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Showing papers by "University of Jyväskylä published in 1993"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated cultural and gender variations in the use of metadiscourse in the United States and Finland by asking whether U.S. and Finnish writers use the same amounts and types and whether gender makes any difference.
Abstract: Metadiscourse refers to writers' discourse about their discourse—their directions for how readers should read, react to, and evaluate what they have written about the subject matter. In this study the authors divided metadiscourse into textual metadiscourse (text markers and interpretive markers) and interpersonal metadiscourse (hedges, certainty markers, attributors, attitude markers, and commentary). The purpose was to investigate cultural and gender variations in the use of metadiscourse in the United States and Finland by asking whether U.S. and Finnish writers use the same amounts and types and whether gender makes any difference. The analyses revealed that students in both countries used all categories and subcategories, but that there were some cultural and gender differences in the amounts and types used. Finnish students and male students used more metadiscourse than U.S. students and female students. Students in both countries used much more interpersonal than textual metadiscourse with Finnish ...

631 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The significant (P < 0.001) increase in blood lactate concentration during the two sessions correlated significantly with the increase in serum GH concentration and the morning values of serum testosterone and free testosterone were significantly lowered on the 1st and 2nd rest days after the sessions.
Abstract: To examine endogenous hormonal responses to heavy-resistance exercise, ten male strength athletes performed two fatiguing but different types of sessions on separate days. In session A the loads for the leg extensor muscles in the squat-lift exercise were maximal so that the subjects performed 20 sets at 1 repetition maximum (RM) (20 x 1 RM x 100%), whereas during session B the loads were submaximal (70%) but the subjects performed each of the 10 sets until the RM (i.e., 10 repetitions/set or 10 x 10 x 70%). The recovery time between the sets was always 3 min. A decrease of 10.3 +/- 4.7% (P < 0.001) occurred in the squat-lift in 1 RM during session A, whereas session B led to a decrease of 24.6 +/- 18.9% (P < 0.001) in 10 RM. Increases in the concentrations of serum total and free testosterone (P < 0.05 and 0.05, respectively), cortisol (P < 0.001), and growth hormone (GH, P < 0.001) were observed during session B, whereas the corresponding changes during session A were statistically insignificant except for the relatively slight increase (P < 0.01) in serum GH level. The significant (P < 0.001) increase in blood lactate concentration during the two sessions correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with the increase in serum GH concentration. The morning values of serum testosterone and free testosterone were significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) lowered on the 1st and 2nd rest days after the sessions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

359 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To examine neuromuscular fatigue and recovery ten male and nine female athletes performed a strenuous heavy resistance exercise protocol, which resulted in considerable gradual decreases in maximal force in the males and females.
Abstract: To examine neuromuscular fatigue and recovery ten male and nine female athletes performed a strenuous heavy resistance exercise protocol. The subjects strained their leg extensor muscles with the same maximal relative intensity by performing one maximal squat-lift with a load of 100% of 1 RM (one repetition maximum) 20 times (20 x 1 x 100%). Maximal voluntary neural activation (integrated EMG), maximal bilateral isometric force, force-time and relaxation-time curves of the leg extensor muscles were measured before and immediately after the exercise session as well as after resting for 1 hour, 2 hours, 1 day and 2 days. The session resulted in considerable gradual decreases in maximal force in the males by 24.1 +/- 14.4% (p < 0.001) and in the females by 20.5 +/- 11.8% (p < 0.01) as recorded immediately after the session. Significant (p < 0.05-0.01) decreases also took place in the males in the maximal IEMGs of the exercised muscles, while the corresponding decreases in the females were minor. The force-time curve shifted greatly to the right both in the males (p < 0.001) and in the females (p < 0.01) but the average change of 27.8 +/- 13.8% in the males was greater (p < 0.05) than that of 18.7 +/- 8.3% recorded for the females. The time of force relaxation lengthened (p < 0.05) in both groups. Maximal force recovered during the first hour of rest was more (p < 0.05) in the females than in the males but thereafter the recovery took place gradually in both groups to the same degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

214 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A number of studies suggest that in women long term physical training may counteract the low BMC and BMD associated with reduced bone mass, and studies in athletes serve as an economical alternative approach to experimental trials with their long term follow-up and exercise compliance problems.
Abstract: Evidence in human studies of the association of long term habitual exercise with bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) largely comes from studies in athletes. In young adults, the highest BMC and BMD values have been found in strength and power-trained athletes, while endurance activities such as long distance running and swimming seem less effective with regard to peak bone density. Intensive endurance training may even be associated with amenorrhoea and decreased trabecular bone density in young females. However, after menopause female athletes show greater bone mass indicating that they do not share the accelerated decline in BMC observed in a nonathletic population. Middle-aged and elderly male athletes from various sports have significantly higher BMC and BMD than controls, especially in trabecular bone sites, but higher cortical BMC has also been found in the dominant/nondominant arm comparisons with unilateral exercises such as tennis. The differences found between female athletes and controls have generally been less pronounced than those among men, but a number of studies suggest that in women long term physical training may counteract the low BMC and BMD associated with reduced bone mass. Although the interpretation of results of cross-sectional studies should be treated with caution, studies in athletes serve as an economical alternative approach to experimental trials with their long term follow-up and exercise compliance problems. The differences found in BMD between those who have devoted themselves to life-long training and those who have been much less active should not be underestimated.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sleeping habits, difficulties in being able to fall asleep and their connections to self-reported health conditions, as well as other selected health behaviours and use of leisure time, among 11-16 year old Europeans from 11 countries are investigated.
Abstract: This study investigated sleeping habits, difficulties in being able to fall asleep and their connections to self-reported health conditions, as well as other selected health behaviours and use of leisure time, among 11-16 year old Europeans from 11 countries. The study was part of a larger, comparative, WHO coordinated project on the health and life-style of school children (Health Behaviour of School Age Children--A WHO Cross-National Survey, The HBSC Study). In most of the countries, research data were collected from samples representative of the whole country. Using a standardized survey questionnaire, the data were collected anonymously in schools. Altogether 40,202 students responded to the survey. Sleeping habits and an inability to fall asleep varied significantly between countries as well as between age groups but only slightly between the sexes. Finnish school children experienced the most difficulty in being able to fall asleep. After the Israeli youth, the Finnish school children had the shortest night's sleep. At least a fifth of Finnish and Norwegian school children also reported that they felt tired almost every morning, the corresponding figure being smaller in other countries. A frequent use of psychoactive substances (alcohol and tobacco), lack of physical activity, excessive watching of TV/videos together with numerous evenings spent outside the home were all connected with going to bed late as well as with frequent difficulty in not being able to fall asleep. The results of the study offer an important challenge to health promotion and health education. Much more attention must be paid to this essential and exciting health habit!

154 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The present findings showed that the entire competitive season in experimental subjects led to no changes in VO2max but a significant decrease took place in average power in a 30 s anaerobic jumping test.
Abstract: Nine members of a female volleyball team served as experimental subjects in order to examine changes in a physical fitness profile during the competitive season consisting of a first season (I) for 10 weeks followed by season II for 11 weeks. The entire season was characterized by 4-5 weekly sessions for playing drills and competitive games and by 2-3 weekly sessions for physical conditioning mostly for strength and explosive strength training. The control group consisted of eight other female volleyball players who trained for physical conditioning during the competitive season 1-2 times per week. The present findings showed that the entire competitive season in experimental subjects led to no changes (from 47.3 +/- 1.7 to 48.1 +/- 3.4 ml x kg-1 x min-1) (n.s.) in VO2max but a significant (p < 0.05) decrease took place in average power in a 30 s anaerobic jumping test. Significant increases took place in the maximal vertical jumping heights in the squat (from 30.3 +/- 1.7 to 31.6 +/- 1.3 cm) (p < 0.05) and in the counter movement jump (from 32.8 +/- 1.6 to 34.3 +/- 1.3 cm) (p < 0.05) as well as in the spike and block jumps (p < 0.05) during competitive season I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that US and CT both are useful methods in comparing muscle mass and structure in elderly trained and untrained women.
Abstract: Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) were compared in studying the associations between long-term physical training and quadriceps muscle mass and structure in female athletes and controls, aged 66-85 years. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) measured using US correlated highly with that measured using CT, but the latter technique yielded 30% higher values on average. The echo intensity of the fasciae and bone measured by US correlated positively with the mean radiological density and negatively with the relative proportion of fat obtained from CT. Low intramuscular echo intensity was accompanied by high muscle density and low relative proportion of fat. The athletes had larger quadriceps CSA and more discerned fasciae and connective tissue septa but less fat than the controls. The results indicate that US and CT both are useful methods in comparing muscle mass and structure in elderly trained and untrained women.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations found both middle-aged and elderly groups demonstrated greater values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex.
Abstract: Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, the Jyvaskyla Longitudinal study on social development as mentioned in this paper found that the amount of aggression from the age of 8 to 14 was as high for girls as for boys when peer nomination was employed, but lower for girls in teacher rating.
Abstract: The study was part of the Jyvaskyla Longitudinal Study on Social Development. The subjects (originally 173 females, 196 males) were studied at age 8, 14, 20, and 26. Stability of aggression from the age of 8 to 14 was as high for girls as for boys when peer nomination was employed, but lower for girls in teacher rating. For males, both peer nominations and teacher ratings on aggression at age 8 and 14 predicted criminality, arrests for alcohol abuse, and problem drinking as well as self-reports on aggression at age 26. The outcomes were most negative if aggression was patterned with other adjustment problems. For females, teacher ratings on aggression were biased by school adjustment, and they predicted arrests for alcohol abuse and problem drinking; peer nominations predicted self-reports on aggression. Developmental trajectories for physically aggressive girls differed from those for verbally and facially aggressive girls, the former being less oriented to education. Sex differences did not exist in the amount of aggression when measured with peer nominations, but boys were more aggressive when measured with teacher ratings.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the auroral electrojet index time series was performed, and it was shown that the time series is self-affine in nature with a correlation dimension of 3.4.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the general question of the dynamics of the magnetosphere. In general, to solve the dynamics of the magnetosphere one has to solve magnetohydrodynamic equations with some appropriate set of boundary conditions. This results in a very complex solution, which gives indications of being chaotic. The question of the chaotic nature of the magnetospheric dynamics has been addressed by various authors by looking at the correlation dimension of the auroral electrojet index. There has been disagreement on the outcome of such experiments, so the authors report on a detailed analysis of the auroral electrojet index time series. They find a correlation dimension of 3.4. For comparison they have generated a bicolored noise signal, and show that it shares many of the characteristics of the auroral electrojet data. They also find that the auroral electrojet time series is self-affine in nature.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for calculating the β − and β + EC transitions from an odd-odd nucleus to the excited states of the adjacent even-even nucleus is presented, combining the chargeconserving and the charge-changing mode of the quasi-particle random-phase approximation assuming a common vacuum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of nitrogen oxides from fuel-nitrogen through intermediates was studied by measuring first fuel-Ofuel-N ratios and nitrogen functionality in selected solid fuels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the new method allows the evaluation of several determinants of maximal anaerobic performance including changes in the force-generating capacity of leg muscles and [la−]b relative to the speed of the sprint running.
Abstract: A new maximal anaerobic running power (MARP) test was developed. It consisted of n.20-s runs on a treadmill with a 100-s recovery between the runs. During the first run the treadmill speed was 3.97 m.s-1 and the gradient 5 degrees. The speed of the treadmill was increased by 0.35 m.s-1 for each consecutive run until exhaustion. The height of counter-movement jumps and blood lactate concentration ([la-]b) were measured after each run. Submaximal ([la-]b = 3 mmol.l-1 and 10 mmol.l-1) and maximal speed and power (W3mmol, W10mmol and Wmax, respectively) were calculated and W was expressed in oxygen equivalents according to the American College of Sports Medicine equation. Thirteen male athletes whose times over 400 m ranged from 47.98 s to 54.70 s served as subjects. In the MARP-test the speed at exhaustion was 6.89 (SD 0.28) m.s-1 corresponding to a Wmax of 118 (SD 5) ml.kg-1 x min-1. The peak [la-]b after exhaustion was 17.0 (SD 1.6) mmol.l-1. A significant correlation (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) was observed between the Wmax and the average speed in the 400-m sprint. The maximal 20-m sprinting speed on a track and W10mmol correlated with both the Wmax and the 400-m speed. It was concluded that the new method allows the evaluation of several determinants of maximal anaerobic performance including changes in the force-generating capacity of leg muscles and [la-]b relative to the speed of the sprint running. the [la-]b at submaximal sprinting speed was suggested as describing the anaerobic sprinting economy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It seems that Trypanosoma infection lowered male condition and consequently the ability to moult and migrate in the pied flycatcher, and there was no difference in male arrival time between males infected with Haemoproteus and healthy males.
Abstract: In vertebrates the effect of parasites on host ecology has almost been ignored. Recently the view that well-adapted parasites do not harm their hosts has been challenged and there is growing evidence that parasites do have a present-day effect on a great variety of host fitness components. The pied flycatcher is a small migratory passcrine bird. Any decrease in condition caused by disease should affect its ability to cope with physical demands of migration. Here we examine whether blood parasites have any effect on male arrival time. Males infected with Trypanosoma arrived on average 2 days later than males with no Trypanosoma infection. Infected males also had shorted tails and tended to have shorter wings. By contrast, there was no difference in male arrival time between males infected with Haemoproteus and healthy males. It seems that Trypanosoma infection lowered male condition and consequently the ability to moult and migrate. The difference in length of feathers may have generated the difference in arrival times. Early arrival is highly important for males, since only the first males become polygynous and breeding prospects deteriorate rapidly with any delay in egg laying. Estimated reduction in breeding success for infected males was about 20%.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The present findings suggest that the prolonged competitive season in the present female basketball players seemingly placed sufficient demands on the athletes in energy production through aerobic processes to maintain their level of VO2max.
Abstract: Ten female basketball players served as subjects in order to examine changes in a physical fitness profile during a 22-week official competitive season. Specific explosive type strength training (1-2 sessions per week) was utilized throughout the season. The present findings showed that the entire competitive season led to no systematic changes in the maximum oxygen uptake (from 48.0 +/- 6.6 to 47.0 +/- 6.0 ml.kg-1.min-1), in anthropometric characteristics or in maximal isometric force of the leg extensor muscles (from 2567 +/- 490 to 2622 +/- 747 N). However, significant (p < 0.05) increases occurred during the season both in the average power output during the first 15 s work in an anaerobic jumping test and in the maximal vertical jumping heights in the squat jump (from 21.7 +/- 2.3 to 24.2 +/- 2.4 cm) and in the counter movement jump (from 24.9 +/- 2.6 to 26.3 +/- 2.9 cm). A considerable change occurred also in the shape of the isometric force-time curve of the leg extensor muscles so that the times to produce submaximal force level shortened (p < 0.05). The individual changes during the competitive season both in the power output and in the times of rapid force production correlated negatively (p < 0.05) with the individual initial values recorded before the season. The present findings suggest that the prolonged competitive season in the present female basketball players seemingly placed sufficient demands on the athletes in energy production through aerobic processes to maintain their level of VO2max.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, resveratrol was identified and isolated as a minor stilbene derivative from the bark of Picea abies and three derivatives were extracted from it.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The estimated achilles tendon force showed almost the same impulses with actual force, especially during hopping, however, estimated force overestimated the actual force during the early plantarflexion phase of jumping and the maximal error of the estimation was relatively large.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1993-Cancer
TL;DR: To evaluate late sequelae of childhood leukemia, the muscle strength of 43 young female survivors was investigated and compared with that of 69 healthy age‐matched women.
Abstract: Background. With the improving cure rate in childhood malignancies, increasing interest has been focused on long-term survivors. To evaluate late sequelae of childhood leukemia, the muscle strength of 43 young female survivors was investigated and compared with that of 69 healthy age-matched women. The patients had been off therapy for 1 to 19 years. Methods. The anthropometric characteristics measured were height and weight, and body mass index was calculated. The maximal isometric strengths for elbow flexion, knee extension, and hand grip were measured on a special dynamometer chair. Dynamic muscular endurance was measured by pushup and situp tests. Results. The mean height of the patients was 6.5 cm shorter (P < 0.001) and their mean weight 4.8 kg lighter (P = 0.011) than that of the reference subjects. Muscle strength was in most tests poorer in the patients than in the reference subjects. The differences were statistically significant in elbow flexion and knee extension, and in both muscular endurance tests. There was an association between the maximal isometric strengths and the anthropometric characteristics. Even when allowance was made for the smaller size of the patients, however, they still had less muscle strength than the reference subjects. Of the various treatment modalities, radiation therapy to the cranial area and chemotherapy with L-aspara-ginase were independently associated with the lower muscle strength values. Conclusions. The muscle strength of female patients may be subnormal for many years after therapy for childhood leukemia. To compensate for these deficiencies, the possible benefits of prophylactic and individually planned exercise should be studied. Cancer 1993; 72:276–81.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a dendrimer with six azobenzene units at the periphery was synthesized allowing a reversible switching of the shape and size of the molecule upon irradiation.
Abstract: Dendrimers with bulky repeating units containing up to 43 benzene rings (in 9) have been obtained by using a repetitive divergent synthetic strategy (three generations). The new functional dendrimer 13 containing six azobenzene units at the periphery was synthesized allowing a reversible switching of the shape and size of the molecule upon irradiation. An X-ray structure analysis of the dendritic molecule 3a shows the inclusion of acetonitrile.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented, based on Km and kcat values for the enzyme as well as on its cleavage sites in haemoglobin, the insulin B-chain, glucagon and melittin, that the similarity to mammalian cathepsin D and yeast aspartic proteinase A extends to its hydrolytic specificity.

Journal Article
TL;DR: A large proportion of lysosomal enzymes is delivered to autophagic vacuoles from the PLC by a microtubule-independent manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method to calculate the two-neutrino double beta decay (2vββ) to one-phonon excited states is presented, which is based on the quasiparticle random phase approximation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dominant males may protect their mates from both other flock members and owls in winter in particular when risk of predation is high, and female crested tits and adult female willow tits changed their relative distance to the trunk more than any other individual in the flock.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed coding system was constructed to study the frequency and salience of aggression in TV programs broadcast on Finnish television and the severity of aggression was measured by the brutality index which consisted of ratings concerning the program context, seriousness, justification, and dramatization of aggressive acts.
Abstract: A detailed coding system was constructed to study the frequency and salience of aggression in TV programs broadcast on Finnish television. Salience of aggression was measured by the brutality index which consisted of ratings concerning the 1) program context, 2) seriousness, 3) justification, and 4) dramatization of aggressive acts. When compared to previous studies of TV-violence, the rate of aggression in Finnish TV was moderate with 3.5 aggressive acts per program hour. Only 14% of aggressive acts portrayed brutal aggression, which was mostly seen in fictional films and serials. A clear 9 pm watershed was not seen in Finland, since aggressive acts were distributed quite evenly during the TV time. Aggressiveness of a program was not related to its popularity among viewers.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the financial accounting and reporting in Finland, focusing on the following topics: financial accounting, reporting, tax, and tax law in Finland.
Abstract: (1993). Financial accounting and reporting in Finland. European Accounting Review: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 592-602.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that there is an adaptive value in possessing a female-like plumage colour in the breeding season, rather than the status-signalling hypothesis, because young males successfully deceived older males by their plumage.
Abstract: In many sexually dichromatic species, young males have female-like plumage during their first potential breeding year. The female-mimicry hypothesis (FMH) supposes that by possessing female-like plumage young males deceive older conspicuous males into believing that they are females, thus reducing competition from adult males. The status-signalling hypothesis (SSH) supposes that adult males can distinguish sex, but postulates that young males reduce competition from adult males by reliably signaling low status with their dull plumage. We tested these hypotheses in the European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Female-like young males settled to breed closer to adult males than did other adult males (Figs. 1a, b). By settling near adult males, young males seemed to increase their chance of mating with adult females. Adult female-young male pairs had better reproductive success than yearling-yearling pairs. These results suggest that there is an adaptive value in possessing a female-like plumage colour in the breeding season. To test the FMH, we measured sexual preference of adult males when adult females and young males were simultaneously shown in an aviary. Adult males were unable to recognize sex, because in half the cases they preferred young males (Fig. 3). However, when adult males and females were shown simultaneously, males preferred females (Fig. 2). Our results support the FMH rather than the SSH, because young males successfully deceived older males by their plumage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the melting conditions of Dmannitol are not well-defined and mixtures of the different forms are obtained, and the conditions of crystallization of D-mannitol from the melt gave from one to seven peaks in the DSC between 95 and 126 °C depending on cooling rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pike, perch and lake bream from the river Kymijoki were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), hexachlorinated naphthalenes (HxCNs), non-ortho substituted polychlorinear PCBs (coplanar PCBs), and alkylchloroaromatics of pulp mill origin this paper.