Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1981"

Microwave Remote Sensing - Active and Passive - Volume I - Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry

Abstract: The three components of microwave remote sensing (sensor-scene interaction, sensor design, and measurement techniques), and the applications to geoscience are examined. The history of active and passive microwave sensing is reviewed, along with fundamental principles of electromagnetic wave propagation, antennas, and microwave interaction with atmospheric constituents. Radiometric concepts are reviewed, particularly for measurement problems for atmospheric and terrestrial sources of natural radiation. Particular attention is given to the emission by atmospheric gases, clouds, and rain as described by the radiative transfer function. Finally, the operation and performance characteristics of radiometer receivers are discussed, particularly for measurement precision, calibration techniques, and imaging considerations.

Patterns of Gender Role Conflict and Strain: Sexism and Fear of Femininity in Men's Lives

Abstract: This article describes men's gender role conflict and strain that emanate from rigid gender socialization. The author proposes 10 assumptions about how gender role socialization and sexism can be psychologically dysfunctional for both men and women. The masculine mystique and value system and men's fear of femininity produce six patterns of gender role conflict and strain in men's lives. These patterns are discussed and their effects on men's psychological and physical well being are presented. Four recommendations for counselors and psychologists are offered to increase sensitivity to gender role conflict and decrease the emotional pain in people's lives caused by sexism and restrictive gender role socialization.

Sociality as a life-history tactic of ground squirrels.

Abstract: Multi-variate analysis of life-history traits of 18 species of burrowing sciurids indicates that reproductive effort is determined by body-size energetics. Other traits, such as age adult weight reached, age of dispersal, length of time of gestation, were significantly correlated with body size. A principal component analysis suggested that the complex of life-history traits could be reduced to four components: body size (=weight), seasonality, specific reproductive effort, and maturity. The variation in the sociality index was best explained by age of first reproduction and age adult weight reached. Generally, species are more social when large body size combined with a relatively short growing season is associated with delayed dispersal and occurs in those species typically breeding for the first time at age two or older. Sociality in these species may have evolved through retention of daughters within the maternal home range as a means of continuing reproductive investment beyond weaning.

Characteristics of hot plasma in the Jovian magnetosphere: Results from the Voyager spacecraft

Abstract: Measurements of the intensities, energy spectra, angular variations, and composition characteristics of the low-energy ion populations (approximately 30 keV to 4 MeV) obtained by both Voyager spacecraft in the outer (more than about 10 Jupiter radii) Jovian magnetosphere are reported and interpreted. Also shown are some of the energetic electron measurements. Using the spectral and angular ion measurements, density and pressure profiles in the magnetosphere are constructed and then compared with results reported by the plasma wave and plasma science investigations (density) and the magnetic field investigation (pressure).

Accent Scaling and Language Attitudes: Reactions to Mexican American English Speech:

Abstract: The relationship between degree of accent in the English of Mexican American speakers as assessed by naive raters, and the evaluative judgments of the raters toward accented speakers was explored. Tape recordings were prepared in a prior study of nine Mexican American readers having varying degrees of accent as judged by three linguists. An Accentedness Index score was obtained for each recorded speaker from the linguists' ratings of occurrences of 18 pronunciation variables. Estimations of degree of accentedness and evaluative reactions of status and solidarity were given for the nine readers by 43 Mexican American and 37 Anglo high school students. The accent estimation scores, Accentedness Index, and status ratings were all highly correlated within speakers. Solidarity ratings given by Mexican Americans were significantly related to the Accentedness Index. As the level of accentedness increased from speaker to speaker, the naive judges gave significantly lower status ratings. There were no group differ...

Depression and self-focused attention

Abstract: Recent research on self-focused attention has indicated effects that parallel several cognitive and affective phenomena associated with depression. Specifically, discrepancies between perceived real and ideal self, increased affective response, self-attribution for negative events, and accurate self-reports occur both in depression and as a result of self-focused attention. A study is reported that investigated the relationship between depression and a measure of private self-consciousness, a dispositional measure of the tendency to attend to one's inner thoughts and feelings. As predicted, a reliable positive relationship was found. The potential role of self-focused attention in maintaining and exacerbating depression was discussed.

Clinical kinetics of intact cisplatin and some related species

Abstract: Plasma concentrations of cisplatin, total platinum, and total filterable platinum were monitored in 24 patients after either 50 or 100 mg/m2 of cisplatin by rapid intravenous injection. Half the patients at each dose were pre treated with mannitol. Total platinum levels declined in a triphasic fashion with a terminal half-life (t½) ≥24 hr. Both total filterable platinum and cisplatin levels declined in a monophasic manner and exhibited t½s of 0.3 to 0.5 hr. The ratio of cisplatin to total filterable platinum in plasma remained constant (0.6 to 0.8) over the time period (2 hr) during which they could be detected, while the ratio of the plasma levels of cisplatin to total platinum decreased continuously from ≈0.5 at 5 min to approximately 0.10 at 2 hr. Larger doses of cisplatin resulted in higher plasma levels of all three species monitored, and although the increases appeared somewhat less than proportional to dose, terminal plasma slopes were not dose dependent. Neither mannitol nor dose had an effect on the various species ratios, nor did mannitol appear to affect either plasma levels or terminal plasma decline. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 658–664; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.91

The establishment of chromosomal variants.

Abstract: Closely related species frequently differ by some chromosomal change such as a difference in chromosomal number, an inversion, or a translocation, although it is not clear whether this change is a cause of speciation or coincidental with other genetic change. For example, Wright (1940) and Bush et al. (1977) suggested that both speciation and chromosomal evolution are enhanced by small effective population size (see also Bengtsson, 1980). In any case, it seems the genetic changes which occur during speciation may take many forms with the primary prerequisite being that they cause reproductive isolation between the new species and its ancestor. White (1978) and others have advocated that chromosomal changes may provide a barrier between a new population and its ancestral one because chromosomal hybrids generally have reduced fertility due to segregation abnormalities in meiosis. A problem arises, however, as discussed by Wright (1941) and by Bengtsson and Bodmer (1976) in that the probability of fixation of a new chromosomal type, given lowered heterokaryotic fertility, is generally very small. When there is a heterokaryotic disadvantage and the frequency of the new chromosomal type is below the unstable equilibrium generated by such a fitness array, selection will reduce its frequency further and lead to the elimination of the new variant. As a result, there appears to be a basic paradox: there are generally chromosomal changes associated with speciation but there is no genetic model which permits the establishment of these new chromosomal types in a popu-

The role of visual-auditory "compellingness" in the ventriloquism effect: implications for transitivity among the spatial senses

Abstract: A magnitude estimation response procedure was used to evaluate the strength of visualauditory intersensory bias effects under conditions of spatial discrepancy. Maj or variables were the cognitive compellingness of the stimulus situation and instructions as to the unity or duality of the perceptual event. With a highly compelling stimulus situation and single-event instructions, subjects showed a very high visual bias of audition, a significant auditory bias of vision, and a sum of bias effects that indicated that their perception was fully consonant with the assumption of a single perceptual event. This finding reopens the possibility that the spatial modalities function as a transitive system, an outcome that Pick, Warren, and Hay (1969) had expected but did not obtain. Furthermore, the results support the model for intersensory interaction proposed by Welch and Warren (1980) with respect to the susceptibility of intersensory bias effects to several independent variables. Finally, a new means of assessing intersensory bias effects by the use of spatial separation threshold was demonstrated.

Scanning Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar with Integrated Radiometer

Abstract: Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar systems are severely constrained to a narrow swath by ambiguity limitations. Here a vertically scanned-beam synthetic aperture system (SCANSAR) is proposed as a solution to this problem. The potential length of synthetic aperture must be shared between beam positions, so the along-track resolution is poorer; a direct tradeoff exists between resolution and swath width. The length of the real aperture is independently traded against the number of scanning positions. Design curves and equations are presented for spaceborne SCANSARs for altitudes between 400 and 1400 km and inner angles of incidence between 20° and 40°. When the real antenna is approximately square, it may also be used for a microwave radiometer. The combined radiometer and synthetic-aperture (RADISAR) should be useful for those applications where the poorer resolution of the radiometer is useful for some purposes, but the finer resolution of the radar is needed for others.

Identification of Environmental Stressors for Patients in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Abstract: (1981). Identification of Environmental Stressors for Patients in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 89-108.

Measurements of Accent and Attitude Toward Mexican-American Speech

Abstract: Three linguists reliably judged the accentedness of 32 Mexican-Americans and four Anglo male readers using a 7-point Preliminary Accentedness Scale. Next, the judges provided reliable assessments of the relative frequency of 18 types of accented pronunciation for nine of the speakers. An Accentedness Index was developed by averaging the relative frequencies over the 18 pronunciations. Accentedness measures produced by the linguists for the nine test speakers were compared with ratings of status, solidarity, and accent given by naive raters in another experiment (Brennan and Brennan, 1978). The Accentedness Index was a significant predictor of the Preliminary Accentedness Scale, of accentedness assessments by the naive listeners, and of status judgments. Pronunciation types were significant predictors both of accent and of status. Results are discussed in terms of validation of the concept of accentedness. Future use of accentedness measures to investigate spontaneous speech and attitudes of listeners toward their own speech is suggested.

Microwave Backscatter Dependence on Surface Roughness, Soil Moisture, And Soil Texture: Part III-Soil Tension

Abstract: Results are presented of an experimental program to determine the impact of soil texture on radar response to soil moisture present within nonvegetated soil surfaces. These findings extend previous reports which document the experimental relationship between the radar backscattering coefficient ?° and soil moisture for bare soil [1] and soil under crop canopies [2]. In confirmation of previous results [1] and [2], the sensitivity of ?° to surface gravimetric or volumetric soil moisture is shown to be inversely related to clay content of the soil. As a result, gravimetric or volumetric moisture indicators exhibit poor performance in moisture estimation algorithms for complex multitextured soils. However, estimation algorithms incorporating some knowledge of soil water retention as a function of soil matric potential, or tension, display strong correlation with radar response, typically r ? 0.8, and are shown to be relatively independent of soil texture. These findings are shown to be consistent with soil dielectric properties [3]-[5].

Microtubule-Membrane Interactions in Cilia and Flagella

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia and flagella. Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are specialized organelles that project from the cell surface. They are responsible for the movements of whole cells and for the movements of materials across cell surfaces. All eukaryotic cilia and flagella possess the same uniform substructure of nine doublet microtubules (the outer doublets) surrounding two single central microtubules. The microtubule-membrane bridges, along the long axis of the doublet microtubule, are the second major sites to which membranes are attached. These bridges are responsible for the attachment of the doublet microtubules to the ciliary necklace and ciliary granule plaques at the ciliary base, to accessory fibers in sperm, protozoans, and ctenophores, to extraciliary structures such as mastigonemes, and to adjacent ciliary or plasma membranes as in ctenophores, mussel gill laterofrontal cilia, and in trypanosomes. The morphological studies of cilia in a wide variety of organisms revealed that the microtubules comprising the axonemes are attached to the membrane where they are enveloped.

Body Proportions and Gliding Adaptations of Flying Squirrels (Petauristinae)

Abstract: Flying squirrels range in length of head and body from less than 90 mm to more than 400 mm. Large flying squirrels are more slender than tree squirrels or small flying squirrels. They have proportionately longer tails than small flying squirrels, but large tree squirrels have the longest tails of all, both absolutely and proportionately. Relative limb lengths decrease with size among flying and tree squirrels, but the ratio of forelimb to hindlimb length is generally higher for flying squirrels than for tree squirrels. The styliform cartilage adds to the area of the patagium, but it is isometric with respect to size. Weight varies by a factor of almost 64 and the area of the patagium by a factor of almost 16, with little divergence from the expected isometric relationship. Therefore “wing loading” varies almost by a factor of four and is estimated to be as low as 30 Newtons/square meter (N/m2) in small petauristines and as great as 110 N/m2 in large ones. Hang gliding seems to provide a good analogue for the gliding of flying squirrels, although the squirrels have lower aspect ratios (l.0 to 2.2) and lower glide ratios (less than 3) than do most hang gliders. From this analogy it seems probable that the heavier “wing loading” of large flying squirrels does not affect the glide ratio (horizontal distance/vertical drop) but that the larger flying squirrels must “fly” faster to maximize their glide ratio. It is also probable that small flying squirrels with lower “wing loadings” are more maneuverable, but large flying squirrels with heavier loadings are less affected by air turbulence.

α-Amanitin-Resistant Viral RNA Synthesis in Nuclei Isolated from Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus-Infected Heliothis zea Larvae and Spodoptera frugiperda Cells

Abstract: [(3)H]RNA was synthesized in nuclei isolated at various times postinfection from the fat bodies of Heliothis zea larvae infected with H. zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus and from cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. To detect virus-specific RNA synthesis, the [(3)H]RNA was hybridized to denatured viral DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Nuclear polyhedrosis virus-specific RNA synthesis in the infected nuclei isolated from H. zea larval fat bodies and S. frugiperda cells was only inhibited 20 to 25% by concentrations of alpha-amanitin sufficient to inhibit the host RNA polymerase II. In addition, a productive nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection was obtained in S. frugiperda cells grown in the presence of an alpha-amanitin concentration that inhibited 90% of the cellular RNA polymerase II activity. The cellular RNA polymerase II enzyme remained sensitive to alpha-amanitin during infection, and there was no evidence that a virus-coded, alpha-amanitin-resistant enzyme was synthesized after the onset of infection. The data suggest that the bulk of nuclear polyhedrosis virus-specific RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei is transcribed by an enzyme other than the host RNA polymerase II.

In vivo and in vitro Ovarian Steroidogenesis in the Pregnant Rat

Abstract: The interrelationship between follicular and luteal function during pregnancy in the rat was examined by in vivo and in vitro methods. Corpora lutea (CL) and nonluteal ovarian tissues (NLO) were removed on Days 2 to 22 (at 2 day intervals) (day sperm-positive = Day 1 of pregnancy), and incubated separately for 2 h to determine the production rate of steroids. Changes in progesterone (P), 20a-dihydroprogesterone (20a-OHP), testosterone (T), and estradiol-1713 (E2) in peripheral blood, CL, and NLO, and levels of LH and FSH in serum and pituitary were measured by radioimmunoassay. A marked decline in the in vitro production rate of E2 and T in NLO occurred between Days 14 and 18 followed by an abrupt increase on Days 20 and 22. These changes correlated with the levels of serum LH between Days 14 and 22. Serum FSH also declined on Day 16 but returned to basal levels by Day 18. Despite the fall in N_LO production of E,, serum E2 started to increase on Day 14 with a progressive rise continuing until term. A marked increase in lutes! content of E2 occurred on Day 16 and continued until Day 22, whereas in vitro production of E2 by CL declined from Day 14 onward. Serum T also began to increase on Day 14 with the peak attained between Days 18 and 20, paralleling the rising E2 levels. In vitro production of luteal T increased on Day 12 with peak values present between Days 16 and 20, paralleling the pattern of serum T. Maximal values of serum P occurred between Days 14 and 16 and decreased after Day 18. In vitro production of luteal P increased abruptly on Day 4, with peak values on Day 10 and a decline by Day 16. There was a second peak in in vitro production of P on Day 22, although serum and luteal levels of P were already low. Changes in serum levels of 20o-OHP and its in vitro production rate were inversely related to changes in P throughout pregnancy. These findings indicate that at the end of pregnancy the CL produce large amounts of P in vitro after functional luteolysis has occurred in vivo. The high levels of P during midpregnancy may be involved in the suppression of follicular maturation, probably by lowering basal levels of serum LH. Furthermore, between Days 14 and 18, secretion of T and E2 represents proportionally more luteal than follicular sources of the hormones in the pregnant rat.

Coerced Confessions, Judicial Instruction, and Mock Juror Verdicts'

Abstract: The present research assessed whether judicial instruction can curb jurors' inappropriate use of coerced-confession evidence. In Experiment 1, subjects read an auto theft trial in which the defendant had confessed on his own initiative (no constraint), after an offer of leniency (positive constraint), or after a threat of punishment (negative constraint). Subjects then received an instruction that simply directed them to ignore a coerced confession (short form), another that additionally defined both positive and negative inducement as coercive and hence unreliable (long form), or no instruction at all. As previously reported (Kassin & Wrightsman, 1980), subjects fully discounted the negatively constrained confession but not the positively induced one which, although judged involuntary, produced a high percentage of guilty verdicts. Neither form of instruction significantly reduced this latter tendency. In Experiment 2, subjects read an assault case involving a voluntary or positively coerced confession and one of four types of instruction. The positive coercion bias was replicated. An instruction that stressed both the unreliability and unfairness of an induced confession decreased voluntariness judgments but failed to lower the conviction rate. The theoretical basis for and practical implications of this phenomenon are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.

Comparative binding affinities of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and desmethyltamoxifen for estrogen receptors isolated from human breast carcinoma: correlation with blood levels in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Abstract: The relative ability of the antiestrogen, tamoxifen, and its monohydroxy and desmethyl metabolites to displace tritiated estradiol from estrogen receptors isolated from human breast carcinoma was determined. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen binds to the estrogen receptor with affinity equal to estradiol, and with 25-50 times higher affinity than does tamoxifen. Desmethyltamoxifen binds to the estrogen receptor with less than 1 per cent of the affinity of tamoxifen. Blood level determination of tamoxifen species in breast cancer patients receiving the drug indicated that after 3 weeks of therapy, desmethyltamoxifen levels were 1.2-1.8 times greater than tamoxifen levels and 4-hydroxytamoxifen levels were 2-18 per cent of parent drug concentrations. Thus, because of its high affinity for the estrogen receptor, the 4-hydroxy metabolite may play a significant antiestrogenic role following tamoxifen therapy, despite its low relative abundance. Desmethyltamoxifen, on the other hand, may have only minor importance as an anti-estrogenic agent following tamoxifen treatment, due to its poor affinity for the estrogen receptor coupled with blood levels that are at most 75 per cent greater than tamoxifen levels at steady state.

Textural Features for Radar Image Analysis

Abstract: Texture is an important spatial feature useful for identifying objects or regions of interest in an image. While textural features have been widely used in the analysis of a variety of photographic images, they have not been used for processing radar images. In this paper, we present a procedure for extracting a set of textural features for characterizing small areas in radar images and show that these features can be used for classifying segments of radar images corresponding to different geological formations.