Showing papers by "University of Jena published in 2020"
Donostia International Physics Center1, Rovira i Virgili University2, Victoria University of Wellington3, MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology4, University of Cambridge5, University of California, Santa Barbara6, Queen's University Belfast7, Technical University of Denmark8, University of Victoria9, Chung-Ang University10, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology11, University of Jena12, Rutgers University13, University of Strathclyde14, University of Liverpool15, University of Iowa16, University of Minnesota17, Heidelberg University18, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology19, Chalmers University of Technology20, Humboldt University of Berlin21, University of Michigan22, Jiangnan University23, Stanford University24, Xiamen University25, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich26, Hokkaido University27, Seoul National University28, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign29, Kwansei Gakuin University30, University of Vigo31, Free University of Berlin32, Northwestern University33, University of Duisburg-Essen34, National Research Council35, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram36, Duke University37, Northeastern University (China)38, Temple University39, Wuhan University40, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology41, Jilin University42, Ikerbasque43
TL;DR: Prominent authors from all over the world joined efforts to summarize the current state-of-the-art in understanding and using SERS, as well as to propose what can be expected in the near future, in terms of research, applications, and technological development.
Abstract: The discovery of the enhancement of Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on nanostructured metal surfaces is a landmark in the history of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Significant experimental and theoretical effort has been directed toward understanding the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect and demonstrating its potential in various types of ultrasensitive sensing applications in a wide variety of fields. In the 45 years since its discovery, SERS has blossomed into a rich area of research and technology, but additional efforts are still needed before it can be routinely used analytically and in commercial products. In this Review, prominent authors from around the world joined together to summarize the state of the art in understanding and using SERS and to predict what can be expected in the near future in terms of research, applications, and technological development. This Review is dedicated to SERS pioneer and our coauthor, the late Prof. Richard Van Duyne, whom we lost during the preparation of this article.
1,768 citations
TL;DR: In 2019, the LIGO Livingston detector observed a compact binary coalescence with signal-to-noise ratio 12.9 and the Virgo detector was also taking data that did not contribute to detection due to a low SINR but were used for subsequent parameter estimation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: On 2019 April 25, the LIGO Livingston detector observed a compact binary coalescence with signal-to-noise ratio 12.9. The Virgo detector was also taking data that did not contribute to detection due to a low signal-to-noise ratio, but were used for subsequent parameter estimation. The 90% credible intervals for the component masses range from to if we restrict the dimensionless component spin magnitudes to be smaller than 0.05). These mass parameters are consistent with the individual binary components being neutron stars. However, both the source-frame chirp mass and the total mass of this system are significantly larger than those of any other known binary neutron star (BNS) system. The possibility that one or both binary components of the system are black holes cannot be ruled out from gravitational-wave data. We discuss possible origins of the system based on its inconsistency with the known Galactic BNS population. Under the assumption that the signal was produced by a BNS coalescence, the local rate of neutron star mergers is updated to 250-2810.
1,189 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the observation of a compact binary coalescence involving a 222 −243 M ⊙ black hole and a compact object with a mass of 250 −267 M ⋆ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level) The gravitational-wave signal, GW190814, was observed during LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run on 2019 August 14 at 21:10:39 UTC and has a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 in the three-detector network.
Abstract: We report the observation of a compact binary coalescence involving a 222–243 M ⊙ black hole and a compact object with a mass of 250–267 M ⊙ (all measurements quoted at the 90% credible level) The gravitational-wave signal, GW190814, was observed during LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run on 2019 August 14 at 21:10:39 UTC and has a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 in the three-detector network The source was localized to 185 deg2 at a distance of ${241}_{-45}^{+41}$ Mpc; no electromagnetic counterpart has been confirmed to date The source has the most unequal mass ratio yet measured with gravitational waves, ${0112}_{-0009}^{+0008}$, and its secondary component is either the lightest black hole or the heaviest neutron star ever discovered in a double compact-object system The dimensionless spin of the primary black hole is tightly constrained to ≤007 Tests of general relativity reveal no measurable deviations from the theory, and its prediction of higher-multipole emission is confirmed at high confidence We estimate a merger rate density of 1–23 Gpc−3 yr−1 for the new class of binary coalescence sources that GW190814 represents Astrophysical models predict that binaries with mass ratios similar to this event can form through several channels, but are unlikely to have formed in globular clusters However, the combination of mass ratio, component masses, and the inferred merger rate for this event challenges all current models of the formation and mass distribution of compact-object binaries
913 citations
TL;DR: The extent of the trait data compiled in TRY is evaluated and emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness are analyzed to conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements.
Abstract: Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
882 citations
University of Ottawa1, World Health Organization2, University of Pittsburgh3, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences4, University of Edinburgh5, University of Jena6, Utrecht University7, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation8, Monash University9, Public Health England10, University of Liverpool11, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine12, University of Oxford13, The Chinese University of Hong Kong14, Imperial College London15, Sungkyunkwan University16, Trinity College, Dublin17, Queen's University Belfast18, Johns Hopkins University19, University of Bonn20, Radboud University Nijmegen21, Seoul National University22, University of Brescia23, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine24, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention25, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine26
TL;DR: A minimum set of common outcome measures for studies of COVID-19, which includes a measure of viral burden, patient survival, and patient progression through the health-care system by use of the WHO Clinical Progression Scale are urged.
Abstract: Summary Clinical research is necessary for an effective response to an emerging infectious disease outbreak. However, research efforts are often hastily organised and done using various research tools, with the result that pooling data across studies is challenging. In response to the needs of the rapidly evolving COVID-19 outbreak, the Clinical Characterisation and Management Working Group of the WHO Research and Development Blueprint programme, the International Forum for Acute Care Trialists, and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium have developed a minimum set of common outcome measures for studies of COVID-19. This set includes three elements: a measure of viral burden (quantitative PCR or cycle threshold), a measure of patient survival (mortality at hospital discharge or at 60 days), and a measure of patient progression through the health-care system by use of the WHO Clinical Progression Scale, which reflects patient trajectory and resource use over the course of clinical illness. We urge investigators to include these key data elements in ongoing and future studies to expedite the pooling of data during this immediate threat, and to hone a tool for future needs.
882 citations
TL;DR: It is inferred that the primary black hole mass lies within the gap produced by (pulsational) pair-instability supernova processes, with only a 0.32% probability of being below 65 M⊙, which can be considered an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH).
Abstract: On May 21, 2019 at 03:02:29 UTC Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observed a short duration gravitational-wave signal, GW190521, with a three-detector network signal-to-noise ratio of 14.7, and an estimated false-alarm rate of 1 in 4900 yr using a search sensitive to generic transients. If GW190521 is from a quasicircular binary inspiral, then the detected signal is consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses of 85_{-14}^{+21} M_{⊙} and 66_{-18}^{+17} M_{⊙} (90% credible intervals). We infer that the primary black hole mass lies within the gap produced by (pulsational) pair-instability supernova processes, with only a 0.32% probability of being below 65 M_{⊙}. We calculate the mass of the remnant to be 142_{-16}^{+28} M_{⊙}, which can be considered an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). The luminosity distance of the source is 5.3_{-2.6}^{+2.4} Gpc, corresponding to a redshift of 0.82_{-0.34}^{+0.28}. The inferred rate of mergers similar to GW190521 is 0.13_{-0.11}^{+0.30} Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}.
876 citations
University of Hohenheim1, University of Göttingen2, German Institute of Global and Area Studies3, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center4, University of Bern5, Magister6, University of Waikato7, University of Jena8, Bogor Agricultural University9, University of Kiel10, Leipzig University11, University of the Philippines Los Baños12, Russian Academy of Sciences13, Tadulako University14
TL;DR: Landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits are identified, suggesting that targeted landscape planning is needed to increase land- use efficiency while ensuring socio-ecological sustainability.
Abstract: Land-use transitions can enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but potential economic-ecological trade-offs remain poorly understood. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study of the environmental, social and economic consequences of land-use transitions in a tropical smallholder landscape on Sumatra, Indonesia. We find widespread biodiversity-profit trade-offs resulting from land-use transitions from forest and agroforestry systems to rubber and oil palm monocultures, for 26,894 aboveground and belowground species and whole-ecosystem multidiversity. Despite variation between ecosystem functions, profit gains come at the expense of ecosystem multifunctionality, indicating far-reaching ecosystem deterioration. We identify landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits. These findings suggest that, to reduce losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, changes in economic incentive structures through well-designed policies are urgently needed.
697 citations
University of Jena1, University of Bologna2, Cornell University3, Wayne State University4, Imperial College London5, University of Liverpool6, Georgia Regents University7, Huntsman Cancer Institute8, Norwegian University of Science and Technology9, University of South Australia10, University of Amsterdam11, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center12, Catholic University of Korea13, University of Chicago14, University of Toronto15, University of Bordeaux16, Masaryk University17, Leipzig University18, University of Naples Federico II19, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center20, Lund University21, University of Turin22, Heidelberg University23, Russian Academy24
TL;DR: An expert panel to critically evaluate and update the evidence to achieve goals to achieve a stable deep molecular response (DMR) and discontinuing medication for treatment-free remission (TFR) in chronic myeloid leukemia.
Abstract: The therapeutic landscape of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has profoundly changed over the past 7 years. Most patients with chronic phase (CP) now have a normal life expectancy. Another goal is achieving a stable deep molecular response (DMR) and discontinuing medication for treatment-free remission (TFR). The European LeukemiaNet convened an expert panel to critically evaluate and update the evidence to achieve these goals since its previous recommendations. First-line treatment is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI; imatinib brand or generic, dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib are available first-line). Generic imatinib is the cost-effective initial treatment in CP. Various contraindications and side-effects of all TKIs should be considered. Patient risk status at diagnosis should be assessed with the new EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS)-score. Monitoring of response should be done by quantitative polymerase chain reaction whenever possible. A change of treatment is recommended when intolerance cannot be ameliorated or when molecular milestones are not reached. Greater than 10% BCR-ABL1 at 3 months indicates treatment failure when confirmed. Allogeneic transplantation continues to be a therapeutic option particularly for advanced phase CML. TKI treatment should be withheld during pregnancy. Treatment discontinuation may be considered in patients with durable DMR with the goal of achieving TFR.
683 citations
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev1, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin2, National Renewable Energy Laboratory3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg4, Forschungszentrum Jülich5, University of Rome Tor Vergata6, Massachusetts Institute of Technology7, Princeton University8, Chulalongkorn University9, Wuhan University of Technology10, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology11, University of Grenoble12, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation13, University of Michigan14, Sapienza University of Rome15, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne16, VU University Amsterdam17, University of Jena18, Bangor University19, University of California, Davis20, University of Maryland, College Park21, Shaanxi Normal University22, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics23, Chinese Academy of Sciences24, University of Southern Denmark25, University of Colorado Boulder26, State University of Campinas27, Boğaziçi University28, Sungkyunkwan University29, Swansea University30, Technische Universität Darmstadt31, University of Oxford32, University of Cambridge33, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology34, Imperial College London35, Yonsei University36
TL;DR: A consensus between researchers in the field is reported on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols, and additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs are proposed.
Abstract: Improving the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells is critical to the deployment of this technology. Despite the great emphasis laid on stability-related investigations, publications lack consistency in experimental procedures and parameters reported. It is therefore challenging to reproduce and compare results and thereby develop a deep understanding of degradation mechanisms. Here, we report a consensus between researchers in the field on procedures for testing perovskite solar cell stability, which are based on the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols. We propose additional procedures to account for properties specific to PSCs such as ion redistribution under electric fields, reversible degradation and to distinguish ambient-induced degradation from other stress factors. These protocols are not intended as a replacement of the existing qualification standards, but rather they aim to unify the stability assessment and to understand failure modes. Finally, we identify key procedural information which we suggest reporting in publications to improve reproducibility and enable large data set analysis. Reliability of stability data for perovskite solar cells is undermined by a lack of consistency in the test conditions and reporting. This Consensus Statement outlines practices for testing and reporting stability tailoring ISOS protocols for perovskite devices.
621 citations
TL;DR: It is found that freshwater insect populations have increased overall, perhaps owing to clean water efforts and climate change, and patterns of variation suggest that local-scale drivers are likely responsible for many changes in population trends, providing hope for directed conservation actions.
Abstract: Recent case studies showing substantial declines of insect abundances have raised alarm, but how widespread such patterns are remains unclear. We compiled data from 166 long-term surveys of insect assemblages across 1676 sites to investigate trends in insect abundances over time. Overall, we found considerable variation in trends even among adjacent sites but an average decline of terrestrial insect abundance by ~9% per decade and an increase of freshwater insect abundance by ~11% per decade. Both patterns were largely driven by strong trends in North America and some European regions. We found some associations with potential drivers (e.g., land-use drivers), and trends in protected areas tended to be weaker. Our findings provide a more nuanced view of spatiotemporal patterns of insect abundance trends than previously suggested.
583 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the observation of gravitational waves from a binary-black-hole coalescence during the first two weeks of LIGO and Virgo's third observing run.
Abstract: We report the observation of gravitational waves from a binary-black-hole coalescence during the first two weeks of LIGO’s and Virgo’s third observing run. The signal was recorded on April 12, 2019 at 05∶30∶44 UTC with a network signal-to-noise ratio of 19. The binary is different from observations during the first two observing runs most notably due to its asymmetric masses: a ∼30 M⊙ black hole merged with a ∼8 M⊙ black hole companion. The more massive black hole rotated with a dimensionless spin magnitude between 0.22 and 0.60 (90% probability). Asymmetric systems are predicted to emit gravitational waves with stronger contributions from higher multipoles, and indeed we find strong evidence for gravitational radiation beyond the leading quadrupolar order in the observed signal. A suite of tests performed on GW190412 indicates consistency with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. While the mass ratio of this system differs from all previous detections, we show that it is consistent with the population model of stellar binary black holes inferred from the first two observing runs.
University of Montana1, University of California, San Diego2, University of Münster3, University of Jena4, University of Lübeck5, Statens Serum Institut6, University of Tübingen7, University of Geneva8, Bruker9, Paris Descartes University10, University of São Paulo11, Technical University of Berlin12, Georgia Institute of Technology13, Saint Petersburg State University14, Waters Corporation15, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic16, Sookmyung Women's University17, University of Grenoble18, University of Oklahoma19, Carnegie Mellon University20, University of West Alabama21, Leibniz Association22, University of Corsica Pascal Paoli23, Massachusetts Institute of Technology24, Michigan State University25, University of Glasgow26, Wageningen University and Research Centre27, Kangwon National University28
TL;DR: Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) as discussed by the authors is an analysis method in the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) infrastructure that builds on chromatographic feature detection and alignment tools.
Abstract: Molecular networking has become a key method to visualize and annotate the chemical space in non-targeted mass spectrometry data. We present feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) as an analysis method in the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) infrastructure that builds on chromatographic feature detection and alignment tools. FBMN enables quantitative analysis and resolution of isomers, including from ion mobility spectrometry.
University of Jena1, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich2, University of New South Wales3, University of Kentucky4, Université du Québec à Montréal5, Centre national de la recherche scientifique6, North Dakota State University7, Eötvös Loránd University8, Norwegian University of Science and Technology9
TL;DR: The GW190521 signal is consistent with a binary black hole (BBH) merger source at redshift 0.13-0.30 Gpc-3 yr-1.8 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The gravitational-wave signal GW190521 is consistent with a binary black hole (BBH) merger source at redshift 0.8 with unusually high component masses, 85-14+21 M o˙ and 66-18+17 M o˙, compared to previously reported events, and shows mild evidence for spin-induced orbital precession. The primary falls in the mass gap predicted by (pulsational) pair-instability supernova theory, in the approximate range 65-120 M o˙. The probability that at least one of the black holes in GW190521 is in that range is 99.0%. The final mass of the merger (142-16+28 M o˙) classifies it as an intermediate-mass black hole. Under the assumption of a quasi-circular BBH coalescence, we detail the physical properties of GW190521's source binary and its post-merger remnant, including component masses and spin vectors. Three different waveform models, as well as direct comparison to numerical solutions of general relativity, yield consistent estimates of these properties. Tests of strong-field general relativity targeting the merger-ringdown stages of the coalescence indicate consistency of the observed signal with theoretical predictions. We estimate the merger rate of similar systems to be 0.13-0.11+0.30 Gpc-3 yr-1. We discuss the astrophysical implications of GW190521 for stellar collapse and for the possible formation of black holes in the pair-instability mass gap through various channels: via (multiple) stellar coalescences, or via hierarchical mergers of lower-mass black holes in star clusters or in active galactic nuclei. We find it to be unlikely that GW190521 is a strongly lensed signal of a lower-mass black hole binary merger. We also discuss more exotic possible sources for GW190521, including a highly eccentric black hole binary, or a primordial black hole binary.
DOI•
Trinity College, Dublin1, Heidelberg University2, University of Cambridge3, Autonomous University of Madrid4, Université Paris-Saclay5, University of Zaragoza6, Spanish National Research Council7, University of Nottingham8, RWTH Aachen University9, Kessler Foundation10, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia11, University of Grenoble12, Georgia Institute of Technology13, Dresden University of Technology14, Polytechnic University of Turin15, University of Zurich16, Bielefeld University17, University of Strasbourg18, Technical University of Denmark19, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology20, Ikerbasque21, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg22, Technische Universität München23, Bundeswehr University Munich24, University of Bern25, Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas26, University of Patras27, Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami28, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne29, University of Ulm30, University of Eastern Finland31, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki32, University of Manchester33, Polish Academy of Sciences34, Aalto University35, University of Castilla–La Mancha36, ShanghaiTech University37, University of Exeter38, Chalmers University of Technology39, Warsaw University of Technology40, University of Trieste41, University of Trento42, Queen Mary University of London43, Instituto Politécnico Nacional44, University of the Basque Country45, Chemnitz University of Technology46, Charles University in Prague47, University of Jena48, University of Texas at Dallas49
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures, adopting a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature and from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results.
Abstract: © 2020 The Author(s). We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to 'bottom up' approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers 'top down' techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers' and modified Hummers' methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by employing a theoretical data-mining approach. The exfoliation of LMs usually results in a heterogeneous dispersion of flakes with different lateral size and thickness. This is a critical bottleneck for applications, and hinders the full exploitation of GRMs produced by solution processing. The establishment of procedures to control the morphological properties of exfoliated GRMs, which also need to be industrially scalable, is one of the key needs. Section III deals with the processing of flakes. (Ultra)centrifugation techniques have thus far been the most investigated to sort GRMs following ultrasonication, shear mixing, ball milling, microfluidization, and wet-jet milling. It allows sorting by size and thickness. Inks formulated from GRM dispersions can be printed using a number of processes, from inkjet to screen printing. Each technique has specific rheological requirements, as well as geometrical constraints. The solvent choice is critical, not only for the GRM stability, but also in terms of optimizing printing on different substrates, such as glass, Si, plastic, paper, etc, all with different surface energies. Chemical modifications of such substrates is also a key step. Sections IV-VII are devoted to the growth of GRMs on various substrates and their processing after growth to place them on the surface of choice for specific applications. The substrate for graphene growth is a key determinant of the nature and quality of the resultant film. The lattice mismatch between graphene and substrate influences the resulting crystallinity. Growth on insulators, such as SiO2, typically results in films with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. Section IV outlines the growth of graphene on SiC substrates. This satisfies the requirements for electronic applications, with well-defined graphene-substrate interface, low trapped impurities and no need for transfer. It also allows graphene structures and devices to be measured directly on the growth substrate. The flatness of the substrate results in graphene with minimal strain and ripples on large areas, allowing spectroscopies and surface science to be performed. We also discuss the surface engineering by intercalation of the resulting graphene, its integration with Si-wafers and the production of nanostructures with the desired shape, with no need for patterning. Section V deals with chemical vapour deposition (CVD) onto various transition metals and on insulators. Growth on Ni results in graphitized polycrystalline films. While the thickness of these films can be optimized by controlling the deposition parameters, such as the type of hydrocarbon precursor and temperature, it is difficult to attain single layer graphene (SLG) across large areas, owing to the simultaneous nucleation/growth and solution/precipitation mechanisms. The differing characteristics of polycrystalline Ni films facilitate the growth of graphitic layers at different rates, resulting in regions with differing numbers of graphitic layers. High-quality films can be grown on Cu. Cu is available in a variety of shapes and forms, such as foils, bulks, foams, thin films on other materials and powders, making it attractive for industrial production of large area graphene films. The push to use CVD graphene in applications has also triggered a research line for the direct growth on insulators. The quality of the resulting films is lower than possible to date on metals, but enough, in terms of transmittance and resistivity, for many applications as described in section V. Transfer technologies are the focus of section VI. CVD synthesis of graphene on metals and bottom up molecular approaches require SLG to be transferred to the final target substrates. To have technological impact, the advances in production of high-quality large-area CVD graphene must be commensurate with those on transfer and placement on the final substrates. This is a prerequisite for most applications, such as touch panels, anticorrosion coatings, transparent electrodes and gas sensors etc. New strategies have improved the transferred graphene quality, making CVD graphene a feasible option for CMOS foundries. Methods based on complete etching of the metal substrate in suitable etchants, typically iron chloride, ammonium persulfate, or hydrogen chloride although reliable, are time- and resourceconsuming, with damage to graphene and production of metal and etchant residues. Electrochemical delamination in a low-concentration aqueous solution is an alternative. In this case metallic substrates can be reused. Dry transfer is less detrimental for the SLG quality, enabling a deterministic transfer. There is a large range of layered materials (LMs) beyond graphite. Only few of them have been already exfoliated and fully characterized. Section VII deals with the growth of some of these materials. Amongst them, h-BN, transition metal tri- and di-chalcogenides are of paramount importance. The growth of h-BN is at present considered essential for the development of graphene in (opto) electronic applications, as h-BN is ideal as capping layer or substrate. The interesting optical and electronic properties of TMDs also require the development of scalable methods for their production. Large scale growth using chemical/physical vapour deposition or thermal assisted conversion has been thus far limited to a small set, such as h-BN or some TMDs. Heterostructures could also be directly grown.
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research1, University of Cambridge2, Ghent University3, University of Picardie Jules Verne4, University of Jena5, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic6, University of West Hungary7, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences8, Research Institute for Nature and Forest9, Environment Agency10, Rzeszów University11, University of Potsdam12, University of Warsaw13, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague14, University of Wrocław15, University of Ljubljana16, University of Pécs17, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad18, University of Göttingen19, Eötvös Loránd University20, American Museum of Natural History21
TL;DR: It is shown that thermophilization and the climatic lag in forest plant communities are primarily controlled by microclimate, and increasing tree canopy cover reduces warming rates inside forests, but loss of canopy cover leads to increased local heat that exacerbates the disequilibrium between community responses and climate change.
Abstract: Climate warming is causing a shift in biological communities in favor of warm-affinity species (i.e., thermophilization). Species responses often lag behind climate warming, but the reasons for such lags remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed multidecadal understory microclimate dynamics in European forests and show that thermophilization and the climatic lag in forest plant communities are primarily controlled by microclimate. Increasing tree canopy cover reduces warming rates inside forests, but loss of canopy cover leads to increased local heat that exacerbates the disequilibrium between community responses and climate change. Reciprocal effects between plants and microclimates are key to understanding the response of forest biodiversity and functioning to climate and land-use changes.
Humboldt University of Berlin1, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ2, University of Zurich3, University of Jena4, Flinders University5, German Aerospace Center6, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg7, Bavarian Forest National Park8, University of Freiburg9, Forschungszentrum Jülich10, Dresden University of Technology11, University of Nottingham12, Environment Agency13, Leipzig University14
TL;DR: The requirements for future geomorphology monitoring are focused on the implementation and linking of in-situ, close-range, air- and spaceborne RS technologies, geomorphic traits, and data science approaches as crucial components for a better understanding of the geomorphic impacts on complex ecosystems.
Abstract: The status, changes, and disturbances in geomorphological regimes can be regarded as controlling and regulating factors for biodiversity. Therefore, monitoring geomorphology at local, regional, and global scales is not only necessary to conserve geodiversity, but also to preserve biodiversity, as well as to improve biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Numerous remote sensing (RS) approaches and platforms have been used in the past to enable a cost-effective, increasingly freely available, comprehensive, repetitive, standardized, and objective monitoring of geomorphological characteristics and their traits. This contribution provides a state-of-the-art review for the RS-based monitoring of these characteristics and traits, by presenting examples of aeolian, fluvial, and coastal landforms. Different examples for monitoring geomorphology as a crucial discipline of geodiversity using RS are provided, discussing the implementation of RS technologies such as LiDAR, RADAR, as well as multi-spectral and hyperspectral sensor technologies. Furthermore, data products and RS technologies that could be used in the future for monitoring geomorphology are introduced. The use of spectral traits (ST) and spectral trait variation (STV) approaches with RS enable the status, changes, and disturbances of geomorphic diversity to be monitored. We focus on the requirements for future geomorphology monitoring specifically aimed at overcoming some key limitations of ecological modeling, namely: the implementation and linking of in-situ, close-range, air- and spaceborne RS technologies, geomorphic traits, and data science approaches as crucial components for a better understanding of the geomorphic impacts on complex ecosystems. This paper aims to impart multidimensional geomorphic information obtained by RS for improved utilization in biodiversity monitoring.
Max Planck Society1, Woods Hole Research Center2, University of Valencia3, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology4, Wageningen University and Research Centre5, University of Jena6, Universidade Nova de Lisboa7, Université Paris-Saclay8, University of Augsburg9, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation10, Chiba University11, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign12, Nanjing Normal University13, National Center for Atmospheric Research14, University of Exeter15, Central Maine Community College16, Tuscia University17, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich18, Oak Ridge National Laboratory19
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a systematic assessment of the latest upscaling efforts for gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the FLUXCOM initiative, where different machine learning methods and sets of predictor variables were employed.
Abstract: . FLUXNET comprises globally distributed eddy-covariance-based estimates of carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the
atmosphere. Since eddy covariance flux towers have a relatively small
footprint and are distributed unevenly across the world, upscaling the
observations is necessary to obtain global-scale estimates of
biosphere–atmosphere exchange. Based on cross-consistency checks with
atmospheric inversions, sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) and dynamic global
vegetation models (DGVMs), here we provide a systematic assessment of the
latest upscaling efforts for gross primary production (GPP) and net
ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the FLUXCOM initiative, where different machine
learning methods, forcing data sets and sets of predictor variables were
employed. Spatial patterns of mean GPP are consistent across FLUXCOM and DGVM
ensembles ( R2>0.94 at 1 ∘ spatial resolution)
while the majority of DGVMs show, for 70 % of the land surface, values
outside the FLUXCOM range. Global mean GPP magnitudes for 2008–2010 from
FLUXCOM members vary within 106 and 130 PgC yr −1 with the largest
uncertainty in the tropics. Seasonal variations in independent SIF estimates
agree better with FLUXCOM GPP (mean global pixel-wise R2∼0.75 ) than with GPP from DGVMs (mean global pixel-wise
R2∼0.6 ). Seasonal variations in FLUXCOM NEE show good
consistency with atmospheric inversion-based net land carbon fluxes,
particularly for temperate and boreal regions ( R2>0.92 ).
Interannual variability of global NEE in FLUXCOM is underestimated compared
to inversions and DGVMs. The FLUXCOM version which also uses meteorological
inputs shows a strong co-variation in interannual patterns with inversions
( R2=0.87 for 2001–2010). Mean regional NEE from FLUXCOM shows larger
uptake than inversion and DGVM-based estimates, particularly in the tropics
with discrepancies of up to several hundred grammes of carbon per square metre per year. These
discrepancies can only partly be reconciled by carbon loss pathways that are
implicit in inversions but not captured by the flux tower measurements such
as carbon emissions from fires and water bodies. We hypothesize that a
combination of systematic biases in the underlying eddy covariance data, in
particular in tall tropical forests, and a lack of site history effects on
NEE in FLUXCOM are likely responsible for the too strong tropical carbon
sink estimated by FLUXCOM. Furthermore, as FLUXCOM does not account for
CO2 fertilization effects, carbon flux trends are not realistic.
Overall, current FLUXCOM estimates of mean annual and seasonal cycles of GPP
as well as seasonal NEE variations provide useful constraints of global
carbon cycling, while interannual variability patterns from FLUXCOM are
valuable but require cautious interpretation. Exploring the diversity of
Earth observation data and of machine learning concepts along with improved
quality and quantity of flux tower measurements will facilitate further
improvements of the FLUXCOM approach overall.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the available literature on laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) along with their numerical implementations and a comparison and critical assessment of these approaches is provided.
Abstract: Surface nanostructuring enables the manipulation of many essential surface properties. With the recent rapid advancements in laser technology, a contactless large‐area processing at rates of up to m2 s−1 becomes feasible that allows new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. On the other hand, the last two decades enable extremely successful and intense research in the field of so‐called laser‐induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples). Different types of these structures featuring periods of hundreds of nanometers only—far beyond the optical diffraction limit—up to several micrometers are easily manufactured in a single‐step process and can be widely controlled by a proper choice of the laser processing conditions. From a theoretical point of view, however, a vivid and very controversial debate emerges, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects or are caused by matter reorganization. This article aims to close a gap in the available literature on LIPSS by reviewing the currently existent theories of LIPSS along with their numerical implementations and by providing a comparison and critical assessment of these approaches.
Leipzig University1, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ2, University of Jena3, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg4, Humboldt University of Berlin5, University of Helsinki6, University of Porto7, University of Lisbon8, University of Innsbruck9, University of Vienna10, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague11, University of Göttingen12
TL;DR: Concerned about current attempts to dilute the environmental ambition of the future CAP, and the lack of concrete proposals for improving the CAP in the draft of the European Green Deal, it is called on the European Parliament, Council and Commission to adopt 10 urgent action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation.
Abstract: Making agriculture sustainable is a global challenge. In the European Union (EU), the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is failing with respect to biodiversity, climate, soil, land degradation as well as socio-economic challenges.The European Commission's proposal for a CAP post-2020 provides a scope for enhanced sustainability. However, it also allows Member States to choose low-ambition implementation pathways. It therefore remains essential to address citizens' demands for sustainable agriculture and rectify systemic weaknesses in the CAP, using the full breadth of available scientific evidence and knowledge.Concerned about current attempts to dilute the environmental ambition of the future CAP, and the lack of concrete proposals for improving the CAP in the draft of the European Green Deal, we call on the European Parliament, Council and Commission to adopt 10 urgent action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation.Knowledge is available to help moving towards evidence-based, sustainable European agriculture that can benefit people, nature and their joint futures.The statements made in this article have the broad support of the scientific community, as expressed by above 3,600 signatories to the preprint version of this manuscript. The list can be found here (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685632).
TL;DR: Efficient light emission from direct-bandgap hexagonal Ge and SiGe alloys is demonstrated, enabling electronic and optoelectronic functionalities to be combined on a single chip and in excellent quantitative agreement with ab initio theory.
Abstract: Silicon crystallized in the usual cubic (diamond) lattice structure has dominated the electronics industry for more than half a century. However, cubic silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and SiGe alloys are all indirect-bandgap semiconductors that cannot emit light efficiently. The goal1 of achieving efficient light emission from group-IV materials in silicon technology has been elusive for decades2–6. Here we demonstrate efficient light emission from direct-bandgap hexagonal Ge and SiGe alloys. We measure a sub-nanosecond, temperature-insensitive radiative recombination lifetime and observe an emission yield similar to that of direct-bandgap group-III–V semiconductors. Moreover, we demonstrate that, by controlling the composition of the hexagonal SiGe alloy, the emission wavelength can be continuously tuned over a broad range, while preserving the direct bandgap. Our experimental findings are in excellent quantitative agreement with ab initio theory. Hexagonal SiGe embodies an ideal material system in which to combine electronic and optoelectronic functionalities on a single chip, opening the way towards integrated device concepts and information-processing technologies. A hexagonal (rather than cubic) alloy of silicon and germanium that has a direct (rather than indirect) bandgap emits light efficiently across a range of wavelengths, enabling electronic and optoelectronic functionalities to be combined on a single chip.
TL;DR: In this article, a map that correlates tectonic units between Alps and western Turkey accompanied by a text providing access to literature data is presented, explaining the concepts used for defining the mapped Tectonic Units, and first-order paleogeographic inferences.
TL;DR: A pan-tissue AHR signature revealed that across 32 tumor entities, interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1) associates more frequently with AHR activity than IDO1 or TDO2, hitherto recognized as the main Trp-catabolic enzymes.
TL;DR: Rux treatment for COVID-19 in patients with hyperinflammation is shown to be safe with signals of efficacy in this pilot case series for CRS-intervention to prevent or overcome multiorgan failure.
Abstract: A subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 suffers from progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. These patients present with progressive hyperinflammation governed by proinflammatory cytokines. An interdisciplinary COVID-19 work flow was established to detect patients with imminent or full blown hyperinflammation. Using a newly developed COVID-19 Inflammation Score (CIS), patients were prospectively stratified for targeted inhibition of cytokine signalling by the Janus Kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (Rux). Patients were treated with efficacy/toxicity guided step up dosing up to 14 days. Retrospective analysis of CIS reduction and clinical outcome was performed. Out of 105 patients treated between March 30th and April 15th, 2020, 14 patients with a CIS ≥ 10 out of 16 points received Rux over a median of 9 days with a median cumulative dose of 135 mg. A total of 12/14 patients achieved significant reduction of CIS by ≥25% on day 7 with sustained clinical improvement in 11/14 patients without short term red flag warnings of Rux-induced toxicity. Rux treatment for COVID-19 in patients with hyperinflammation is shown to be safe with signals of efficacy in this pilot case series for CRS-intervention to prevent or overcome multiorgan failure. A multicenter phase-II clinical trial has been initiated (NCT04338958).
California Institute of Technology1, Heidelberg University2, University of Greifswald3, Humboldt University of Berlin4, National Institutes of Health5, University of Tübingen6, Aix-Marseille University7, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência8, Ansys9, Newcastle University10, University of Nebraska–Lincoln11, University of Virginia12, University of Connecticut13, University of Utah14, PSL Research University15, VU University Amsterdam16, University of Washington17, The Turing Institute18, University of Pittsburgh19, ETH Zurich20, Université Paris-Saclay21, University of Oxford22, North Carolina State University23, University of California, Irvine24, Indian Institute of Technology Madras25, Babraham Institute26, Virginia Tech27, California State University, Northridge28, University of Liverpool29, IBM30, University of California, San Diego31, Virginia Mason Medical Center32, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology33, Keio University34, Amazon.com35, University of Milan36, University of Toronto37, Masaryk University38, University of Tennessee39, Oregon Health & Science University40, Illumina41, Uppsala University42, Maastricht University43, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt44, Medical University of Vienna45, European Bioinformatics Institute46, University of Rostock47, Leibniz Association48, Lorentz Institute49, Shinshu University50, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai51, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies52, Greifswald University Hospital53, Max Planck Society54, University of Jena55, École Polytechnique56, University of Southern California57, École Normale Supérieure58, Stellenbosch University59, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne60, Mizuho Information & Research Institute61, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory62
TL;DR: The latest edition of the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is reviewed, a format designed for this purpose that leverages two decades of SBML and a rich software ecosystem that transformed how systems biologists build and interact with models.
Abstract: Systems biology has experienced dramatic growth in the number, size, and complexity of computational models. To reproduce simulation results and reuse models, researchers must exchange unambiguous model descriptions. We review the latest edition of the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), a format designed for this purpose. A community of modelers and software authors developed SBML Level 3 over the past decade. Its modular form consists of a core suited to representing reaction-based models and packages that extend the core with features suited to other model types including constraint-based models, reaction-diffusion models, logical network models, and rule-based models. The format leverages two decades of SBML and a rich software ecosystem that transformed how systems biologists build and interact with models. More recently, the rise of multiscale models of whole cells and organs, and new data sources such as single-cell measurements and live imaging, has precipitated new ways of integrating data with models. We provide our perspectives on the challenges presented by these developments and how SBML Level 3 provides the foundation needed to support this evolution.
TL;DR: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration have cataloged eleven confidently detected gravitational-wave events during the first two observing runs of the advanced detector era as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration have cataloged eleven confidently detected gravitational-wave events during the first two observing runs of the advanced detector era. All eleven events were consistent with being from well-modeled mergers between compact stellar-mass objects: black holes or neutron stars. The data around the time of each of these events have been made publicly available through the gravitational-wave open science center. The entirety of the gravitational-wave strain data from the first and second observing runs have also now been made publicly available. There is considerable interest among the broad scientific community in understanding the data and methods used in the analyses. In this paper, we provide an overview of the detector noise properties and the data analysis techniques used to detect gravitational-wave signals and infer the source properties. We describe some of the checks that are performed to validate the analyses and results from the observations of gravitational-wave events. We also address concerns that have been raised about various properties of LIGO–Virgo detector noise and the correctness of our analyses as applied to the resulting data.
TL;DR: BRAC (binding and retrieval in action control) is proposed, an overarching, integrative framework that accounts for a wide range of seemingly unrelated findings by assuming 'two core processes: feature binding and retrieval'.
TL;DR: In this Perspective, Hanno Würbel and colleagues argue that a disregard for incorporating biological variation in study design is an important cause of poor reproducibility in animal research and put the case for the use of systematic heterogenization of study samples and conditions in studies to improve reproducecibility.
Abstract: Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of results in experimental animal research, because organisms’ responses to experimental treatments can vary with both genotype and environmental conditions. In March 2019, experts in animal biology, experimental design and statistics convened in Blonay, Switzerland, to discuss strategies addressing this challenge. In contrast to the current gold standard of rigorous standardization in experimental animal research, we recommend the use of systematic heterogenization of study samples and conditions by actively incorporating biological variation into study design through diversifying study samples and conditions. Here we provide the scientific rationale for this approach in the hope that researchers, regulators, funders and editors can embrace this paradigm shift. We also present a road map towards better practices in view of improving the reproducibility of animal research. In this Perspective, Hanno Wurbel and colleagues argue that a disregard for incorporating biological variation in study design is an important cause of poor reproducibility in animal research. They put the case for the use of systematic heterogenization of study samples and conditions in studies to improve reproducibility.
TL;DR: GPCRs can signal through both G proteins and β‐arrestin2, and research effort has been focused on developing biased μ‐opioid agonists that preferentially target G protein signalling over β‐Arrestin signalling, but these compounds have so far failed in clinical and preclinical development.
Abstract: Background and purpose GPCRs can signal through both G proteins and β-arrestin2. For the μ-opioid receptor, early experimental evidence from a single study suggested that G protein signalling mediates analgesia, whereas β-arrestin2 signalling mediates respiratory depression and constipation. Consequently, for more than a decade, much research effort has been focused on developing biased μ-opioid agonists that preferentially target G protein signalling over β-arrestin signalling, as it was believed that such drugs would be analgesics devoid of respiratory depressant activity. However, the prototypical compounds that have been developed based on this concept have so far failed in clinical and preclinical development. Experimental approach The present study was set up to re-examine opioid-induced respiratory depression in β-arrestin2 knockout mice. To this end, a consortium was formed consisting of three different laboratories located in different countries to evaluate independently opioid-induced respiratory depression. Key results Our consensus results unequivocally demonstrate that the prototypical μ-opioid agonist morphine (3.75-100 mg·kg-1 s.c. or 3-30 mg·kg-1 i.p.) as well as the potent opioid fentanyl (0.05-0.35 mg·kg-1 s.c.) do indeed induce respiratory depression and constipation in β-arrestin2 knockout mice in a dose-dependent manner indistinguishable from that observed in wild-type mice. Conclusion and implications Our findings do not support the original suggestion that β-arrestin2 signalling plays a key role in opioid-induced respiratory depression and call into question the concept of developing G protein-biased μ-opioid receptor agonists as a strategy for the development of safer opioid analgesic drugs.
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg1, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ2, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen3, Leipzig University4, Free University of Berlin5, University of Alicante6, King Juan Carlos University7, Braunschweig University of Technology8, University of Jena9, University of Manchester10, Saint Mary's University11, University of Pretoria12, Austral University of Chile13, University of Sydney14, Colorado State University15
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and characterize existing environmental gaps in soil taxa and ecosystem functioning data across soil macroecological studies and 17,186 sampling sites across the globe.
Abstract: Soils harbor a substantial fraction of the world's biodiversity, contributing to many crucial ecosystem functions. It is thus essential to identify general macroecological patterns related to the distribution and functioning of soil organisms to support their conservation and consideration by governance. These macroecological analyses need to represent the diversity of environmental conditions that can be found worldwide. Here we identify and characterize existing environmental gaps in soil taxa and ecosystem functioning data across soil macroecological studies and 17,186 sampling sites across the globe. These data gaps include important spatial, environmental, taxonomic, and functional gaps, and an almost complete absence of temporally explicit data. We also identify the limitations of soil macroecological studies to explore general patterns in soil biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships, with only 0.3% of all sampling sites having both information about biodiversity and function, although with different taxonomic groups and functions at each site. Based on this information, we provide clear priorities to support and expand soil macroecological research.