa of animals, plants, fungi and bacteria within the largest contiguous beech forest landscape of Germany and classified them into functional groups. Selected forest stands have been managed for more than a century at different spatial grains. The EA (coarse-grained management) and UEA (fine-grained) forests are comparable in spatial arrangement, climate and soil conditions. These were compared to forests of a nearby national park that have been unmanaged for at least 20 years. We used diversity accumulation curves to compare γ-diversity for Hill numbers 0D (species richness), 1D (Shannon diversity) and 2D (Simpson diversity) between the management systems. Beta diversity was quantified as multiple-site dissimilarity. Gamma diversity was higher in EA than in UEA forests for at least one of the three Hill numbers for six taxa (up to 77%), while eight showed no difference. Only bacteria showed the opposite pattern. Higher γ-diversity in EA forests was also found for forest specialists and saproxylic beetles. Between-stand β-diversity was higher in EA than in UEA forests for one-third (all species) and half (forest specialists) of all taxa, driven by environmental heterogeneity between age-classes, while α-diversity showed no directional response across taxa or for forest specialists. Synthesis and applications. Comparing EA and uneven-aged forest management in Central European beech forests, our results show that a mosaic of different age-classes is more important for regional biodiversity than high within-stand heterogeneity. We suggest reconsidering the current trend of replacing even-aged management in temperate forests. Instead, the variability of stages and stand structures should be increased to promote landscape-scale biodiversity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: GaAs metasurfaces can mix laser beams to generate eleven new wavelengths through different nonlinear optical processes occurring simultaneously, assisted by the combined effects of strong intrinsic material nonlinearities, enhanced electromagnetic fields, and relaxed phase-matching requirements.
Abstract: A frequency mixer is a nonlinear device that combines electromagnetic waves to create waves at new frequencies. Mixers are ubiquitous components in modern radio-frequency technology and microwave signal processing. The development of versatile frequency mixers for optical frequencies remains challenging: such devices generally rely on weak nonlinear optical processes and, thus, must satisfy phase-matching conditions. Here we utilize a GaAs-based dielectric metasurface to demonstrate an optical frequency mixer that concurrently generates eleven new frequencies spanning the ultraviolet to near-infrared. The even and odd order nonlinearities of GaAs enable our observation of second-harmonic, third-harmonic, and fourth-harmonic generation, sum-frequency generation, two-photon absorption-induced photoluminescence, four-wave mixing and six-wave mixing. The simultaneous occurrence of these seven nonlinear processes is assisted by the combined effects of strong intrinsic material nonlinearities, enhanced electromagnetic fields, and relaxed phase-matching requirements. Such ultracompact optical mixers may enable a plethora of applications in biology, chemistry, sensing, communications, and quantum optics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion-templated self-assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.
Abstract: The halogen bond is a supramolecular interaction between a Lewis-acidic region of a covalently bound halogen and a Lewis base. It has been studied widely in silico and experimentally in the solid state; however, solution-phase applications have attracted enormous interest in the last few years. This Minireview highlights selected recent developments in halogen bond interactions in solution, with a focus on the use of receptors based on halogen bonds in anion recognition and sensing, anion-templated self-assembly, as well as in organocatalysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that human macrophage phenotypes biosynthesize unique lipid mediator signatures when exposed to pathogenic bacteria and that differing panels of leukotrienes and specialized pro-resolving mediators contribute to control of the dichotomy.
Abstract: Proinflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) are temporally regulated during infections. Here we show that human macrophage phenotypes biosynthesize unique lipid mediator signatures when exposed to pathogenic bacteria. E. coli and S. aureus each stimulate predominantly proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase pathways (i.e., leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2) in M1 macrophages. These pathogens stimulate M2 macrophages to produce SPMs including resolvin D2 (RvD2), RvD5, and maresin-1. E. coli activates M2 macrophages to translocate 5-LOX and 15-LOX-1 to different subcellular locales in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Neither attenuated nor non-pathogenic E. coli mobilize Ca2+ or activate LOXs, rather these bacteria stimulate prostaglandin production. RvD5 is more potent than leukotriene B4 at enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. These results indicate that M1 and M2 macrophages respond to pathogenic bacteria differently, producing either leukotrienes or resolvins that further distinguish inflammatory or pro-resolving phenotypes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that both phenotypic and genetic strategies for a division of labor can promote collective biofilm formation in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis and that asymmetries in strain ratio can arise due to differences in the relative benefits that matrix compounds generate for the collective.