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Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1987"


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors classified altruism as egoistic when the ultimate goal is to increase one's own welfare; it is altruistic when it is to improve another's welfare; and it is egoistic if the ultimate objective is to maximize the welfare of others.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Prosocial motivation is egoistic when the ultimate goal is to increase one's own welfare; it is altruistic when the ultimate goal is to increase another's welfare. The view that all prosocial behavior, regardless how noble in appearance, is motivated by some form of self-benefits may seem cynical. But it is the dominant view in contemporary psychology. Most contemporary psychologists who use the term have no intention of challenging the dominant view that all human behavior, including all prosocial behavior, is motivated by self-serving, egoistic desires. Contemporary pseudoaltruistic views can be classified into three types: altruism as prosocial behavior, not motivation, altruism as prosocial behavior seeking internal rewards, and altruism as prosocial behavior to reduce aversive arousal. If altruistic motivation exists, then one has to make some fundamental changes in the conception of human motivation and indeed of human nature. As yet, the evidence is not sufficiently clear to justify such changes. If the conceptual analysis and research outlined in the chapter have merit, then the threshold of an empirical answer to the question why one care for other will be reached.

1,013 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recent empirical evidence appears to support the more differentiated view of emotion and motivation proposed long ago by McDougall, not the unitary view proposed by Hull and his followers.
Abstract: The construct of empathy may be located conceptually at several different points in the network of interpersonal cognition and emotion We discuss one specific form of emotional empathy—other-focused feelings evoked by perceiving another person in need First, evidence is reviewed suggesting that there are at least two distinct types of congruent emotional responses to perceiving another in need feelings of personal distress (e g, alarmed, upset, worried, disturbed, distressed, troubled, etc) and feelings of empathy (e g, sympathetic, moved, compassionate, tender, warm, softhearted, etc) Next, evidence is reviewed suggesting that these two emotional responses have different motivational consequences Personal distress seems to evoke egoistic motivation to reduce one's own aversive arousal, as a traditional Hullian tension-reduction model would propose Empathy does not The motivation evoked by empathy may instead be altruistic, for the ultimate goal seems to be reduction of the other's need, not reduction of one's own aversive arousal Overall, the recent empirical evidence appears to support the more differentiated view of emotion and motivation proposed long ago by McDougall, not the unitary view proposed by Hull and his followers

970 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Twenty years ago, an anthropological note described the current dimensions of applied behavior analysis as it was prescribed and practiced in 1968: It was, or ought to become, applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, and capable of appropriately generalized outcomes
Abstract: Twenty years ago, an anthropological note described the current dimensions of applied behavior analysis as it was prescribed and practiced in 1968: It was, or ought to become, applied, behavioral, analytic, technological, conceptual, effective, and capable of appropriately generalized outcomes. A similar anthropological note today finds the same dimensions still prescriptive, and to an increasing extent, descriptive. Several new tactics have become evident, however, some in the realm of conceptual analysis, some in the sociological status of the discipline, and some in its understanding of the necessary systemic nature of any applied discipline that is to operate in the domain of important human behaviors.

626 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Greater than 80% of the IgG in rabbit serum could be isolated by this procedure, with a purity equal to rabbit IgG purified by anion-exchange chromatography, and offers several advantages over other methods to purify IgG.

590 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of testosterone provides a functional basis to study simultaneously the regulation of several distinct isozymes of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.

328 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Morphologic evidence that cysts compressed adjacent renal parenchyma was observed in all kidneys and epithelial hyperplasia is a central element in the progressive enlargement of cysts.

320 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both MMT and DMT are reliable testing methods, given the conditions described in this study, which have specific applications and limitations, which are discussed.
Abstract: Physical therapists require an accurate, reliable method for measuring muscle strength. They often use manual muscle testing or hand-held dynametric muscle testing (DMT), but few studies document the reliability of MMT or compare the reliability of the two types of testing. We designed this study to determine the intrarater reliability of MMT and DMT. A physical therapist performed manual and dynametric strength tests of the same five muscle groups on 11 patients and then repeated the tests two days later. The correlation coefficients were high and significantly different from zero for four muscle groups tested dynametrically and for two muscle groups tested manually. The test-retest reliability coefficients for two muscle groups tested manually could not be calculated because the values between subjects were identical. We concluded that both MMT and DMT are reliable testing methods, given the conditions described in this study. Both testing methods have specific applications and limitations, which we discuss.

310 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the exact implementation of Dempster's rule in the case of hierarchical evidence is given, which is computationally efficient and makes the approximation suggested by Gordon and Shortliffe unnecessary.

310 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses upon the present status of antimicrobial agents from higher plants with particular reference to agents from plants with a folkloric reputation for treatment of infections, and concludes that the possibility of finding additional agents for human or agricultural use based upon higher plant agents is realistic.
Abstract: Infectious diseases are of ancient origin, and mankind has a venerable history of use of higher plant extracts for the therapy of such infections. Some such agents survive in use from earlier times--quinine, emetine, and sanguinarine, for example--but the modern use of fermentation-based antibiotics has greatly overshadowed work on agents from other sources. After a brief review of the present status of the field of antibiotics, this review focuses upon the present status of antimicrobial agents from higher plants with particular reference to agents from plants with a folkloric reputation for treatment of infections. In particular, recent work on the tropical genus Erythrina is emphasized. The use of modern microbiological techniques demonstrates that higher plants frequently exhibit significant potency against human bacterial and fungal pathogens, that many genera are involved, that many folkloric uses can be rationalized on this basis, that the active constituents are readily isolated by bioassay-directed techniques, that their chemical structures are types uncommon amongst fermentation-based agents but are familiar to natural product chemists, that their antimicrobial spectra are comparatively narrow but that their potency is often reasonable, that they are comparatively easy to synthesize and the unnatural analogues so produced can possess enhanced therapeutic potential and, thus, it is concluded that such work generates a gratifying number of novel lead structures and that the possibility of finding additional agents for human or agricultural use based upon higher plant agents is realistic.

285 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The easy work has now been done and the field has reached a plateau as discussed by the authors, and to develop further it requires development on the MBA level, high quality research on new questions, positive models, better interdisciplinary integration, and attention to international business.
Abstract: Business ethics, which grew out of religion's interest in ethics in business and management education's concern with social issues, has become an interdisciplinary academic field. Thus far it has centered on teaching undergraduates. The easy work has now been done and the field has reached a plateau. To develop further it requires development on the MBA level, high quality research on new questions, positive models, better interdisciplinary integration, and attention to international business. Ultimately the field will stand or fall on the quality of research those in it produce.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence clearly indicates that membrane photomodification cannot be understood based only on the properties of sensitizers and singlet oxygen in aqueous solution and in membranes.
Abstract: This review discusses photomodification of biological membranes and model membrane systems. Current concepts of membrane structure are first reviewed briefly. The role of preillumination association of sensitizer with membranes as it relates to photomodification rate is discussed, as well as the role of singlet oxygen in membrane photomodification. Finally the characteristics of singlet oxygen generation in membranes are considered. The evidence clearly indicates that membrane photomodification cannot be understood based only on the properties of sensitizers and singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. Rather the properties of sensitizers in association with membranes are the determinants of membrane photomodifcation. These properties differ significantly in aqueous solution and in membranes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rasp appears to be the safest and most effective method to gain vascularity for healing of meniscus repairs and it is possible to obtain healing with 5-mm peripheral white rims without resection of any portion of this rim, thus maintaining the full size of theMeniscus.
Abstract: Summary Vascularity in the human meniscus is poor beyond 1-2 mm from the meniscosynovial junction, yet 22% of the tears in this series occur with a ≥3-mm peripheral white rim. It is possible to suture these tears with the wider peripheral white rims, but healing rates are reduced because it is more difficult to obtain a satisfactory vascular supply. This article describes the history of our efforts at obtaining blood supply for healing of meniscus tears with a peripheral white rim up to 5 mm. Resection of the peripheral white rim to the vascular bed was unsatisfactory because it reduced the size of the meniscus and, by 3 years, the subsequent degenerative changes in the knee were comparable to meniscectomy. Holes made in the rim with a biopsy needle were again unsuccessful at improving healing. The present technique involves using rasps to abrade the parameniscal synovium on both the superior and inferior surface of the peripheral white rim. None of the peripheral white rim is resected. In the first series of 240 patients in whom peripheral white rim resection or the biopsy punch was used, the failure rate of meniscus healing was 22%. In a subsequent series of 68 patients (52 males, 16 females) who had 81 meniscal repairs by means of the rasp for parameniscal synovial abrasion, the failure rate was 9%. The rasp appears to be the safest and most effective method to gain vascularity for healing of meniscus repairs. It is possible to obtain healing with 5-mm peripheral white rims without resection of any portion of this rim, thus maintaining the full size of the meniscus.

Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The 1960s in the 1990s: Port Huron and the Lost History of the New Left as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the history of the new left movement in America.
Abstract: Preface: The 1960s in the 1990s Introduction: Port Huron and the Lost History of the New Left PART ONE: REDISCOVERING POLITICS 1: Out of Apathy On a Different Track

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that efficient implementation of Dempster's rule is possible if the questions or partitions for which the authors have evidence are arranged in a qualitative Markov tree—a tree in which separations indicate relations of qualitative conditional independence.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1987-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that secretion of basement membrane components (laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) takes place from the basolateral cell surface and that this polarized release results from active sorting.
Abstract: The plasma membranes of epithelial cells are divided into apical and basolateral domains. These two surfaces are characterized by markedly different protein compositions, reflecting the ability of the cell to target newly synthesized membrane proteins to specific regions of the cell surface1,2. This targeting capability is also apparent in the polarized release of secretory products. Recent studies using canine renal tubule (MDCK) cells have suggested that distinct sets of secretory proteins are released from their apical and basolateral poles3–6. We report experiments designed to examine secretory protein sorting by MDCK cells. We have shown that secretion of basement membrane components (laminin and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG)) takes place from the basolateral cell surface and that this polarized release results from active sorting. The sorting process which mediates this polarized secretion requires an acidic intracellular compartment. MDCK cells treated with NH4Cl to raise the pH of their intracellular compartments7–9, secrete laminin and HSPG by a default pathway which leads to their release in roughly equal quantities into the medium of both the apical and basolateral compartments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The prognosis and survival of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are favorable, providing treatable complications are accurately diagnosed, and permanent surgical cure of gastrointestinal bleeding is rarely feasible.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, classroom observations were made on staff and students with severe disabilities to record opportunities to express preferences and make choices, and the results indicated that, regardless of age level or setting, classroom staff responded at very low rates to student-initiated expressions of choice or preference.
Abstract: Classroom observations were made on staff and students with severe disabilities to record opportunities to express preferences and make choices. Included in the study were 48 staff members and 37 students located in public schools, institutions, and university demonstration sites. An observational code was used to record staff- and student-initiated expressions of preference and choice in structured and nonstructured classroom activities. Results indicated that, regardless of age level or setting, classroom staff responded at very low rates to student-initiated expressions of choice or preference and that staff-initiated opportunities for student expressions of choice or preference were significantly higher in the 0 to 5 age range. Additional findings indicated that staff and students used distinctly different response modalities to communicate. Results are discussed in relation to the development of communication and social skills, with implications for current educational practices, personnel training, ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using primary cultures of brain microvessel endothelial cells, studies are directed at characterization of the blood-brain barrier permeability and metabolic processes that might be exploited as new schemes for drug delivery to the central nervous system.
Abstract: Investigation of blood-brain barrier permeability and metabolic processes, and their regulation by endogenous or exogenous factors, will be important for development of efficient and selective delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system. Primary cultures of brain microvessel endothelial cells offer a potentially powerful tool for studying at the cellular level the biochemical mechanisms regulating BBB function. Using this in vitro model, our studies are directed at characterization of the BBB processes that might be exploited as new schemes for drug delivery to the central nervous system.

Patent
17 Mar 1987
TL;DR: Water soluble prodrugs of rapamycin are disclosed in this article, which are useful as components in injectable pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of tumors in mammals, such as colorectal cancer.
Abstract: Water soluble prodrugs of rapamycin are disclosed which are useful as components in injectable pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of tumors in mammals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined research perspectives from role theory with a large sample of purchasing professionals in an effort to increase understanding of industrial buyer behavior and the buying environment, and the role of role theory in the buying process.
Abstract: Research perspectives from role theory are examined with a large sample of purchasing professionals in an effort to increase understanding of industrial buyer behavior and the buying environment. A...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Generally, individuals germinating in the early fall had lower mortality, attained larger vegetative sizes and produced more seeds than those that germinated later in the fall or in the spring, consistent with what is known about the germination ecology of musk thistle in natural populations.
Abstract: In natural populations of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) germination occurs over several months in the fall and spring. To better understand the physical environmental mechanisms that influence this pattern of germination, a greenhouse experiment was established consisting of ten treatments in which soil surface topography and the amount and consistency of litter cover was varied. Significant differences occurred among the treatments for germination percentage, levels of mortality and individual growth rates. Optimum levels ofgermination, survival and growth occurred in treatments that provided microhabitats with reduced evaporation. Treatments with cracks or moderately irregular surface topographies provided the best conditions. A light covering of litter benefited establishment and growth but thick layers of litter prevented seeds from reaching the soil surface and reduced germination and establishment. These results were consistent with what is known about the germination ecology of musk thistle in natural populations. IN MANY PLANT species the highest levels of mortality occur between the seed dispersal and the seedling establishment phases of the life cycle (Harper and White, 1974; Harper, 1977). Unfortunately, this is often the most poorly understood portion of the life cycle. Usual monitoring procedures are capable of quantifying seed production and seedling establishment but are generally incapable of describing interactions between seeds and the soil surface environment. Yet many biologists (e.g., Grubb, 1977; Grime, 1979) feel that these interactions are critical to the reproduction of populations and the composition of plant communities. Successful germination involves complex interactions between the seed's physical position, its physiological state, and its microenvironment. Some species have genetically determined, innate dormancy requirements (Harper, 1977) that prevent germination until after specific environmental keys have been experienced (e.g., Betula pubescens, Black and I Received for publication 13 February 1986; revision accepted 19 August 1986. We wish to express our gratitude to Karen J. Hamrick and Jenna R. Hamrick for their technical assistance. Steve Stewart provided valuable assistance during the data analyses. The comments of two anonymous reviewers greatly improved this paper. This work was supported by funds supplied by University of Kansas General Research Fund Grant #3675 and Environmental Protection Agency Grant R-805455030. 2 Current address: Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 3Current address: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of Califomia, Riverside, CA 92521. Wareing, 1955; Avenafatua, Marshall and Jain, 1970; Naylor and Jana 1976; Ambrosia artemisifolia, Willemsen 1975a, b; Avena barbata, Marshall and Jain, 1970). Other species have less rigid dormancy (enforced, Harper, 1977) and can germinate whenever minimum environmental conditions are met (usually heat, light, moisture, and proper aeration). Adverse conditions such as drought, cold, or deep burial in soil or litter prevent or retard germination in these species (Werner 1975; Harper, 1977). Several investigators (Harper and Sager, 1953; Harper, Williams and Sager, 1965; Sheldon, 1974) have demonstrated that subtle features of the soil surface topography and the position of the seed in relation to this topography can have dramatic effects on germination and seedling establishment. Studies of the population ecology of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) indicate that germination occurs over periods of several months in both fall and spring (Lee and Hamrick, 1983). Subsequent survival, growth and fecundity of monitored individuals was influenced by the their time of germination. Generally, individuals germinating in the early fall had lower mortality, attained larger vegetative sizes and produced more seeds than those that germinated later in the fall or in the spring. Later studies (J. L. Hamrick, unpubl. data) indicate, however, that germination early in the fall can be followed by a period of high mortality if a period of drought immediately follows germination. It is clear, therefore, that the dynamics of musk thistle populations may be

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on serotonin1 and 5-HT2 receptors were investigated using the high degree of resolution provided by quantitative autoradiography in an effort to determine the synaptic location of these receptors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A token economy that used trading stamps as tokens was instituted at two dangerous open-pit mines, followed by large reductions in the number of days lost from work because of injuries, the numberof lost-time injuries, and the costs of accidents and injuries.
Abstract: A token economy that used trading stamps as tokens was instituted at two dangerous open-pit mines. Employees earned stamps for working without lost-time injuries, for being in work groups in which all other workers had no lost-time injuries, for not being involved in equipment-damaging accidents, for making adopted safety suggestions, and for unusual behavior which prevented an injury or accident. They lost stamp awards if they or other workers in their group were injured, caused equipment damage, or failed to report accidents or injuries. The stamps could be exchanged for a selection of thousands of items at redemption stores. Implementation of the token economy was followed by large reductions in the number of days lost from work because of injuries, the number of lost-time injuries, and the costs of accidents and injuries. The reductions in costs far exceeded the costs of operating the token economy. All improvements were maintained over several years.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results are consistent with the observation that these inducers of the heat shock response, as well as cycloheximide, repress protein synthesis and suggest that the increase in the level of c-fos mRNA is caused by an inhibition of protein synthesis.
Abstract: Several known inducers of the heat shock response (heat stress, arsenite, and heavy metals) were shown to cause a significant elevation of c-fos mRNA in HeLa cells. Heat stress resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent prolonged elevation in the level of c-fos mRNA, which was accompanied by increased translation of c-fos protein and its appearance in the nucleus. Elevated expression of c-fos during heat stress was paralleled by induction of hsp 70 mRNA, while levels of c-myc and metallothionein mRNAs declined. Treatment of HeLa cells with arsenite or heavy metals also resulted in increased levels of hsp 70, as well as c-fos mRNA. Although elevated expression of c-fos was prevented by inhibitors of RNA synthesis, analysis of relative rates of gene transcription showed that during heat stress there was a negligible change in c-fos transcription. Therefore, the enhanced expression of c-fos during the heat shock response is likely to occur primarily through posttranscriptional processes. Cycloheximide was also shown to significantly increase the c-fos mRNA level in HeLa cells. There results are consistent with the observation that these inducers of the heat shock response, as well as cycloheximide, repress protein synthesis and suggest that the increase in the level of c-fos mRNA is caused by an inhibition of protein synthesis. This supports the hypothesis that c-fos mRNA is preferentially stabilized under conditions which induce the heat shock response, perhaps by decreased synthesis of a short-lived protein which regulates c-fos mRNA turnover.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that aerobic exercise training may be useful for reducing the severity and duration of depressive reactions following stressful life change.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine whether aerobic exercise training or relaxation training would be effective for reducing the deleterious effects of life stress on physical and psychologic health. Over 1000 college students were surveyed, and 55 of those who reported experiencing a high number of negative life events over the preceding year were assigned to an aerobic exercise training condition, a relaxation training condition, or a no-treatment control condition. Physical and psychologic health were assessed with self-report measures before, halfway through, immediately following, and 8 weeks after the 11-week training (and control) period. Heart rate data collected during a treadmill test indicated that the aerobic exercise training was effective for improving cardiovascular fitness. Psychologic measures indicated that the exercise training condition was more effective than the other two conditions for reducing depression during the first 5 weeks of training. No differences were found among the conditions on self-report measures of physical health. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise training may be useful for reducing the severity and duration of depressive reactions following stressful life change.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The accumulated data suggest that the genetic system of homosporous pteridophytes differs fundamentally from that of seed plants, which may be the result of repeated cycles of allopolyploidy followed by gene silencing and extinction of progenitor taxa.
Abstract: Analyses of electrophoretically detectable enzyme variants in homosporous pteridophytes are facilitating the development of new insights into their genetics and evolution. The number of isozymes per enzyme indicates that homosporous pteridophytes are genetic diploids, in spite of the fact that they have high chromosome numbers. High levels of heterozygosity and genetic variability in sporophytic populations indicate that many diploid species are outcrossing with inbreeding representing a derived character state. Because the congeneric homosporous pteridophyte species analyzed to date have low genetic identities, allozymic characters are also proving to be useful as genomic markers for elucidating patterns of reticulate evolution. The accumulated data suggest that the genetic system of homosporous pteridophytes differs fundamentally from that of seed plants. The present genomic constitution of extant taxa may be the result of repeated cycles of allopolyploidy followed by gene silencing and extinction of progenitor taxa. Alternatively, the original homosporous pteridophytes may have had high chromosome numbers. Although current species probably evolved recently, their phylogenetic roots may be difficult to trace because even closely related pteridophytes are genetically distant and extinction has obliterated the ancestral intermediates between lineages. These hypotheses can and should be tested using a combination of molecular, phylogenetic, and population biology

Book
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the legal system, psychology, morality and justice, socialization, training, and ethics of crime in the criminal justice system, including the legal process, the appellate process, and the supreme court.
Abstract: Psychology and the law - impossible choices Psychologists and the legal system Legality, morality and justice Lawyers - socialization, training and ethics Theories of crime The police and the criminal justice system Crime investigation: eyewitnesses Identification and evaluation of criminal suspects The rights of victims and the rights of the accused Between arrest and trial Competence in the lega1 system The trial process Jury trials I: jury representation and selection Jury trials II: Assumptions and reforms Rape: rapists and victims Insanity and the law The rights of special groups punishment and sentencing The appellate process and the supreme court. (Each chapter concludes with a summary.)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The level of c-myc expression in cystic kidneys appears to be out of proportion to the rate of cell division, suggesting that elevated and potentially abnormal c- myc expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.
Abstract: The polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are a group of disorders characterized by the growth of epithelial cysts from the nephrons and collecting ducts of kidney tubules. The diseases can be inherited or can be provoked by environmental factors. To investigate the molecular basis of the abnormal cell growth associated with PKD, c-myc protooncogene expression was studied in a mouse model for autosomal recessive PKD. Homozygous recessive C57BL/6J (cpk/cpk) mice develop massively enlarged cystic kidneys and die from renal failure shortly after 3 weeks of age. Quantitative dot blot and RNA blot hybridization experiments in which whole kidney poly(A)+ RNA was hybridized with a c-myc RNA probe showed a 2- to 6-fold increase in c-myc mRNA at 2 weeks, and a 25- to 30-fold increase in c-myc mRNA at 3 weeks of age in polycystic mice, as compared to normal littermates. c-myc expression was also examined under two conditions in which kidney cell growth was experimentally induced in normal adult mice: compensatory renal hypertrophy and tubule regeneration following folic acid-induced renal cell injury. While compensatory hypertrophy resulted in only a small (less than 3-fold) increase in c-myc, folic acid treatment gave rise after 24 hr to a 12-fold increase in c-myc mRNA. The induction of c-myc by folic acid is consistent with increased cellular proliferation in regenerating tubules. In contrast, polycystic kidneys show only a minimal increase in cellular proliferation over that seen in normal kidneys, while c-myc levels were found to be markedly elevated. Thus, the level of c-myc expression in cystic kidneys appears to be out of proportion to the rate of cell division, suggesting that elevated and potentially abnormal c-myc expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An age-related decline in the syntactic complexity of adults' sentences was revealed and the incidence of left- and right-branching embeddings and of coordinate and subordinate phrases and sentence fragments was determined.
Abstract: Adults' diaries were examined for age-related changes in syntactic complexity. The diaries in the longitudinal sample were kept by 8 adults, born between 1856 and 1876, for seven or more decades. The diaries in the cohort-sequential sample were kept by 10 adults born between 1820 and 1829 and recorded during 1860 to 1869 or during 1900 to 1909 and 10 adults born between 1860 and 1869 and recorded during 1900 to 1909 and again in 1940 to 1949. Sentences from the two longest, usable entries from each half-decade were analyzed. The analysis determined the incidence of left- and right-branching embeddings and of coordinate and subordinate phrases and sentence fragments as well as the mean length of sentences in words and in clauses. The analysis revealed an age-related decline in the syntactic complexity of adults' sentences.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1987-Chest
TL;DR: Therapy-related improvement in nocturnal respiratory events suggests congestive heart failure is a contributing factor for breathing abnormalities and arterial oxygen desaturation during sleep.