Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1972"

Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats

Abstract: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii is described from cats orally inoculated with Toxoplasma cysts. Five new structural stages of Toxoplasma designated as “types” A-E were found in the epithelial cells of the small and large intestine. Type A is the smallest of all 5 intestinal Toxoplasma types. It occurs as collections of 2-3 organisms in the jejunum 12–18 hr after infection. Type B organisms are characterized by a centrally located nucleus, a prominent nucleolus and dark blue cytoplasm giving rise to the appearance of bipolar staining with Giemsa. Type B occurs 12–54 hr after infection and appears to divide by simple endodyogeny and by multiple endodyogeny (endopolygeny). Type C organisms are elongate with subterminal nuclei and strongly PAS-positive cytoplasm. They occur at 24–54 hr and divide by schizogony. Type D organisms are smaller than type C and contain only a few PAS-positive granules. They occur from 32 hr to 15 days after inoculation and account for over 90% of all parasites in the small intestine during this time. Three subtypes divide by endodyogeny, schizogony and by splitting of their merozoites from the main nucleated mass without leaving a residual body. Type E organisms resemble one of the subtype D which divide by schizogony, but they leave a residual body. They occur from 3–15 days after inoculation. Gametocytes occur thruout the small intestine but more commonly in the ileum 3-15 days after infection. Male gametocytes contain on an average of 12 microgametes and comprise 2–4% of the gametocyte population. The prepatent period after cystinduced infection is 3–5 days with the peak oocyst production between 5–8 days and a patent period varying from 7–20 days. Variable numbers of trophozoites are present in the lamina propria of the small intestine and in the extra-intestinal tissues within a few hr after inoculation. After 9–10 days cysts were seen in the heart and later in the brain. The lesions of toxoplasmosis are compared in newborn and weanling kittens and in adult cats after oral and subcutaneous inoculation with cysts. After the ingestion of cysts, newborn kittens developed enteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, myositis, pneumonitis and encephalitis and were moribund by the 9th day. Kittens aged 2 weeks and older developed enteritis, myocarditis, encephalitis and myositis but often survived; adult cats usually remained asymptomatic. After subcutaneous inoculation of cysts, newborn and weanling kittens died of acute toxoplasmosis with severe pneumonia, myocarditis, encephalitis and hepatitis.

A noncoherent model for microwave emissions and backscattering from the sea surface

Abstract: The two-scale (small irregularities superimposed upon large undulations) scattering theory proposed by Semyonov was extended and used to compute microwave apparent temperature and the backscattering cross section from ocean surfaces. The effect of the small irregularities upon the scattering characteristics of the large undulations is included by modifying the Fresnel reflection coefficients; whereas the effect of the large undulations upon those of the small irregularities is taken into account by averaging over the surface normals of the large undulations. The same set of surface parameters is employed for a given wind speed to predict both the scattering and the emission characteristics at both polarizations.

Training parents as behavior modifiers: self‐recording of contingent attention1

Abstract: Two mothers of deviant young children were instructed to count their episodes of attention to appropriate child behavior in their homes, using wrist counters. Attention and appropriate child behavior were defined before counting began. Independent observations of parent-child interactions showed that, for each mother-child pair, the percentage of maternal attention given following appropriate child behavior increased, as did the child's appropriate behavior. Removal of the counters did not produce a reversal of the behaviors; instead the increased level stabilized. One mother was then instructed to count her attention to inappropriate child behavior and to decrease it. This instruction had little effect on her attention, and her child's behavior did not change. When both parents were again instructed to count their episodes of attention to appropriate behavior, further improvements in both mothers, and in their children resulted. These results were obtained despite inaccurate parent self-recording. Follow-up observations made over the next five months showed these behavioral gains to be durable. A third parent and his child were unaffected by this training procedure. Thus, there are instances in which self-recording may function as an effective and economical parent-training technique for effecting improvements in child behavior.

Toxoplasmosis and its prevention in cats and man.

Abstract: The major ways in which man acquires toxoplasmosis are through handling and consumption of raw meat and contact with feces (in litterpans and soil) from cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. To prevent toxoplasmosis, certain steps should be taken. Meat should be heated throughout to 150 F (66 C) before consumption, and hands should be washed with soap and water after handling meat to remove any toxoplasma organisms contaminating the skin. Infection of indoor cats can be prevented by feeding them dry, canned, or boiled food and by restraining them from hunting. To the extent that diet cannot be controlled, an indoor eat's litterpan should be cleaned daily, feces should be flushed down the toilet, and the pan should be disinfected with boiling water. A person should wear disposable gloves while performing these tasks. Since soil contaminated by oocysts from T. gondii in feline feces is difficult to disinfect, contaminated sand in chil­ dren's sandboxes should be disposed of, and gloves should be worn while one is working with soil that may contain feces from cats. Pregnant women should avoid cats whose source of food is unknown and should not empty litter pans, as toxo­ plasmosis can be transmitted to infants in utero. The transmission of toxoplasmosis first became of interest with the discovery of neonatal infection. In the newborn baby, the disease often gives rise

The organization of day-care environments: "zone" versus "man-to-man" staff assignments.

Abstract: In a large day-care center, measures of group participation were used to compare how much of a child's time is lost from planned activities during the daily transition from lunch, through the bathroom and dressing areas, to the nap area. Participation measures were taken using the "Zone" and "Man-to-Man" staffing procedures, two typical methods for dividing responsibility among teaching staff. In the "Zone" procedure, each teacher was assigned responsibility for a particular area, and for all children who passed through that area. In the "Man-to-Man" procedure, each teacher was assigned responsibility for shepherding a group of designated children through all activity areas during each transition. The Lunch-to-Nap transition using the Zone staffing assignment was accomplished with a smaller decrease in child participation in planned activities than the transition utilizing the Man-to-Man procedure. Thus, other things being equal, it is recommended that the Zone procedure be used in group-care programs with more than one staff member, with each teacher being responsible for specific activity areas, rather than specific children.

The organization of day-care environments: required versus optional activities.

Abstract: Measures of group participation were used in an experimental analysis of the effects of two preschool activity schedules. Children's participation in preschool activities remained as high when children were allowed no options but were required to follow a schedule of activities in sequence, as when they were free to choose between several optional activities. However, this was only true: (1) when a child was not forced to wait until all other children had finished, but could start the next required activity individually as soon as he had finished the preceding one, and (2) when there was an abundance of materials in each required activity. When there were not adequate materials in each activity, children's participation was disrupted unless they were free to choose among several optional activities. Thus, in order to maintain high levels of participation in preschool play activities, it is not necessary to allow children to choose among several alternative activities. High participation may be more efficiently maintained by providing a supply of materials that is adequate to occupy all children in each of a sequence of required activities and staffing by at least two teachers, so that while one teacher is supervising children still finishing one activity another teacher can supervise children who are ready to start the next.

Achievement Place: the reliability of self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior.

Abstract: The reliability of the boys reporting their own behavior of their peers was measured in two experiments at Achievement Place, a community based, family style, behavior modification program for delinquents based on a token (point) economy. The results of these experiments indicated that; (a) the boys were not "naturally" reliable observers, (b) the reliability of peer-reporting could be improved by providing training on the behavioral definitions and by making points contingent on agreement between each boy's peer-report and an independent adult observers' report, (c) the reliability of self-reporting could be improved by making points contingent on agreement between the self-report and the trained peer's report, and (d) giving self-reports and peer-reports did not produce a systematic effect on the boys' room-cleaning behavior as measured by an independent observer.

Ab Initio Calculations on Large Molecules

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the efforts that have been made to develop procedures for treating large molecules in a practical manner. It considers an arbitrary and myopic definition of a large molecule as one in which there are ≥ 36 electrons and containing atoms including hydrogen and others from the first row of the periodic table. The chapter is limited to the procedures that are based upon an ab initio formalism. While several of these approaches such as CNDO (complete neglect of differential overlap), INDO (intermediate neglect of differential overlap), MCZDO (multi-center zero differential overlap), and NEMO (nonempirical molecular orbital theory) have provided useful and informative results, it seems clear that an ab initio approach is desired for several reasons. First, the identification and improvement of inadequacies is more straightforward in an ab initio approach, since only a model plus a basis set need to be examined. Second, the parametrization techniques are developed typically for the determination of the total energy and are not applicable in general to other properties. Third, the evaluation of integrals over Slater-type orbitals for properties other than the energy presents formidable problems, which are solved usually by invoking additional parameterization procedures. Consequently, these and other theoretical and practical difficulties associated with the use of semiempirical techniques have led to the search for alternative formulations of an ab initio nature.

Malignant Tumors in Rats Given Lasiocarpine

Abstract: Summary Lasiocarpine was injected i.p. into rats in doses of 7.8 mg/kg body weight (50% lethal dose of 0.1) twice weekly for 4 weeks and once a week for an additional 52 weeks. Of 18 rats that survived, 16 developed tumors between weeks 60 and 76 after the beginning of the experiment. Approximately 61% (11 of 18) developed hepatocellular carcinomas, and 33% (6 of 18) developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas of the skin of the back. These tumors were transplanted successfully through five generations. Other tumors included pulmonary adenoma (in 28%), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the small intestine (in two rats), and cholangiocarcinoma and adenomyoma of the ileum (in one rat). It is clear that lasiocarpine is a complete carcinogen capable of inducing a significant number of malignant tumors of the liver and skin of rats. A suitably long experimental interval for administration of the alkaloid (52 weeks) plus a period of observation after the dosing is discontinued (4 to 20 weeks) may be necessary to allow cessation of the antimitotic effect of the alkaloid and to permit expression of its carcinogenicity.

Fourier Analysis of the Ostracode Margin

Abstract: Fourier analysis can be used as an objectivedescriptor of the ostracode margin. Results of the three examples suggest that the method explained may give information of interest to systematist. Use of Fourier analysis issuggested both for research on specimens and for study of illustrations from the literature.

Hermon bumpus and natural selection in the house sparrow passer domesticus.

Abstract: On February 1, 1898, after an uncommonly severe storm with snow, rain and sleet and of long duration, several samples of moribund house sparrows were brought to the biological laboratories of Hermon Bumpus at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Almost half these birds died as a result of stress from the storm, and Bumpus assumed that he could get new information on the operation of natural selection if he properly exploited this differential survival. He accordingly made specimens of all the birds, recording gross body weight at the time, and later took measurements of eight size variables, six of them of skeletal elements. In roughly a year he had reported (Bumpus, 1899) the results of his study. Judging by his introductory remarks (p. 209), Bumpus fully expected that the study would become a standard reference for later students of the evolutionary process, and at the end of his analysis he proceeded to publish in full the basic data matrix of 136 specimens by 9 characters, arranged by survivors, nonsurvivors, sex, and age of males. Bumpus was right; in the 73 years since he wrote, there have been three published univariate statistical reanalyses of his data, emphasizing improvements on Bumpus' statistical methodology (Harris, 1911; Calhoun, 1947; Grant, 1972) and his general conclusions on stabilizing selection are frequently cited in textbooks on evolution and population genetics. Yet for all the interest in the data and what they purport to show, it has never been remarked that because Bumpus' conclusions were formulated a posteriori they represent hypotheses that cannot be

Modification of behavior problems in the home with a parent as observer and experimenter.

Abstract: Four parents enrolled in a Responsive Teaching class carried out experiments using procedures they had devised for alleviating their children's problem behaviors. The techniques used involved different types of reinforcement, extinction, and punishment. One parent increased the frequency of the wearing of an orthodontic device during five daily time checks by making an immediate monetary payoff contingent on wearing the device. A second parent increased the number of points earned for doing daily household tasks by providing back-ups for which the points could be exchanged. The parents of a 4-yr-old boy decreased the frequency of whines, cries, and complaints by removing social attention when such behavior occurred. A mother decreased the duration of time it took for her 5-yr-old daughter to get dressed by making permission to watch television contingent on dressing within 30 min of the time she got up in the morning. Brief reversals of contingencies were used to show causal relationships between the procedures used and the changes in behavior. Checks on the reliability of measurement were made by persons present in the home.

Metabolic Responses to Acute and Chronic l-Dopa Administration in Patients with Parkinsonism

Abstract: The metabolic effects of L-dopa were studied in 23 patients with Parkinsonism. Levels of plasma growth hormone were elevated two hours after administration of 0.5 to 1.0 g of L-dopa, and this response persisted for at least one year. Plasma glucose was increased at two hours, and free fatty acids at four hours. Chronic therapy significantly increased serum cholesterol (approximately 10 per cent), but no change in serum triglycerides, thyroxine, fasting blood sugar, and 24-hour urinary excretion of 17-keto and 17-ketogenic steroids was observed. After one year of chronic L-dopa therapy, there was a decrease in glucose tolerance associated with a delayed and exaggerated insulin response. The changes in growth hormone and carbohydrate tolerance suggest that patients receiving L-dopa for long periods should be monitored for the possible development of frank acromegaly.

Extra-intestinal stages of Isospora felis and I. rivolta (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in cats

Abstract: SYNOPSIS. Evidence is presented that Isospora felis and I. rivolta invade the extra-intestinal tissues of cats. Kittens were fed sporocysts of I. felis and I. rivolta. At specific intervals the kittens were killed and suspensions of extra-intestinal tissues were fed to indicator kittens less than a day old. Oocyst production by the indicator kittens within the regular prepatent period was taken as evidence that coccidian stages were present in the inoculum consisting of extra-intestinal tissues of cats. Tissues of kittens infected with I. felis for 5–104 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 4 out of 4 times, brain and muscle mixture 1 out of 5 times, lungs 1 out of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. felis was 7-11 days; after consuming extra-intestinal tissues of kittens it was 4–8 days. Distinct coccidian stages unlike those present in the gut were found singly and in groups of 2–15 in lymphoreticular cells of mesenteric lymph nodes of 2 kittens infected for 2–4 days. Tissues of kittens infected with I. rivolta for 5–21 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 1 out of 5 times, brain, muscle and lung mixture none of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. rivolta or extra-intestinal tissues of cats was 5–7 days. Coccidian stages occurred singly or in pairs, intracellularly or free in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 3 out of 10 kittens infected for 1–8 days.

Holarctic Evolution and Dispersal of Squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae)

Abstract: Members of the rodent family Sciuridae occur on all continents except Australia. Squirrels are one of the few families of mammals to have such a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. However, patterns of dispersal and evolution within the family have only recently come under study (Moore, 1959, 1961; Black, 1963; Gromov eta L, 1965). Recent paleontolegical data (Black, 1963, 1965b, 1966; Bruijn and Mein, 1968; Mein, 1970; Sulimski, 1964) and chromosome studies of living squirrels (see Nadler, 1969; Voronstov and Lyapunova, 1970), taken together with Moore’s (1959) morphological studies and his classification of living squirrels exclusive of flying squirrels, now provide a basis for a reconstruction of “historical processes and events” within the family. Such is the intent of the present paper. Evolution within the Sciuridae and exchange between the Nearctic and Palearctic will be considered for the most part at the generic level. This is done for two reasons: fossil and living genera are more nearly equivalent taxonomic categories; and, too little is known about mid- and late-Pleistocene species of squirrels in Eurasia to allow for discussion of species dispersal in most groups.

The effect of experienced limb identity upon adaptation to simulated displacement of the visual field

Abstract: Ss were confronted with a situation which mimicked the visuomotor consequences of an 11-deg lateral displacement of the visual field (leftward in Experiment I and rightward in Experiment II). The displacement was effected by having E place his own finger to one side of S’s nonvisible finger. Ss who were informed of this deception prior to the exposure period (informed group) manifested significantly less adaptation (“negative aftereffect” and “proprioceptive shift”) than did Ss who were told that their vision would be displaced by the goggles which they were wearing (misinformed group). It was concluded that adaptation to visual rearrangement is strongly influenced by S’s assumptions regarding the adequacy of his vision and the identity of the manual limb which he is viewing.

Short Term Metabolism of Urea and Purine Cytokinins

Abstract: Approximately 20 to 25% of the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) taken up by soybean tissues in culture is converted to a stable, long-lived derivative which contains BA as part of its structure. This derivative may be metabolically related to 6-benzylamino-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine 5′-monophosphate (BAMP). In in vivo incubations of 2 hours or less, we recover only BA, benzyladenosine, and BAMP. Benzyladenosine never accounts for more than 10% of the total radioactivity while BAMP builds up to about 20% of the total within 2 to 4 hours. After this period it begins to disappear, and a new, unidentified substance arises at a rate which roughly parallels the loss of BAMP. After about 48 hours this substance, which has good cytokinin activity, accounts for some 20 to 25% of the total radioactivity and persists at this level for at least 60 days. In the meantime the remainder of the BA, as well as benzyladenosine and BAMP, disappear completely. In addition, evidence is presented which suggests that the urea cytokinins are not active as such but first are metabolically transformed into other substances.

Isolation and characterization of two cell types of Coxiella burneti phase I.

Abstract: Two morphologically distinct cell types of Coxiella burneti phase I have been separated on the basis of unique buoyant densities. When centrifuged to equilibrium in cesium chloride or density gradients of sucrose or Renografin, the cells band in two zones. Electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of the two cesium chloride-separated cell types indicate a considerable number of morphological differences. The lower-density cells are small, compact, and rodshaped and have very dense nucleoids. The cell type of highest density is larger, rounded, and more pleomorphic, and the nucleoid filaments are more dispersed. The two cell types are nearly identical in sedimentation rates, and both infect chick yolk sac cells and are lethal to chick embryos. They convert to a mixture of cell types when cultured separately. Treatment with Formalin induces all cells to band at the same position when centrifuged to equilibrium in cesium chloride. The cell type variance was found to be independent of the antigenic phase phenomenon of C. burneti.