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Showing papers by "University of Jordan published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review describes the use of some natural products in cosmetic preparations, due to their low mammalian toxicity, with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used, the actives responsible for effect and the benefits of such products.
Abstract: This review describes the use of some natural products in cosmetic preparations, due to their low mammalian toxicity, with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used, the actives responsible for effect and the benefits of such products. Their use in skin care; such as dryness, eczema, acne, free-radical scavenging, antiinflammatory, antiaging and skin protection effects are explained, and also the use in hair care as hair growth stimulants, hair colorants, and for hair and scalp complaints such as dandruff. Essential oils when incorporated into finished products impart many benefits such as a pleasant aroma in perfumery, shine or conditioning effects in hair care products, emolliency and improving the elasticity of the skin.

467 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained indicated that Portulaca oleracea accelerates the wound healing process by decreasing the surface area of the wound and increasing the tensile strength.

323 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The survey indicated that most of the herbalists were not educated or trained in the field of herbal medicine except for their expertise gained from their predecessor, none were licensed for this particular purpose; several odd or unprecedented recommendations were passed to the customers.

266 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of initial dye concentrations, adsorbent particle size and concentration, and agitation speed on adsorption was investigated, and two simplified kinetics models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order, were tested to investigate the adaption mechanisms.

263 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that if A is a bounded linear operator on a complex Hilbert space, then w(A) ≤ 2 (A + A 2 1/2 ) where A is the usual operator norm.
Abstract: It is shown that if A is a bounded linear operator on a complex Hilbert space, then w(A) ≤ 2 (‖A‖+ ‖A2‖1/2), where w(A) and ‖A‖ are the numerical radius and the usual operator norm of A, respectively. An application of this inequality is given to obtain a new estimate for the numerical radius of the Frobenius companion matrix. Bounds for the zeros of polynomials are also given.

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Aqaba complex is a bimodal alkali-calcic to alkali igneous suite generated after development of a regional unconformity and deposition of the Saramuj Conglomerate as mentioned in this paper.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the pain experiences of culturally diverse childbearing women based on a secondary analysis of narrative data from phenomenologic studies of the meaning of childbirth, and a variety of coping mechanisms were used by women to deal with the pain.

152 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preventive educational program should be instituted in Jordan, directed at parents and school teachers to inform them about the importance of traumatic dental injuries and the benefit of immediate attendance for dental treatment.
Abstract: Data pertaining to traumatic dental injuries of children seeking care at the teaching clinics of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan over a period of 4 years were analyzed. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 14.2% from 2751 subjects. The peak incidence of injury was 10-12-year age group. Boys were more affected (18.3%) than girls (10.1%). Most injuries occurred at home (63.2%), and falls were the leading cause of injuries (49.9%). Most injuries involved one tooth (69.3%) and maxillary central incisors were the most affected teeth (90.4%). The commonest injury was uncomplicated crown fracture (62.5%), then complicated crown fracture (28.7%). Only 17.1% of children sought treatment the same day or the day after the injury. At the initial examination, cases seen after a long post-traumatic period required more complicated treatment than those presented within a short time period. Preventive educational program should be instituted in Jordan, directed at parents and school teachers to inform them about the importance of traumatic dental injuries and the benefit of immediate attendance for dental treatment. Furthermore, improving the knowledge of dental practitioners through continuing education would also help in minimizing sequelae of traumatic dental injuries.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a field experiment was conducted in 1999 and 2000 to investigate the effect of different treatments of potable and treated wastewater on the quality of tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill).

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that male accident rates are significantly higher, and this trend is consistent through all the analyses, and is significant only in normal driving conditions.

129 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of the arylbromine-halide ion (C−Br···X-) synthons in the development of the supramolecular frameworks is explored in a set of six bromopyridinium tetrahalocuprate(II) salts as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The role of the arylbromine-halide ion (C−Br···X-) synthons in the development of the supramolecular frameworks is explored in a set of six bromopyridinium tetrahalocuprate(II) salts. The compounds belong to the series (nBP)2CuX4, where nBP+ denotes the n-bromopyridinium cation and n = 2, 3, or 4 and X = Cl- or Br- and include (2BP)2CuBr4, (3BP)2CuBr4, (4BP)2CuBr4, (2BP)2CuCl4, (3BP)2CuCl4, and (4BP)2CuCl4. The structures all consist of isolated pyridinium cations and flattened tetrahedral CuX42- anions. The supramolecular assembly of these ionic species is dominated by the novel C−Br···X- synthon and the more traditional N−H···X- synthon. The C−Br···X- synthon is invariably characterized by essentially linear C−Br···X- angles with Br···X- contacts 0.3−0.4 A less than the sum of the van der Waals radii. In contrast, the N−H···X- synthons show a variety of geometries: linear, symmetric bifurcated, and asymmetric bifurcated. In all cases, low dimensional supramolecular networks are developed based on combi...

Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this technique, both the HSV and the YUV color spaces are incorporated to achieve better segmentation results than that of one color space techniques.
Abstract: This work is a part of a smart system that can be used in autonomous vehicles or can assist drivers in locating road signs. The detection technique includes histogram equalization, light control and color segmentation. In this technique, both the HSV and the YUV color spaces are incorporated to achieve better segmentation results than that of one color space techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2003-Mycoses
TL;DR: The prevalence of Candida species with and without denture-related stomatitis were evaluated in 167 Jordanian patients as discussed by the authors, and the results indicated that candidal colonization was not influenced by predisposing haematological deficiencies.
Abstract: The prevalence of Candida species with and without denture-related stomatitis were evaluated in 167 Jordanian patients. The study revealed that 47 (28%) of the patients with denture-related stomatitis were colonized with Candida species (clinical group). Candida albicans was responsible for most cases of denture-related stomatitis (72%), and it was the only species capable of secreting aspartic proteinases. The study also indicated that candidal colonization was not influenced by predisposing haematological deficiencies, as both the clinical and control patient groups showed comparable haematological parameters and the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). All Candida species isolates were 100% susceptible to amphotericin B, while these isolates were less susceptible (25-75%) to fluconazole.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Speech samples from 60 Arabic-speaking children between ages 6;6 and 8;4, in Amman, Jordan, were analyzed to determine the age at which 10 late consonants had been acquired and to determined the error patterns and sound changes used.
Abstract: This study is a follow-up of previous research on the acquisition of Arabic consonants in normally developing children between the ages of 2 and 6 years. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data on the acquisition of late consonants that had not been acquired by the age of 6;4 (years;months). Speech samples from 60 Arabic-speaking children between ages 6;6 and 8;4, in Amman, Jordan, were analyzed to determine the age at which 10 late consonants had been acquired and to determine the error patterns and sound changes used. Five of these consonants had still not been acquired in their standard form (Educated Spoken Arabic) by even the oldest children. However, 8 of the late consonants were produced in their acceptable colloquial forms by age 7;4 and all 10 by age 8;4. The late acquisition of these consonants was discussed from the point of view of functional load and markedness. Implications for diagnosis of articulation disorders and reading problems were considered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Grading of selected features in OSCC is reliable and can facilitate treatment planning and Multivariate survival analysis showed that the total grading score was associated with overall survival while the pattern of tumour invasion was the most valuable feature in estimating regional lymph node involvement.
Abstract: Background: The value of histological grading was examined with emphasis on reliability of assessment in 102 cases of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma from Northern Ireland with known outcome. Methods: Two pathologists independently graded the invasive tumour front blinded to the stage and outcome. Results: Intraobserver agreement was acceptable but interobserver agreement was not satisfactory. The degree of keratinisation was assessed most consistently while nuclear polymorphism was the least reliable feature. Multivariate survival analysis showed that the total grading score was associated with overall survival while the pattern of tumour invasion was the most valuable feature in estimating regional lymph node involvement. The number of positive lymph nodes was strongly associated with regional relapse, while the treatment modality and status of the surgical margins correlated with local relapse. Conclusions: Grading of selected features in OSCC is reliable and can facilitate treatment planning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This in vitro study investigated the effect of thermocycling on microleakage of several composite Class V restorations and found the overall microleaksage at the enamel margins was significantly less than at the dentinal margins.
Abstract: Statement of the problem Microleakage is a major factor contributing to the occurrence of secondary carious lesions around composite restorations. Purpose of study This in vitro study investigated the effect of thermocycling on microleakage of several composite Class V restorations. Material and methods One hundred twenty molars were randomly distributed into 6 groups of 20 teeth. Class V preparations were made in the buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth and restored in bulk by use of 6 composites (Arabesk, Silux-Plus, Solitaire 2, Durafill VS, Charisma, and Renew) according to the manufacturers' recommendations. The teeth were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours. The teeth in each group were divided randomly into 2 subgroups: (a) thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5° and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 seconds, (b) no thermocycling treatment. All restored teeth were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 4 hours and sectioned buccolingually with a diamond wheel. Dye penetration was scored by use of a stereomicroscope at original magnification ×4. The generalized linear models statistical analysis was used (α=.05). Results The preparation margins (enamel/dentin) and thermocycling had a significant effect on microleakage ( P =.0351, P P =.1689). Conclusions Thermocycling significantly increased the microleakage ( P P =.0351).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Aspergillus niger produces citric acid from whey with different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, riboflavin, tricalcium phosphate and methanol.
Abstract: Citric acid (CA) production by Aspergillus niger ATCC9642 from whey with different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose riboflavin, tricalcium phosphate and methanol in surface culture process was studied. It was found that whey with 15% (w/v) sucrose with or without 1% methanol was the most favourable medium producing the highest amount (106.5 g/l) of citric acid. Lower CA was produced from whey with other concentrations of sugars and other additives used. Highest biomass ofA. niger was produced with the addition of riboflavins. In general, extension of the fermentation (up to 20 days) resulted in an increase in CA and biomass, and decrease in both residual sucrose and pH values. Key words: Citric acid, Aspergillus niger, whey fermentation, surface culture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A record of sedimentary, authigenic and biological processes are preserved within the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Alhisa Phosphorite Formation (AP) in central and northern Jordan as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings showed that patients in surgical wards had lower levels of satisfaction than patients in medical or gynecological wards, and gender, educational level, and having other diseases were significant predictors for patients’ satisfaction with nursing care.
Abstract: This exploratory study investigated patients’ satisfaction with nursing care at a major teaching hospital in Jordan A total of 266 in‐patients participated in the study Patients were recruited from the medical, surgical, and gynecological wards Pearson correlation, one‐way analysis of variance, and logistic regression analyses were used The findings showed that patients in surgical wards had lower levels of satisfaction than patients in medical or gynecological wards Gender, educational level, and having other diseases were significant predictors for patients’ satisfaction with nursing care Methodological challenges, implications to nursing practice, and recommendations to nursing research are discussed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The genetic relationship in the Bacillus cereus group is evaluated by rep‐PCR fingerprinting to evaluate the genetic relationship by checking the correspondence between the E.coli and Bacillus strains.
Abstract: Aims: To evaluate the genetic relationship in the Bacillus cereus group by rep-PCR fingerprinting. Methods and Results: A collection of 112 strains of the six species of the B. cereus group was analysed by rep-PCR fingerprinting using the BOX-A1R primer. A relative genetic distinctness was found among the species. Cluster analysis of the rep-PCR patterns showed clusters of B. thuringiensis strains quite separate from those of B. cereus strains. The B. anthracis strains represented an independent lineage in a B. cereus cluster. The B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides and B. weihenstephanensis strains were clustered into three groups at some distance from the other species. Comparison of sequences of AC-390, a typical B. anthracis rep-PCR fragment, from 27 strains of B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. weihenstephanensis, representative of different clusters identified by rep-PCR fingerprinting, confirmed that B. anthracis diverges from its related species. Conclusions: The genetic relationship deduced from the rep-PCR patterns indicates a relatively clear separation of the six species, suggesting that they can indeed be considered as separate units. Significance and Impact of the Study: rep-PCR fingerprinting can make a contribution in the clarification of the genetic relationships between the species of the B. cereus group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of sediment physical and chemical characteristics on the degradation of deposited organic matter, decomposition in three sediments from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) that differ in permeability and mineral composition were compared.
Abstract: In order to investigate the influence of sediment physical and chemical characteristics on the degradation of deposited organic matter, decomposition in three sediments from the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) that differ in permeability and mineral composition were compared. Freeze-dried Spirulina was added to coarse carbonate and silicate sands from a shallow nearshore region and silt-clay sediment from the deeper center region of the Gulf incubated in laboratory chambers. The stirring in the chambers caused higher solute exchange in the coarse permeable sands relative to the fine less permeable silt due to the generation of advective fluid exchange between the sediment and overlying water. This enhanced exchange increased the decomposition rates of organic matter in the incubated sands. The decomposition rates of total organic carbon in the permeable carbonate (3.0 mg C m −2 d −1 ) and silicate sands (2.0 mg C m −2 d −1 ) exceeded that in the fine-grained sediment (1.4 mg C m −2 d −1 ). Oxygen consumption in the coarse sands was 3-fold higher than in the silt-clay sediment, with highest rates in the carbonate sand. In carbonate and silicate sands of the same grain size, the carbonate sediment was more permeable than the silicate, resulting in 1.4-fold higher fluid exchange rates and 1.4-fold larger sedimentary organic matter mineralization rates. An in situ experiment comparing trapping efficiencies in carbonate and silicate sands showed that the higher fluid exchange rate in the carbonate sand results in larger filtration rates and a faster accumulation of particulate organic matter from the boundary layer. These experiments demonstrate that with respect to sedimentary mineralization rates, higher transport rates in permeable coarse sediments can outweigh the effect of a higher specific surface area in fine-grained silt sediments. In permeable sands, however, the higher specific surface area and fluid exchange in biogenic carbonate sands result in higher mineralization rates than in silicate sands of the same grain size.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of cool towers, which is a modern version of the historical wind catchers was re-visited, and it was found that under those climates, the tower necessary to create proper air flow is less than 9 m. This is in contrast to the traditional design which may reach up to 15 m in height.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Prevalence of amputation correlates with duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, smoking, neurological impairment, peripheral vascular disease and microalbuminuria.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES To detect feet changes and to identify risk factors leading to amputation among type 2 diabetics. METHODS A total of 1142 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; 595 males (52%), and 547 females (48%) were seen between January and December 2001 at the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Genetics (NCDG) Amman, Jordan. The mean age was 56.1 years (SD=10.2) and the mean duration of diabetes was 9 years (SD=7.1). All patients had a complete medical assessment including history, physical examination, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (the mean of the last 4 readings) and microalbuminuria. Statistical analysis were performed to identify significant risk factors leading to amputation using Epi info, version 6 software. RESULTS Mean HbA1c was 7.4% (SD=1.4). The prevalence of hypertension was 52%, retinopathy 45% and microalbuminuria 33%. Impaired vibration, position and protective sense were found in 19%, 13%, and 18%. The prevalence of all amputations was 5%. The following were strong predictors of amputation; duration of diabetes (P= 0.04), smoking (P=0.01), microalbuminuria (P=0.02), retinopathy (P=0.008), legs hair loss (P=0.003), neurological deficit (P=0.0001), ulceration (P=0.00001) absent dorsalis pedis (P=0.0006) and insulin therapy (P=0.0001). The rate of amputation was directly proportional to high HbA1c >= 8% (P=0.01). Age and gender were not found to have an impact on prevalence of amputation. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of amputation correlates with duration of diabetes, poor glycemic control, smoking, neurological impairment, peripheral vascular disease and microalbuminuria.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors in 12-year-old Jordanian schoolchildren was close to that found in other countries, and being a boy and having overjet greater than 5.0 mm were significant predisposing factors to dental injuries.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and related factors of incisor trauma among 12-year-old Jordanian schoolchildren. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study among schoolchildren. A sample of 1.878 schoolchildren aged 12 years, 940 boys and 938 girls, were randomly selected from 128 schools in urban and rural areas. Ellis classification was used to record the dental injuries on incisors. RESULTS: Of the children examined 13.8% showed dental trauma. Difference in prevalence between boys (17.1%) and girls (10.6%) was statistically significant (p Language: en

Journal Article
TL;DR: E148Q has reduced penetrance and thus, a proportion of the individuals genetically affected with FMF remain asymptomatic, and M694I and M680I are more prevalent in the affected individuals cohort, which points to their higher penetrance.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory periodic disorder characterized by febrile and painful attacks due to inflammation involving the serosal membranes. The gene implicated in this disorder, MEFV, has been cloned and mutations in its coding regions have been identified. We aimed at identifying the frequency of MEFV mutations and carrier frequency in a mixed Arabic population. METHODS We identified 29 probands from 29 unrelated sibships segregating the disorder and representing the affected individual cohort. We screened 200 anonymous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples, representing a healthy adult cohort, for the mutations found to be common in the affected individual cohort. We also, screened anonymous DNA samples from 4 Arabic countries, namely, Egypt (231), Syria (225), Iraq (176) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (107) thus enlarging our healthy adult cohort. The study was carried out between 1999 and 2002 at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid and the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. RESULTS Out of the 58 alleles of the 29 probands, only 31 mutations were identified and M694V and V726A are the most common. The mutation E148Q was the most common among the healthy adult cohort, but was not present in affected individuals. The collective mutant allele frequency "q" was 0.101. The expected carrier rate was 18.1% (one in 5.5) while the observed carrier rate was 18.4% (one in 5.4). CONCLUSIONS E148Q has reduced penetrance and thus, a proportion of the individuals genetically affected with FMF remain asymptomatic. M694I and M680I are more prevalent in the affected individuals cohort, which points to their higher penetrance. The overall carrier rate is one in 5, but the selective heterozygote advantage could not be demonstrated in this study due to the relatively small sample size.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of subsurface flow constructed wetlands for treating domestic wastewater in Jordan is described, and the performance of the constructed wetlands as a low-cost technology for domestic wastewater treatment is studied, which shows that there is a strong correlation between BOD, removal efficiency and BOD loading in kg/ha.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the mineralization in permeable silicate and carbonate sand in the shallow shelf of the Gulf of Aqaba and concluded that the mineralogical characteristics of carbonate sands (higher porosity, sorption capacity and pH buffer capacity) enhance the filtration capacity, and the biocatalytic conversion efficiency relative to the smooth crystalline quartz grains.
Abstract: This study compares mineralization in permeable silicate and carbonate sands in the shallow shelf of the Gulf of Aqaba. From July 1999 to March 2000, we monitored concentrations of inorganic nutrients in water and pore water at two neighboring sites, one dominated by silicate, the other by carbonate sand. Although the carbonate was coarser than the quartz sand, organic matter, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and ortho-phosphate concentrations in the biogenic carbonate sediment always exceeded those in the terrigenic silicate sands (factor 1.5–2.0 for organic matter, 1.7–14.0 for nutrients). Higher nutrient concentrations in the water column during winter months caused increases in pore-water nutrient concentrations in both sediments down to 10 cm depth with no significant delay, emphasizing the effect of advective transport of solutes and particles into permeable sands. An experiment was conducted where sieved clean quartz and carbonate sands of same grain size (250–500 µm) were incubated in-situ. Although exposed to the same water and boundary current conditions, the sieved carbonate sand accumulated more organic matter and developed higher nutrient concentrations than the incubated silicate sediment. We conclude that the mineralogical characteristics of the carbonate sand (higher porosity, sorption capacity and pH buffer capacity) enhance the filtration capacity, and the biocatalytic conversion efficiency relative to the smooth crystalline quartz grains.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of 600 mg/kg given by oral route to rats of Ferula hermonis roots extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) was evaluated on sexual behaviour of male rats.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The prevalence rate of unmet need for family planning among married women aged 15-49 years is ascertained, and the relationship between un met need and selected characteristics of the woman is found to be inversely related to age of woman.
Abstract: he concept of unmet need has been used since the late 1970s to indicate the gap between the desire to stop or delay childbearing and women's contraceptive behavior. Women who respond that they want to postpone (spacing) or avoid childbearing (limiting) and also that they are not using contraception (including use by their partners) are defined as having an unmet need. In this paper an attempt will be made to ascertain the prevalence rate of unmet need for family planning among married women aged 15-49 years, and to find the relationship between unmet need and selected characteristics of the woman. A household survey was carried out in 19971 with the aim of collecting data on ever-married women in the age group 15-49 years. A 2-stage sampling procedure was applied to insure the representativeness of the sample. Out of 5765 eligible women, only 5548 were successfully interviewed (96%). A questionnaire was used as an instrument for the survey. The survey shows that unmet need for spacing was 7.4% and it was 6.8% for limiting (totalling 14.2%). The unmet need for spacing was inversely related to age of the woman ranging between 18.3% in the age of 15-19 years to less than 1% in women aged 45-49 years. The unmet need for limiting was highest in the age group 40-44 years (13.3%) and it was zero in the age group 15-19 years. It was also observed that unmet need for spacing was high in rural areas (11%), in the south (11.2%), and in women with better education. The unmet need for limiting was high in the following groups of women: 40-44 age group (13.3%), living in rural areas (7.7%), living in the south (9.8%), and in women with no education (15.1%). The total unmet need for family planning was high in the following groups of women: age group 15-19 years (18.3%), rural women (18.7%), southern women (20.9%), and in women with no education (20.2%) (Table 1). In all developing countries, except China, approximately 20% of married women of reproductive age have an unmet need for family planning.2 The situation in Jordan in this study looks better than many of the developing countries with few exceptions. Prevalence of total unmet need is 14.2%, which is, to some extent, divided equally between spacing and limiting. Levels of unmet need vary according to women's characteristics such age, residence, and education of the woman. The most unmet need for spacing births is in young women. This is because younger women want to have more children as early as possible. Among older women, the most unmet need is for limiting births. This is because older women have had as many children as they want, or even more. Better-educated women have less unmet need than women with little or no education. It is noteworthy that prevalence of unmet need in Jordan is increasing with the decrease in level of education, ranging between 20.2% in non-educated women to 11% in highly educated women. Less educated women probably have more obstacles to using contraception than more educated women. In most countries, unmet need is greater in rural areas than urban areas. In our study prevalence rate of unmet need is 18.7% in rural areas as compared to 13.3% in urban areas. Results of our study regarding the area of residence and education of the woman are consistent with the findings of the KAP study in Jordan in 1996,3 but the prevalence of unmet need in the KAP study is higher in all subgroups of residence and education. Establishing a link between family planning services and other health services might be needed to identify high-priority groups of women who have an unmet need for family planning. One of the approaches to increase the use of contraceptives is to provide family planning counseling at every health service contact between the woman and health care provider. In general, improving access to health services, enhancing knowledge of contraceptive methods, overcoming husbands' and family opposition to the use of contraceptives; and addressing concerns and myths about family planning; are some of the steps that might be needed to address the problem of unmet need for family planning. Further studies are needed to explore this important issue taking into account other variables and characteristics that may predict the behavior of a woman to use contraceptive methods. T Table 1 Percentage of women with unmet need for family planning by selected background characteristics, Jordan, 1997.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A method for the determination of tramadol in hair using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is presented, the method offers excellent precision and has the potential of being applied in forensic drug hair testing.