Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the microwave dielectric behavior of soil-water mixtures as a function of water content and soil textural composition for the 1.4-to 18-GHz region.
Abstract: This paper is the second in a series evaluating the microwave dielectric behavior of soil-water mixtures as a function of water content and soil textural composition. Part II draws upon the data presented in Part 1 [13] to develop appropriate empirical and theoretical dielectric mixing models for the 1.4-to 18-GHz region. A semiempirical mixing model based upon the index of refraction is presented, requiring only easily ascertained soil physical parameters such as volumetric moisture and soil textural composition as inputs. In addition, a theoretical model accounting explicitly for the presence of a hydration layer of bound water adjacent to hydrophilic soil particle surfaces is presented. A four-component dielectric mixing model treats the soil-water system as a host medium of dry soil solids containing randomly distributed and randomly oriented disc-shaped inclusions of bound water, bulk water, and air. The bulk water component is considered to be dependent upon frequency, temperature, and salinity. The soil solution is differentiated by means of a soil physical model into 1) a bound component and 2) a bulk soil solution. The performance of each model is evaluated as a function of soil moisture, soil texture, and frequency, using the dielectric measurements of five soils ranging from sandy loam to silty clay (as presented in Part I [13]) at frequencies between 1.4 and 18 GHz. The semiempirical mixing model yields an excellent fit to the measured data at frequencies above 4 GHz. At 1.
1,805 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that electoral cycles in taxes, government spending and money growth can be modeled as an equilibrium signaling process, driven by temporary information asymmetries which can arise if, for example, the government has more current information on its performance in providing for national defence.
Abstract: There is an extensive empirical literature on political business cycles, but its theoretical foundations are grounded in pre-rational expectations macroeconomic theory. Here we show that electoral cycles in taxes, government spending and money growth can be modeled as an equilibrium signaling process. The cycle is driven by temporary information asymmetries which can arise if, for example, the government has more current information on its performance in providing for national defence. Incumbents cheat least when their private information is either extremely favourable or extremely unfavourable. An exogeneous increase in the incumbent party's popularity does not necessarily imply a damped policy cycle.
1,667 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the microwave dielectric behavior of soil-water mixtures as a function of water content, temperature, and soil textural composition, and present two mixing models to account for the observed behavior: 1) a semi-empirical refractive mixing model that accurately describes the data and requires only volumetric moisture and soil texture as inputs, and 2) a theoretical four-component mixing model explicitly accounts for the presence of bound water.
Abstract: This is the first paper in a two-part sequence that evaluates the microwave dielectric behavior of soil-water mixtures as a function of water content, temperature, and soil textural composition. Part I presents the results of dielectric constant measurements conducted for five different soil types at frequencies between 1.4 and 18 GHz. Soil texture is shown to have an effect on dielectric behavior over the entire frequency range and is most pronounced at frequencies below 5 GHz. In addition, the dielectric properties of frozen soils suggest that a fraction of the soil water component remains liquid even at temperatures of -24° C. The dielectric data as measured at room temperature are summarized at each frequency by polynomial expressions dependent upon both the volumetric moisture content m and the percentage of sand and clay contained in the soil; separate polynomial expressions are given for the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant. In Part II, two dielectric mixing models will be presented to account for the observed behavior: 1) a semiempirical refractive mixing model that accurately describes the data and requires only volumetric moisture and soil texture as inputs, and 2) a theoretical four-component mixing model that explicitly accounts for the presence of bound water.
1,155 citations
TL;DR: A heuristic argument is developed for why passive dispersal should always be selectively disadvantageous in a spatially heterogeneous but temporally constant environment and a discussion of the disparate effects habitat selection might have on the geographical range occupied by a species is discussed.
716 citations
508 citations
TL;DR: Free conjunctival grafts from the superotemporal bulbar conjunctiva of the same eye were used to resurface exposed sclera and extraocular muscle and, in all 14 patients with diplopia, extraocular movement was restored and the surgical approach is recommended as a safe and effective means of treating pterygia complicated by Conjunctival scarring withextraocular muscle involvement and requiring concurrent fornix reconstruction.
498 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that feedback does not uniformly improve performance; adding rewards and/or goal setting procedures to feedback improves the consistency of its effects; and some characteristics of feedback are more consistently associated with improved performance than others.
Abstract: Providing information to employees about their past performance is a widely used strategy in organizations. The effects of performance feedback, however, have not been previously systematically evaluated. A total of 126 applications of feedback in organizations was reviewed. Each feedback application was evaluated in terms of the consistency of its effects. Effects were differentiated according to whether feedback was used alone or in combination with rewards and/or goal setting procedures and according to selected characteristics of feedback. The results of this review indicate that (1) feedback does not uniformly improve performance; (2) adding rewards and/or goal setting procedures to feedback improves the consistency of its effects; and (3) some characteristics of feedback are more consistently associated with improved performance than others. An analysis of the ways in which feedback might operate and consideration of basic research suggest that it will be effective to the extent that it is ...
401 citations
TL;DR: The ftsZ gene in E. coli K-12 is an essential cell division gene and a two to sevenfold increase in the level of the FtsZ protein resulted in induction of the minicell phenotype, indicating that increasing FTSZ resulted in additional division events per cell cycle.
344 citations
TL;DR: Very small Nafion-coated voltammetric electrodes are very advantageous for in vivo detection of catecholamine neurotransmitters as mentioned in this paper, and their quantitative characteristics with regard to partitioning of the catecholine into the NAFion film have been studied.
309 citations
TL;DR: The scientific rationale, based on clinical, pharmaceutical and chemical experience, for the design of various currently used prodrugs is presented in this review.
Abstract: Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive chemical derivatives of a drug molecule that require a transformation within the body in order to release the active drug. They are designed to overcome pharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetically based problems associated with the parent drug molecule that would otherwise limit the clinical usefulness of the drug. The scientific rationale, based on clinical, pharmaceutical and chemical experience, for the design of various currently used prodrugs is presented in this review. The examples presented are by no means comprehensive, but are representative of the different ways in which the prodrug approach has been used to enhance the clinical efficacy of various drug molecules.
300 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate the liver is a major target organ of chronic Cd poisoning, and suggest that Cd-induced hepatic injury, via release of C d-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to long-term exposure to Cd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss issues related to concepts of preferences and choice-making among persons with severe disabilities, and make suggestions for acknowledging preferences, teaching choice as a decision-making process, and the broader implications of choice making as an expression of personal autonomy and dignity.
Abstract: This paper discusses issues related to concepts of preferences and choice-making among persons with severe disabilities. Included are suggestions for acknowledging preferences, teaching choice as a decision-making process, and the broader implications of choice-making among persons with severe handicaps as an expression of personal autonomy and dignity. Directions for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: In a follow-up study of 500 psychiatric outpatients, death from natural causes occurred 11/3 times the expected rate, although the excess was not significant as discussed by the authors, and suicide and homicide rates were particularly excessive.
Abstract: • In a six- to 12-year follow-up study of 500 psychiatric outpatients, death from natural causes occurred 11/3 times the expected rate, although the excess was not significant. Death from unnatural causes occurred 31/2 times the expected rate, a significant elevation. Suicide and homicide rates were particularly excessive. Unnatural mortality was excessive among younger, but not older, patients, and among all sex-race groups except black women, none of whom died unnaturally. Initial psychiatric diagnoses highly predictive of unnatural death included alcoholism, antisocial personality, drug addiction, and homosexuality. Secondary affective disorder was predictive of excess unnatural mortality, but in all cases of such death one of the four disorders associated with excess mortality antedated the affective disturbance. No patient with an index diagnosis of primary affective disorder died of an unnatural cause. Despite a frequent history of suicide attempts, hysteria was not associated with excess unnatural mortality.
TL;DR: Evidence supporting the reciprocal nature of output effects on forearm flexor and extensor muscles from single corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells is presented and Reproducibility of postspike effects was demonstrated by comparing spike-triggered averages of full-wave rectified EMG with averages of the same EMG activity triggered from randomly generated pulses.
Abstract: In this study we present further evidence supporting the reciprocal nature of output effects on forearm flexor and extensor muscles from single corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells. Spike-triggered avera...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the recent developments in semiclassical Floquet theories and their applications to multiphoton excitation, ionization, and dissociation processes in intense laser fields.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the recent developments in semiclassical Floquet theories and their applications to multiphoton excitation, ionization, and dissociation processes in intense laser fields. The theory of multiphoton processes can be formulated in a fully quantum-mechanical or semiclassical formalism. In the former approach, both the system and the field are treated quantum mechanically, while in the semiclassical approach, the system is described by a time-dependent Schrӧdinger equation in which the effect of the radiation field is represented by an effective Hamiltonian consistent with Maxwell's equations. The Floquet matrix methods involving the time-independent Hermitian Floquet Hamiltonian provide nonperturbative ab initio techniques for the treatment of bound–bound multiphoton transitions Floquet matrix formalism is a non-perturbative approach applicable to multiphoton processes involving arbitrary high field strengths. It provides a simple physical picture for the intensity-and time-dependent multiphoton phenomena in terms of avoided crossings of a few number of real or complex quasi-energy levels. It also offers simplicity in numerical computations—mainly an eigenvalue problem. In the case of complex quasi-energy formalism, it takes into account self-consistently all the intermediate level shifts and broadenings and multiply coupled continua. Only square-integrable functions are required, and no asymptotic boundary conditions need to be enforced in multiphoton ionization/ multiphoton dissociation multiphoton ionization (MPI)/multiphoton dissociation (MPD) calculations.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of purchasing professionals was used to replicate the SOCO scale with buyers assessing the customer orientation of salespeople who call on them, and the results were almost identical to the results obtained in this paper.
Abstract: A national sample of purchasing professionals was used to replicate the SOCO scale with buyers assessing the customer orientation of salespeople who call on them. The results are almost identical t...
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework for organizing the constructs and content areas included in research on the development of sex typing is presented, and two major themes are discussed: play activities and peer preferences are sex typed earlier and more definitely than are personality traits and social behaviors such as aggression or dependency.
TL;DR: Southern blot analysis suggests that the castor bean genome contains approximately six ricin-like genes, which is typical of other lectin genes that have been sequenced.
Abstract: A genomic clone that specifies a single polypeptide precursor for ricin, a toxic lectin of Ricinus communis (castor bean), was isolated, sequenced and Sl mapped. The gene encodes a 64 kDa precursor which contains, in the following order: a 24 or 35 amino acid signal peptide, the A chain, a 12 amino acid linker peptide, and the B chain. The 5'-end of the ricin mRNA maps approximately 35 bases upstream from the first methionine codon. Two putative TATA boxes and a possible CAAT box lie in the 5'-flanking region. Two possible polyadenylation signals were found in the 3' flanking region. No introns were found, which is typical of other lectin genes that have been sequenced. Southern blot analysis suggests that the castor bean genome contains approximately six ricin-like genes.
TL;DR: The present methodology gave results which agreed with brain diffusion coefficients measured previously by ion-selective microelectrode techniques, and provides meaningful predictions of the spatio-temporal concentration distribution of these species in the extracellular fluid.
TL;DR: The behavioral audiograms of two cats were determined in order to establish the upper and lower hearing limits for the cat, suggesting that cats evolved extended high-frequency hearing without sacrifice of low- frequencies.
TL;DR: The biphasic transition temperature effects and the thermodynamic irreversibility of PC transitions at high alcohol concentrations appear to be correlated with the induction of a fully interdigitated gel phase recently reported in the literature.
TL;DR: Much greater effects of tobacco smoking on endothelial cell counts and platelet aggregate ratios suggest the possibility that non‐tobacco cigarette smoking may be less harmful to the cardiovascular system than is tobacco cigarette smoking.
Abstract: Endothelial damage and platelet activation may mediate increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in tobacco cigarette smokers. Our study was designed to determine whether acute effects of tobacco smoking on endothelium and platelets could be avoided by the substitution of non-tobacco cigarettes. Twenty healthy nonsmokers smoked two tobacco cigarettes in 20 minutes and on another occasion (separated by 1 week) smoked two cigarettes made from wheat, cocoa, and citrus plants. Mean endothelial cell counts from venous blood before and after smoking tobacco cigarettes were 2.3 and 4.8 and before and after smoking non-tobacco cigarettes counts were 2.5 and 3.0. Mean platelet aggregate ratios before and after smoking tobacco cigarettes were 0.80 and 0.65 and before and after smoking non-tobacco cigarettes they were 0.81 and 0.78. Much greater effects of tobacco smoking on endothelial cell counts and platelet aggregate ratios suggest the possibility that non-tobacco cigarette smoking may be less harmful to the cardiovascular system than is tobacco cigarette smoking.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 37, 529–533; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.83
TL;DR: A successful demonstration project that used social work students as case managers for the chronically mentally ill and an exploratory design was used and the results were positive for clients, students, and the system.
Abstract: Case management services have enjoyed a rapid increase in prominence within the mental health system as a solution to a variety of social service problems. The authors discuss a successful demonstration project that used social work students as case managers for the chronically mentally ill. An exploratory design was used and the results were positive for clients, students, and the system.
01 Jan 1985
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear aerodynamic model that includes all essential aerodynamic nonlinearities is developed to obtain approximate analytic solutions for the amplitude and frequency of the limit cycle based on the three degree-of-freedom equations of motion.
Abstract: A theory is developed for predicting wing rock characteristics. From available data, it can be concluded that wing rock is triggered by flow asymmetries, developed by negative or weakly positive roll damping, and sustained by nonlinear aerodynamic roll damping. A new nonlinear aerodynamic model that includes all essential aerodynamic nonlinearities is developed. The Beecham-Titchener method is applied to obtain approximate analytic solutions for the amplitude and frequency of the limit cycle based on the three degree-of-freedom equations of motion. An iterative scheme is developed to calculate the average aerodynamic derivatives and dynamic characteristics at limit cycle conditions. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is obtained.
TL;DR: It is shown that schizophrenia was a discrete disorder by using a quantitative clinical scale that discriminated schizophrenics from other subjects in a prospective follow-up and family study of 500 psychiatric outpatients, and scale scores were valuable for quantifying the certainty of diagnosis and predicting outcome.
Abstract: We showed that schizophrenia was a discrete disorder by using a quantitative clinical scale that discriminated schizophrenics from other subjects in a prospective follow-up and family study of 500 psychiatric outpatients. Four symptoms tended to occur together as a stable syndrome throughout the six- to 12-year follow-up: persecutory delusions, delusions of control, firmly fixed mood-incongruent delusions, and auditory hallucinations. Scale scores were computed as the number of these four symptoms that was present less one if there was a history of spending sprees with marked elation. More than 68% of the schizophrenics and fewer than 2% of nonschizophrenics had scores of +2 or greater. The distribution of scores was bimodal: persons with scores of +1 were relatively rare. Also, there was familial resemblance for the presence or absence of schizophrenia, but no additional resemblance for the number of schizophrenic symptoms. Despite this relative discreteness, scale scores were valuable for quantifying the certainty of diagnosis and predicting outcome.
TL;DR: Results indicate that Zn is the most effective inducer of MT synthesis in several tissues and that liver appears to be the most responsive organ to increased MT synthesis following exposure to a number of metals.
TL;DR: Most tubulin genes of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma rhodesiense are contained in 3.7-kb tandemly repeating units, which lack typical eukaryotic promoter and poly(A) signal sequences, however, both intergenic regions exhibit some structural similarity with sequences proposed to be involved in transcription termination and poly (A) addition in yeast.
TL;DR: Systematic techniques may be viewed as symbolic languages which have both surface structure and deep structure, and phylogenetic systematics is not theory‐neutral because its deep structure embodies evolutionary assumptions.
TL;DR: An enzymatic method was developed to collect intact follicles at different stages of development from cyclic hamsters to study ovarian folliculogenesis under various circumstances and offers an improved method to study the factors responsible for the growth and the differentiation of small preantral follicles in the mammalian ovary.
Abstract: An enzymatic method was developed to collect intact follicles at different stages of development from cyclic hamsters to study ovarian folliculogenesis under various circumstances. Ovaries from 6 adult hamsters on each day of the cycle (Day 1 = ovulation) were collected, corpora lutea and large preantral and antral follicles were dissected, and follicles saved. Minced ovaries were then incubated with a mixture of collagenase, DNAse and pronase at 37 degrees C for 20 min to disperse intact follicles. Histological studies with 2191 isolated follicles revealed 10 different stages of follicular development (depending on the number of granulosa cell layers surrounding the oocyte and development of the antrum). Of the total follicular population, 14% showed signs of atresia, with 50% of those having 1-3 layers of granulosa cells (Stages 1-3); a second peak of 18% was observed in antral follicles (Stages 8-10). No signs of thecal cells were evident until the follicles reached Stage 6 (7-8 layers of granulosa cells), which possibly accounts for reduced atresia in this class and beyond. Ultrastructural study revealed that there were no signs of morphological damage to the basement membrane or to other subcellular organelles in the small preantral follicles. The presence of subnuclear lipid droplets in follicles with 3 layers of granulosa cells provided evidence for potential steroidogenesis by small follicles. The number of Stage 1-10 follicles was remarkably constant throughout the estrous cycle (460 +/- 34 per animal on Day 1 vs. 492 +/- 66 on Day 4). The usefulness of this method in analyzing follicular kinetics is illustrated in experiments involving hypophysectomy and the effects of unilateral ovariectomy. This procedure offers an improved method to study the factors responsible for the growth and the differentiation of small preantral follicles in the mammalian ovary.