Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1993"

Hazards of hospitalization of the elderly.

Abstract: For many older persons, hospitalization results in functional decline despite cure or repair of the condition for which they were admitted. Hospitalization can result in complications unrelated to the problem that caused admission or to its specific treatment for reasons that are explainable and avoidable. Usual aging is often associated with functional change, such as a decline in muscle strength and aerobic capacity; vasomotor instability; reduced bone density; diminished pulmonary ventilation; altered sensory continence, appetite, and thirst; and a tendency toward urinary incontinence. Hospitalization and bed rest superimpose factors such as enforced immobilization, reduction of plasma volume, accelerated bone loss, increased closing volume, and sensory deprivation. Any of these factors may thrust vulnerable older persons into a state of irreversible functional decline. The factors that contribute to a cascade to dependency are identifiable and can be avoided by modification of the usual acute hospital environment by deemphasizing bed rest, removing the hazard of the high hospital bed with rails, and actively facilitating ambulation and socialization. The relationships among physicians, nurses, and other health professionals must reflect the importance of interdisciplinary care and the implementation of shared objectives.

Religion and the Individual: A Social-Psychological Perspective

Abstract: What leads a person to become religious? What happens psychologically in a religious experience? Does religion make a person happier, more open, more psychologically healthy, more tolerant, more caring? Bold and thoughtful, this book employs social-psychological theories and research to build an understanding of the source, nature and consequences of religion in individual life The authors' goal is to provide an integrated and coherent perspective, one that honours the diversity and mystery of individuals' experience of religion, yet is scientifically sound Drawing on the classic psychological treatment of religion by William James, Sigmund Freud and Gordon Alloort, as well as the more recent empirical literature, the authors develop a three-dimensional model of different ways of being religious as a means to self-serving ends, as an end in itself, and as an open-ended quest They explore the origins of these dimensions of personal religion, tracing them to more or less creative responses to such existential questions as: What is the meaning and purpose of my life? and How do I deal with the fact that I am going to die? They then explore the consequences of each of the three dimensions, both for the religious individual and for others in society Finally, building on the foregoing analysis, the authors address one of the basic questions of our age - whether relgiion is a force for good or evil in human life

The Relationship Between Speech-Language Impairments and Reading Disabilities

Abstract: A group of children with speech-language impairments was identified in kindergarten and given a battery of speech-language tests and measures of phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Subjects were followed in first and second grades and administered tests of written word recognition and reading comprehension. The children with speech-language impairments were found to perform less well on reading tests than a nonimpaired comparison group. Subjects’ performance on standardized measures of language ability in kindergarten was observed to be closely related to reading outcome, especially reading comprehension. Measures of phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming, on the other hand, were found to be the best predictors of written word recognition. The implications of these findings for the early identification and remediation of reading disabilities are discussed.

Blastocyst's state of activity determines the "window" of implantation in the receptive mouse uterus

Abstract: The present investigation studied the influence of the blastocyst's state of activity on the "window" of implantation in the receptive uterus in the mouse. The receptive state of the uterus is defined as the limited time when the uterine milieu is favorable to blastocyst acceptance and implantation. In the mouse, implantation occurs on day 4 (day 1 = vaginal plug). Ovariectomy in the morning of day 4 prior to preimplantation estrogen secretion results in blastocyst dormancy and delayed implantation. These conditions are maintained by continued progesterone (P4) treatment but can be terminated with an injection of estrogen leading to blastocyst activation and subsequent implantation. Blastocyst transfers into intact pseudopregnant mice demonstrated that the window of implantation on day 4 remains open at least through 1800 h for normal day 4 blastocysts but only up to 1400 h for dormant blastocysts. These results suggested that the blastocyst's state of activity influenced the normally operative window of implantation in the receptive uterus. This finding was further confirmed by inducing conditions of delayed implantation in pregnant donors and pseudopregnant recipients. They were ovariectomized on the morning of day 4 and maintained with daily injections of P4 from days 5 to 7. On day 7, dormant blastocysts from P4-treated delayed donors were transferred into the uteri of P4-treated delayed pseudopregnant recipients at 1, 2, 4, or 8 h after an injection of 17 beta-estradiol (E2). Dormant blastocysts transferred into delayed recipients at 1 h after E2 treatment resulted in implantation in most of the animals as compared to complete failure of blastocysts to implant after transfer to P4-treated delayed recipients at 4 or 8 h after E2 treatment. However, implantation did occur in P4-treated delayed recipients at these later hours of E2 treatment when the P4-treated delayed donors also received E2 prior to blastocyst transfer. Furthermore, the majority of day 4 normal blastocysts implanted when transferred into P4-treated delayed recipients even at 16 h after E2 treatment. Interestingly, day 7 dormant blastocysts cultured for 8 or 24 h for in vitro activation failed to implant after transfer to P4-treated delayed pseudopregnant recipients at 4 ir 8 h after E2 treatment, although they did implant after transfer at 1 h after E2 treatment. As expected, normal day 4 blastocysts failed to implant after transfer to P4-treated delayed pseudopregnant recipients. Thus, these results establish that the blastocyst's state of activity alters the timing of implantation (window) in the receptive uterus. Thus, the window for successful implantation could be defined as a limited time span when the activated stage of the blastocyst is superimposed on the receptive state of the uterus. This window remains open for a shorter period for dormant blastocysts than for a normal or dormant blastocysts after E2 activation. Furthermore, dormant blastocysts, which apparently achieved metabolic activation in vitro, failed to attain the same status as blastocysts activated in utero by E2 for implantation into the receptive uterus. A key finding of this investigation is that E2 induces very rapidly, but transiently (1 h), a factor(s) in the P4-primed uterus that activates the dormant blastocysts for implantation in the receptive uterus.

Cell division inhibitors SulA and MinCD prevent formation of the FtsZ ring.

Abstract: Immunoelectron microscopy was used to assess the effects of inhibitors of cell division on formation of the FtsZ ring in Escherichia coli. Induction of the cell division inhibitor SulA, a component of the SOS response, or the inhibitor MinCD, a component of the min system, blocked formation of the FtsZ ring and led to filamentation. Reversal of SulA inhibition by blocking protein synthesis in SulA-induced filaments led to a resumption of FtsZ ring formation and division. These results suggested that these inhibitors block cell division by preventing FtsZ localization into the ring structure. In addition, analysis of min mutants demonstrated that FtsZ ring formation was also associated with minicell formation, indicating that all septation events in E. coli involve the FtsZ ring.

mtDNA variation of aboriginal Siberians reveals distinct genetic affinities with native Americans

Abstract: The mtDNA variation of 411 individuals from 10 aboriginal Siberian populations was analyzed in an effort to delineate the relationships between Siberian and Native American populations. All mtDNAs were characterized by PCR amplification and restriction analysis, and a subset of them was characterized by control region sequencing. The resulting data were then compiled with previous mtDNA data from Native Americans and Asians and were used for phylogenetic analyses and sequence divergence estimations. Aboriginal Siberian populations exhibited mtDNAs from three (A, C, and D) of the four haplogroups observed in Native Americans. However, none of the Siberian populations showed mtDNAs from the fourth haplogroup, group B. The presence of group B deletion haplotypes in East Asian and Native American populations but their absence in Siberians raises the possibility that haplogroup B could represent a migratory event distinct from the one(s) which brought group A, C, and D mtDNAs to the Americas. Our findings support the hypothesis that the first humans to move from Siberia to the Americas carried with them a limited number of founding mtDNAs and that the initial migration occurred between 17,000-34,000 years before present.

A glucose monitoring system for on line estimation in man of blood glucose concentration using a miniaturized glucose sensor implanted in the subcutaneous tissue and a wearable control unit.

Abstract: We have developed a miniaturized glucose sensor which has been shown previously to function adequately when implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats and dogs. Following a glucose load, the sensor output increases, making it possible to calculate a sensitivity coefficient to glucose in vivo, and an extrapolated background current in the absence of glucose. These parameters are used for estimating at any time the apparent subcutaneous glucose concentration from the current. In the previous studies, this calibration was performed a posteriori, on the basis of the retrospective analysis of the changes in blood glucose and in the current generated by the sensor. However, for clinical application of the system, an on line estimation of glucose concentration would be necessary. Thus, this study was undertaken in order to assess the possibility of calibrating the sensor in real time, using a novel calibration procedure and a monitoring unit which was specifically designed for this purpose. This electronic device is able to measure, to filter and to store the current. During an oral glucose challenge, when a stable current is reached, it is possible to feed the unit with two different values of blood glucose and their corresponding times. The unit calculates the in vivo parameters, transforms every single value of current into an estimation of the glucose concentration, and then displays this estimation. In this study, 11 sensors were investigated of which two did not respond to glucose. In the other nine trials, the volunteers were asked to record every 30 s what appeared on the display during the secondary decrease in blood glucose. The results were analysed by comparing these readings (approximately 220 measurements per trial) to the changes in plasma glucose, measured every 15 min. The Error Grid Analysis indicated that 84.1±3.6% of the measurements were in zone A (accurate) and 15±3.6% were in zone B (acceptable). Considering each individual trial, the differences between the displayed value and the concomitant plasma glucose concentration ranged between −1.7 and 0.69 mmol/l. These excellent results were due to the absence of any significant lag between the changes in plasma glucose concentration and the changes in the result on the display. We conclude that this glucose monitoring system, based on subcutaneous sensing of glucose, is able to provide a direct on line estimation of blood glucose concentration.

Serum Transferrin Receptor

Abstract: Transferrin receptors (TfRs) are the conventional pathway by which cells acquire iron for physiological requirements. Under iron-deficient conditions there is an increased concentration of surface TfR, especially on bone marrow erythroid precursors, as a mechanism to sequester needed iron. TfRs are also present in the circulation, and the circulating serum TfR (sTfR) level reflects total body TfR concentration. Under normal conditions erythroid precursors are the main source of sTfR. Disorders of the bone marrow with reduced erythroid precursors are associated with low sTfR levels. The sTfR concentration begins to rise early in iron deficiency with the onset of iron-deficient erythropoiesis, and continues to rise as iron-deficient erythropoiesis progressively worsens, prior to the development of anemia. The sTfR level does not increase in anemia of chronic inflammation, but is increased when anemia of chronic inflammation is combined with iron deficiency. The sTfR level is also increased in patients with expanded erythropoiesis, including hemolytic anemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and use of erythropoietic stimulating agents. The ratio of sTfR/ferritin can be used to quantify the entire spectrum of iron status from positive iron stores through negative iron balance, and is particularly useful in evaluating iron status in population studies. The sTfR/log ferritin ratio is valuable for distinguishing anemia of chronic inflammation from iron deficiency anemia, whether the latter occurs alone or in combination with anemia of chronic inflammation.

Large focal tumor‐like demyelinating lesions of the brain: Intermediate entity between multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis? A study of 31 patients

Abstract: Thirty-one patients with large, focal cerebral demyelinating lesions are reported. Twenty-four patients had solitary lesions and 7 had multiple foci, the latter apparently of identical age. The lesions presented clinically and radiologically as brain tumors (gliomas or metastases) or as multiple cysts. Six patients were older than 57 years (2 in their 70s) at the onset of their symptoms. The demyelinating nature of the lesions was established through biopsy in each patient and all improved significantly after corticosteroid therapy. Three patients developed additional lesions during the follow-up periods ranging from 9 months to 12 years consistent with the course of multiple sclerosis. Twenty-eight patients did not develop additional lesions. These included 6 patients with multiple lesions at the onset. In 1 of the patients, the first symptoms developed 10 days after receiving vaccination against influenza. Two patients had concomitant malignancy (chronic monomyelogenous leukemia and retroperitoneal seminoma respectively) and 1 patient developed immunoblastic sarcoma in the opposite hemisphere after biopsy diagnosis and steroid treatment of her demyelinating lesion. Tumor-like masses of demyelination may occupy an intermediate position between multiple sclerosis and postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis. The clinical course (history of vaccination in one instance, acute onset, good response to corticosteroids, no clinical or radiological evidence of new lesions in the great majority of patients) favored postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis. Lesion size however greatly exceeded that of the small foci of perivenous demyelination seen in typical postinfectious/postvaccination encephalitis and tended to present as space-occupying masses.

In-Group or Out-Group Extemity: Importance of the Threatened Social Identity

Abstract: Some researchers have found that out-group members are responded to more extremely than in-group members; others have found the reveres. The pre authors hypothesized that when importance of group membership was low, out-group extremity would be observed. That is, when the target's actions have few or no implications for the perceive's identity, out-group extremity will occur. In-group extremity was expected when perceivers are high in identification with the in-group. The presence of a threat to one's identity was predicted to intensity the in-group extremity effect for highly identified persons only Evaluations of a loyal or disloyal in-group or out-group member were made by highly identified or weakly identified in-group participants under threatening or nonthreatening conditions. The results confirmed the predicted pattern of effects. Implications for sports spectators and other self-selected group members are discussed.

Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsZ is a guanine nucleotide binding protein.

Abstract: FtsZ is an essential cell division protein in Escherichia coli that forms a ring structure at the division site under cell cycle control. The dynamic nature of the FtsZ ring suggests possible similarities to eukaryotic filament forming proteins such as tubulin. In this study we have determined that FtsZ is a GTP/GDP binding protein with GTPase activity. A short segment of FtsZ is homologous to a segment in tubulin believed to be involved in the interaction between tubulin and guanine nucleotides. A lethal ftsZ mutation, ftsZ3 (Rsa), that leads to an amino acid alteration in this homologous segment decreased GTP binding and hydrolysis, suggesting that interaction with GTP is essential for ftsZ function.

Risk factors for Parkinson's disease

Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with rural living, well-water consumption, and pesticide exposure; however, the individual risk contribution of these variables has not been established We examined social and medical histories of predominantly rural populations to determine relative risk factors for PD Patients and controls were surveyed regarding residency, occupation, medical history, and social and dietary habits An initial multiple logistic regression model was confounded by excessive variable colinearity Principal factor analysis yielded three factors: rural living (including years of rural residency and ground-water use), pesticide use, and male lifestyle (male gender, head trauma, male-dominated occupations) Other variables did not load in factor analysis and were entered separately, with the three factor scores, in a second multiple logistic regression model Significant predictors of PD emerged (in order of strength): pesticide use, family history of neurologic disease, and history of depression The predicted probability of PD was 923% (odds ratio = 120) with all three predictors positive Pesticide use (distinguishable from rural living) can be considered a risk factor for the development of PD, with family history of neurologic disease and history of depression serving as weaker predictors of PD

The Efficacy of Intensive Dietary Therapy Alone or Combined with Lovastatin in Outpatients with Hypercholesterolemia

Abstract: Background A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol is the standard initial treatment for hypercholesterolemia. However, little quantitative information is available about the efficacy of dietary therapy in clinical practice or about the combined effects of diet and drug therapy. Methods One hundred eleven outpatients with moderate hypercholesterolemia were treated at five lipid clinics with the National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet (which is low in fat and cholesterol) and lovastatin (20 mg once daily), both alone and together. A diet high in fat and cholesterol and a placebo identical in appearance to the lovastatin were used as the respective controls. Each of the 97 patients completing the study (58 men and 39 women) underwent four consecutive nine-week periods of treatment according to a randomized, balanced design: a high-fat diet-placebo period, a low-fat diet-placebo period, a high-fat diet-lovastatin period, and a low-fat diet-lovastatin period. Results The level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was a mean of 5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 7 percent) lower during the low-fat diet than during the high-fat diet (P Conclusions The effects of the low-fat-low-cholesterol diet and lovastatin on lipoprotein levels were independent and additive. However, the reduction in LDL cholesterol produced by the diet was small, and its benefit was possibly offset by the accompanying reduction in the level of HDL cholesterol.

Classroom Interactions of Children with Behavior Disorders

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify significant social stimuli that were associated with prosocial and inappropriate behavior of children classified as severe behavior disordered (SBD). Two children from each of 19 classrooms–10 from integrated and 9 from segregated special classrooms (for children with SBD)–were observed. One student in each classroom was defined as aggressive and one student was defined as nonaggressive. The selection yielded four groups: integrated nonaggressive without SBD (n = 10), integrated aggressive and SBD (n = 10), segregated aggressive and SBD (n = 9), and segregated nonaggressive and SBD (n = 9). An exhaustive behavioral coding system was used to record sequentially the social responses between target students and their teachers and peers. The data from each group were pooled for analysis. Lag sequential analysis was used to identify the significant antecedent and subsequent social responses of each code for each group. The results indicated that most of the teacher/chi...

Comparison of Ondansetron Versus Placebo to Prevent Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Women Undergoing Ambulatory Gynecologic Surgery

Abstract: BACKGROUND:Postoperative nausea and emesis, especially in ambulatory surgical patients, remains a troublesome problem. This study was performed to compare the incidence of nausea and emesis during the 24-h postoperative period in ondansetron-treated patients versus placebo-treated patients. METHODS:Using a randomized prospective double-blind study design, women between the ages of 18 and 70 yr undergoing gynecologic surgical procedures with general opioid anesthesia on an outpatient basis were enrolled. Ondansetron or placebo was administered prior to induction of anesthesia. Patients were stratified according to history of nausea and emesis during previous exposure to general anesthesia and randomized to dose received. RESULTS:Data from the 544 women showed that all doses of intravenous ondansetron tested (1, 4, and 8 mg) were significantly more effective (62%, 76%, and 77%, respectively) than placebo (46%) in reducing the incidence of emesis following surgery until 24 h after recovery room entry. All these doses were more effective than placebo in patients with no prior history of emesis following surgery and the 4- and 8-mg doses were more effective than placebo in patients with a prior history of emesis following surgery. All doses of ondansetron tested were generally well tolerated with adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, and recovery room vital signs similar to those of placebo. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) was increased in five patients (1 mg, 2 patients; 4 mg, 1 patient; 8 mg, 2 patients). In the three patients in whom subsequent analysis were performed, the serum AST had decreased to preoperative levels. CONCLUSIONS:Ondansetron given intravenously to prevent postoperative nausea and emesis was highly effective in the 4- and 8-mg doses in women having ambulatory gynecologic surgery.

Effects of the Large-Scale Flow on Characteristic Features of the Sea Breeze

Abstract: A two-dimensional nonlinear numerical model has been used to examine the effects of the ambient wind on the development of characteristic features of the sea breeze. The specific features that were examined were the maximum shoreward velocity component (both total and as a perturbation from the large-scale flow) anywhere in the simulation domain, the inland penetration of the sea breeze, the depth of the inflow layer at the coastline, the maximum vertical velocity anywhere in the domain, the maximum potential-temperature gradient anywhere in the domain, and the surface heat flux. Thirty-one simulators were performed, with large-scale geostrophic winds ranging from onshore (i.e., supporting) flow of 15 m s−1 to offshore (i.e., opposing) flow of 15 m s−1, at 1 m s−1 intervals. The results indicated that the sea-breeze perturbation was suppressed for onshore large-scale flow of a few meters per second or more. In contrast, a sea breeze was produced for opposing large-scale flow as strong as 11 m s−1...

Two approaches to the facilitation of grammar in children with language impairment: an experimental evaluation.

Abstract: Two approaches to grammar facilitation in preschool-age children with language impairment were evaluated. One approach was administered by a speech-language pathologist and the other was presented ...

Total Parenteral Nutrition With Glutamine in Bone Marrow Transplantation and Other Clinical Applications (A Randomized, Double-Blind Study)

Abstract: In a paper by Ziegler et al (Ann Intern Med 116:821-828, 1992), total parenteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine (TPN/GLN) was reported beneficial in patients receiving bone marrow transplantation (EMT) for hematologic malignancies By using a similar protocol, we studied 29 patients with both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, and with both allogeneic and autologous BMTS In a double-blind, randomized approach, patients were given isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN after BMT until they consumed 50% of their required diet orally Total body water and extracellular water were measured before and after TPN in 10 patients Total body water increased in patients receiving standard TPN and decreased significantly in patients receiving TPN/GLN Length of hospital stay after BMT was significantly (58 days) less in patients receiving TPN/GLN Incidence of positive bacterial cultures, clinical infections, and mortality did not differ significantly between the two groups When the groups were subdivide

Antecedents of the Attraction Effect: An Information-Processing Approach:

Abstract: Many researchers have demonstrated the existence of an attraction effect that increases the choice probability of an existing “target” brand by the introduction of a relatively inferior “decoy” bra...