Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 2002"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined hope as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways, and described the adult and child hope scales that are derived from hope theory.
Abstract: Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. The adult and child hope scales that are derived from hope theory are described. Hope theory is compared to theories of learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Higher hope consistently is related to better outcomes in academics, athletics, physical health, psychological adjustment, and psychotherapy. Processes that lessen hope in children and adults are reviewed. Using the hope theory definition, no evidence is found for "false" hope. Future research is encouraged in regard to accurately enhancing hope in medical feedback and helping people to pursue those goals for which they are best suited.
2,723 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanisms of interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) as they affect recharge-discharge processes are comprehensively outlined, and the ecological significance and the human impacts of such interactions are emphasized.
Abstract: The interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. To understand these interactions in relation to climate, landform, geology, and biotic factors, a sound hydrogeoecological framework is needed. All these aspects are synthesized and exemplified in this overview. In addition, the mechanisms of interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW–SW) as they affect recharge–discharge processes are comprehensively outlined, and the ecological significance and the human impacts of such interactions are emphasized. Surface-water and groundwater ecosystems are viewed as linked components of a hydrologic continuum leading to related sustainability issues. This overview concludes with a discussion of research needs and challenges facing this evolving field. The biogeochemical processes within the upper few centimeters of sediments beneath nearly all surface-water bodies (hyporheic zone) have a profound effect on the chemistry of the water interchange, and here is where most of the recent research has been focusing. However, to advance conceptual and other modeling of GW–SW systems, a broader perspective of such interactions across and between surface-water bodies is needed, including multidimensional analyses, interface hydraulic characterization and spatial variability, site-to-region regionalization approaches, as well as cross-disciplinary collaborations.
1,670 citations
TL;DR: This article explored whether factors that affect Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing countries affect countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) differently and found that the marginal benefit from increased openness is less for SSA.
1,272 citations
TL;DR: Increased morbidity was found in patients with a resection time of more than 90 minutes, gland size more than 45 gm, acute urinary retention and patient age greater than 80 years, and in the black population.
1,194 citations
TL;DR: It is found that CEO characteristics explain a significant proportion of the sample variance in firm R&D spending even when corporate strategy, ownership structure, and other firm-level attributes are controlled, and that CEOs, over time, may mold R&d spending to suit their own preferences.
Abstract: Over the past fifteen years, a number of studies have examined the determinants of firm R&D spending. These studies, however, almost invariably focus on the role of firm or external ownership characteristics in predicting R&D spending while overlooking the attributes of the top managers involved in allocating corporate resources. In this study, we change that focus by empirically examining how R&D spending as compared to industry competitors varies at firms based on the characteristics of their CEOs. Using a sample of publicly traded firms, we find that CEO characteristics explain a significant proportion of the sample variance in firm R&D spending even when corporate strategy, ownership structure, and other firm-level attributes are controlled. In terms of individual CEO characteristics, we find that R&D spending is greater at firms where CEOs are younger, have greater wealth invested in firm stock and signifacant career experience in marketing and/or engineering/R&D. In contrast to existing theory, we find that the amount of a CEO's formal education had no significant association with R&D spending once a CEO has attained a college degree. However, significant R&D spending increases are found at firms where CEOs have advanced science-related degrees. From subgroup analyses, we further find that CEO effects on relative R&D spending increase with longer CEO tenure implying that CEOs, over time, may mold R&D spending to suit their own preferences. From these results, we make implications for both research on determinants of R&D spending and managerial practice.
1,162 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that methotrexate may provide a substantial survival benefit, largely by reducing cardiovascular mortality, which would set a standard against which new disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs could be compared.
1,097 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored sample size needs for accurate modeling for three predictive modeling methods via re-sampling of data for well-sampled species, and developed curves of model improvement with increasing sample size.
1,061 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that children with LI in kindergarten were at a high risk for reading disabilities in second and fourth grades, and children's literacy knowledge/ experience in kindergarten and their initial reading achievement in second grade were good predictors of subsequent reading outcomes.
Abstract: This investigation examined the reading outcomes of children with language impairments (LI). A large subsample of children who participated in an epidemiologic study of language impairments in kind...
1,047 citations
TL;DR: Positive behavior support (PBS) is an applied science that uses educational and systems change methods (environmental redesign) to enhance quality of life and minimize problem behavior as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Positive behavior support (PBS) is an applied science that uses educational and systems change methods (environmental redesign) to enhance quality of life and minimize problem behavior. PBS initial...
977 citations
TL;DR: Data suggest that PC, rather than PE and PG, is the majorin vivo substrate of PLDα, and the greater loss of PC and increase in PA in wild-type plants as compared with PLD α-deficient plants may be responsible for destabilizing membrane bilayer structure.
929 citations
TL;DR: The authors reconceptualized the source of motivation to suppress prejudice in terms of identifying with new reference groups and adapting oneself to fit new norms, and found that high suppressors are strong norm followers.
Abstract: The authors studied social norms and prejudice using M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif's (1953) group norm theory of attitudes. In 7 studies (N = 1,504), social norms were measured and manipulated to examine their effects on prejudice; both normatively proscribed and normatively prescribed forms of prejudice were included. The public expression of prejudice toward 105 social groups was very highly correlated with social approval of that expression. Participants closely adhere to social norms when expressing prejudice, evaluating scenarios of discrimination, and reacting to hostile jokes. The authors reconceptualized the source of motivation to suppress prejudice in terms of identifying with new reference groups and adapting oneself to fit new norms. Suppression scales seem to measure patterns of concern about group norms rather than personal commitments to reducing prejudice; high suppressors are strong norm followers. Compared with low suppressors, high suppressors follow normative rules more closely and are more strongly influenced by shifts in local social norms. There is much value in continuing the study of normative influence and self-adaptation to social norms, particularly in terms of the group norm theory of attitudes.
TL;DR: Using a genetic algorithm and museum specimen occurrence data, ecological niche models are developed for 1,870 species occurring in Mexico and projected onto two climate surfaces modelled for 2055, suggesting that severe ecological perturbations may result.
Abstract: Global climates are changing rapidly, with unexpected consequences. Because elements of biodiversity respond intimately to climate as an important driving force of distributional limitation, distributional shifts and biodiversity losses are expected. Nevertheless, in spite of modelling efforts focused on single species or entire ecosystems, a few preliminary surveys of fauna-wide effects, and evidence of climate change-mediated shifts in several species, the likely effects of climate change on species' distributions remain little known, and fauna-wide or community-level effects are almost completely unexplored. Here, using a genetic algorithm and museum specimen occurrence data, we develop ecological niche models for 1,870 species occurring in Mexico and project them onto two climate surfaces modelled for 2055. Although extinctions and drastic range reductions are predicted to be relatively few, species turnover in some local communities is predicted to be high (>40% of species), suggesting that severe ecological perturbations may result.
TL;DR: The Commission on Practice concluded that the new document needed to be a different kind of document—one that could be helpful to practitioners adapting to these changes and assist them in clarifying the profession's domain and process for internal and external audiences.
Abstract: 607 Mary Jane Youngstrom Over the years occupational therapy has adapted to historical, cultural, and technological change—while always staying focused on helping people to participate in their daily life occupations. As knowledge has developed and adaptations have occurred, the language that the profession’s practitioners use to describe what they do and how they do it has also evolved. The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (Framework) is an example of the natural evolution in terminology and language that occurs in a viable and dynamic profession. The Framework was adopted at the May 2002 meeting of the Representative Assembly and will replace the Uniform Terminology for Occupational Therapy—Third Edition (UT-III) (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 1994). In early 1999, the Commission on Practice (COP) began the process of reviewing UT-III and seeking feedback from practitioners, leaders, and scholars on whether it should be rescinded or revised. After review of the extensive feedback, the Commission decided that there was still a need for a document that outlined the constructs in the profession’s domain. However, many changes had occurred in the practice environment and profession’s knowledge base since UT-III’s adoption in 1994. Practice patterns in traditional health care settings were changing due to shifting reimbursement parameters. Practitioners had to rethink their practices. Occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants were seeking support for applying occupational therapy in new practice arenas. The increased interest in the study of “occupation” was stimulating discussion about “occupation-based” practice in all areas and placing increased attention on the construct of occupation. A common theme in all of these shifts was the need to reaffirm and clarify what occupational therapy practice is all about. With these changes forming the backdrop for discussion, the Commission began to rethink what the purposes and format of a new document should be. The Commission concluded that the new document needed to be a different kind of document—one that could be helpful to practitioners adapting to these changes and assist them in clarifying the profession’s domain and process for internal and external audiences. In reviewing the feedback and discussing the profession’s current status, the Commission identified several issues that needed to be addressed in the new document: • The outline of the domain needed to be clearly tied to the idea of occupation and should reflect recent thinking and new constructs. • The document needed to explain how the construct of occupation was integrated throughout the occupational therapy process and how the domain and process were related. The process description needed to be general enough to be applicable across specialties and in newly developing arenas. At the same time, it needed to illustrate how all practice was linked by its focus on helping people engage in meaningful everyday life activities. • The language and terminology used in the new document needed to be updated to reflect current knowledge and revised to include terminology more familiar to other disciplines as well as the terminology outlined in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001). Use of more familiar language would help external audiences to more clearly understand the profession’s interests and contributions to health care. • The new document needed to more explicitly describe occupational therapy’s outcomes and contribution to health. Occupational therapists needed to understand their role within a larger societal and health context in order to position themselves in changing traditional areas and to take advantage of opportunities in emerging arenas. Clients needed to be recognized not only as individuals but as FROM THE GUEST EDITOR The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: The Evolution of Our Professional Language
University of Iowa1, Brigham and Women's Hospital2, University of Manchester3, Sao Paulo State University4, University of Hamburg5, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia6, Children's Hospital Oakland7, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill8, University of Kansas9, Yale University10, University of Antioquia11, University of São Paulo12
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.
Abstract: Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) belongs to a family of nine transcription factors that share a highly conserved helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Most IRFs regulate the expression of interferon-α and -β after viral infection1, but the function of IRF6 is unknown. The gene encoding IRF6 is located in the critical region for the Van der Woude syndrome (VWS; OMIM 119300) locus at chromosome 1q32–q41 (refs 2,3). The disorder is an autosomal dominant form of cleft lip and palate with lip pits4, and is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip or palate. Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS; OMIM 119500) is a disorder with a similar orofacial phenotype that also includes skin and genital anomalies5. Phenotypic overlap6 and linkage data7 suggest that these two disorders are allelic. We found a nonsense mutation in IRF6 in the affected twin of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for VWS. Subsequently, we identified mutations in IRF6 in 45 additional unrelated families affected with VWS and distinct mutations in 13 families affected with PPS. Expression analyses showed high levels of Irf6 mRNA along the medial edge of the fusing palate, tooth buds, hair follicles, genitalia and skin. Our observations demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration1, University of Washington2, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science3, University of Kansas4, United States Geological Survey5, University of California, San Diego6, University of Miami7, Cornell University8, University of New Orleans9, Old Dominion University10, United States Environmental Protection Agency11
TL;DR: A summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems can be found in this article.
Abstract: Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO2. Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO2 levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed
CERN1, Royal Holloway, University of London2, Fermilab3, University of Bonn4, University of Montpellier5, University of Michigan6, University of California, Davis7, University of California, Santa Cruz8, University of Wisconsin-Madison9, Brookhaven National Laboratory10, Stanford University11, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory12, University of Warsaw13, Northern Illinois University14, RWTH Aachen University15, University of Florida16, University of Antwerp17, University of Colorado Boulder18, University of Minnesota19, University of Zurich20, Austrian Academy of Sciences21, Northwestern University22, California Institute of Technology23, Argonne National Laboratory24, University of Chicago25, University of Kansas26
TL;DR: The "Snowmass Points and Slopes" (SPS) as mentioned in this paper are a set of benchmark points and parameter lines in the MSSM parameter space corresponding to different scenarios in the search for Supersymmetry at present and future experiments.
Abstract: The ”Snowmass Points and Slopes” (SPS) are a set of benchmark points and parameter lines in the MSSM parameter space corresponding to different scenarios in the search for Supersymmetry at present and future experiments. This set of benchmarks was agreed upon at the 2001 ”Snowmass Workshop on the Future of Particle Physics” as a consensus based on different existing proposals.
TL;DR: In a 6-year longitudinal study, individual differences in hope, as measured by the hope scale (C. R. Snyder et al., 1991) scores of entering college freshmen, predicted better overall grade point averages even after controlling for variance related to entrance examination scores as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A cognitive, motivational theory is introduced to the educational research community. Hope theory integrates the conceptualization of goals, along with the strategies to achieve those goals (pathways), and the motivation to pursue those goals (agency). In a 6-year longitudinal study, individual differences in hope, as measured by the Hope Scale (C. R. Snyder et al., 1991) scores of entering college freshmen, predicted better overall grade point averages even after controlling for variance related to entrance examination scores. High- relative to the low-hope students also were more likely to have graduated and not to have been dismissed over this 6-year period. Hopeful thinking in college academics is discussed, along with the contributions of hope theory for educational research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
TL;DR: The authors found that inducing empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole, but do these more positive attitudes translate into action on behalf of the group?
Abstract: Research reveals that inducing empathy for a member of a stigmatized group can improve attitudes toward the group as a whole. But do these more positive attitudes translate into action on behalf of the group? Results of an experiment suggested an affirmative answer to this question. Undergraduates first listened to an interview with a convicted heroin addict and dealer; they were then given a chance to recommend allocation of Student Senate funds to an agency to help drug addicts. (The agency would not help the addict whose interview they heard.) Participants induced to feel empathy for the addict allocated more funds to the agency. Replicating past results, these participants also reported more positive attitudes toward people addicted to hard drugs. In addition, an experimental condition in which participants were induced to feel empathy for a fictional addict marginally increased action on behalf of, and more positive attitudes toward, drug addicts.
TL;DR: A systematic overview on constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a rapidly evolving area in signal transduction research, and inverse agonists and Na+ that stabilize the R state, and pertussis toxin that uncouples GPCRs from Gi/Go-proteins are provided.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a systematic overview on constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a rapidly evolving area in signal transduction research. We will discuss mechanisms, pharmacological tools and methodological approaches to analyze constitutive activity. The two-state model defines constitutive activity as the ability of a GPCR to undergo agonist-independent isomerization from an inactive (R) state to an active (R*) state. While the two-state model explains basic concepts of constitutive GPCR activity and inverse agonism, there is increasing evidence for multiple active GPCR conformations with distinct biological activities. As a result of constitutive GPCR activity, basal G-protein activity increases. Until now, constitutive activity has been observed for more than 60 wild-type GPCRs from the families 1–3 and from different species including humans and commonly used laboratory animal species. Additionally, several naturally occurring and disease-causing GPCR mutants with increased constitutive activity relative to wild-type GPCRs have been identified. Alternative splicing, RNA editing, polymorphisms within a given species, species variants and coupling to specific G-proteins all modulate the constitutive activity of GPCRs, providing multiple regulatory switches to fine-tune basal cellular activities. The most important pharmacological tools to analyze constitutive activity are inverse agonists and Na+ that stabilize the R state, and pertussis toxin that uncouples GPCRs from Gi/Go-proteins. Constitutive activity is observed at low and high GPCR expression levels, in native systems and in recombinant systems, and has been reported for GPCRs coupled to Gs-, Gi- and Gq-proteins. Constitutive activity of neurotransmitter GPCRs may provide a tonic support for basal neuronal activity. For the majority of GPCRs known to be constitutively active, inverse agonists have already been identified. Inverse agonists may be useful in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases and of diseases caused by constitutively active GPCR mutants.
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic treatment of multilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators is presented, which includes strong type and endpoint weak type estimates, interpolation, a multi-inear T 1 theorem, and a variety of results regarding multinear multiplier operators.
University of Pennsylvania1, University of Rochester2, Columbia University3, Medical College of Wisconsin4, University of Southern California5, University of South Florida6, Rutgers University7, Indiana University8, North Shore-LIJ Health System9, Baylor College of Medicine10, Virginia Commonwealth University11, University of Alabama12, Toronto Western Hospital13, Ohio State University14, University of Kansas15, Albany Medical College16, University of Miami17, University of Saskatchewan18, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center19, Creighton University20, University of Minnesota21, Rush University Medical Center22, Yale University23, University of California, San Francisco24, University of Chicago25, Georgia Regents University26, University of Alberta27, Mayo Clinic28, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai29, Boston University30, University of Toronto31, Oregon Health & Science University32, University of Connecticut33
TL;DR: Rasagiline is effective as monotherapy for patients with early PD and the 2 dosages in this trial were both effective relative to placebo.
Abstract: CONTEXT
Monotherapy with rasagiline mesylate may be useful in early Parkinson disease (PD).
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the selective monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor rasagiline.
DESIGN
Multicenter, 26-week, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
SETTING
Academically based movement disorders clinics.
PATIENTS
Patients with early PD not requiring dopaminergic therapy (n = 404).
INTERVENTION
Research participants were randomized to rasagiline mesylate at dosages of 1 mg or 2 mg per day or matching placebo. A 1-week escalation period was followed by a 25-week maintenance period.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The primary prespecified measure of efficacy was the change in the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scal score between baseline and 26 weeks of treatment, comparing each active treatment group with the placebo group.
RESULTS
Monotherapy with rasagiline was effective in this 26-week study. The adjusted effect size for the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was -4.20 units comparing 1 mg of rasagiline and placebo (95% confidence interval, -5.66 to -2.73 units; P<.001) and -3.56 units comparing a 2-mg dosage and placebo (95% confidence interval, -5.04 to -2.08 units; P<.001). There were no meaningful differences in the frequency of adverse events or premature withdrawals among the treatment groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Rasagiline is effective as monotherapy for patients with early PD. The 2 dosages in this trial were both effective relative to placebo. Further study is warranted to evaluate the longer-term effects of rasagiline in PD.
TL;DR: The generation and observation of coherent temporal oscillations between the macroscopic quantum states of a Josephson tunnel junction are reported by applying microwaves with frequencies close to the level separation.
Abstract: We report the generation and observation of coherent temporal oscillations between the macroscopic quantum states of a Josephson tunnel junction by applying microwaves with frequencies close to the level separation. Coherent temporal oscillations of excited state populations were observed by monitoring the junction's tunneling probability as a function of time. From the data, the lower limit of phase decoherence time was estimated to be about 5 microseconds.
TL;DR: It is suggested that risk and protective factors for adjustment across the first year of survivorship can be identified even prior to definitive surgery for breast cancer, particularly when both dispositional characteristics such as hope and situation‐specific coping strategies are considered.
Abstract: Given the marked individual variability in psychological adjustment in response to breast cancer, it is important to specify factors contributing to adaptive survivorship. This longitudinal study of 70 women with Stage I or II breast cancer tested the ability of situation-specific coping strategies and a more stable attribute, hope, to predict adjustment prospectively from the point shortly following diagnosis through the first year. Consonant with previous studies, coping through active acceptance at diagnosis predicted more positive adjustment across time, and avoidance-oriented coping predicted greater fear of cancer recurrence, over and above participant age and initial status on dependent variables. The hypothesis that coping through turning to religion would be more effective for less hopeful women was supported, and mixed support emerged for the hypothesis that approach-oriented coping strategies would yield greater adaptational benefits for women high in hope. Findings suggest that risk and protective factors for adjustment across the first year of survivorship can be identified even prior to definitive surgery for breast cancer, particularly when both dispositional characteristics such as hope and situation-specific coping strategies are considered.
TL;DR: According to as discussed by the authors, the subjective meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination depend on the position of one's group in the social structure, and attributions to prejudice are considerably more harmful for the psychological well-being of members of disadvantaged groups than they are for members of privileged groups.
Abstract: The subjective meaning and consequences of perceived discrimination depend on the position of one's group in the social structure. For members of disadvantaged groups, attributions to prejudice are likely to be internal, stable, uncontrollable, and convey widespread exclusion and devaluation of one's group. For members of privileged groups, the meaning of attributions to prejudice is more localized. Because of such meaning differences, attributions to prejudice are considerably more harmful for the psychological well-being of members of disadvantaged groups than they are for members of privileged groups. According to the Rejection-Identification Model (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999), members of disadvantaged groups cope with the pain of attributions to prejudice by increasing identification with their disadvantaged group. We conclude with an exploration of the social contextual factors that can affect how the disadvantaged cope, and a discussion of the challenges facing future research on attributio...
TL;DR: Experimentally induced emotional expression and benefit finding regarding early-stage breast cancer reduced medical visits for cancer-related morbidities and effects on psychological outcomes varied as a function of cancer- related avoidance.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Expressing emotions and finding benefits regarding stressful experiences have been associated in correlational research with positive adjustment. A randomized trial was performed to compare effects of experimentally induced written emotional disclosure and benefit finding with a control condition on physical and psychological adjustment to breast cancer and to test whether outcomes varied as a function of participants’ cancer-related avoidance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Early-stage breast cancer patients completing medical treatment were assigned randomly to write over four sessions about (1) their deepest thoughts and feelings regarding breast cancer (EMO group; n = 21), (2) positive thoughts and feelings regarding their experience with breast cancer (POS group; n = 21), or (3) facts of their breast cancer experience (CTL group; n = 18). Psychological (eg, distress) and physical (perceived somatic symptoms and medical appointments for cancer-related morbidities) outcomes were assessed at 1- and 3-mo...
TL;DR: This is the first demonstration of the co-occurrence of functional and structural plasticity within the same cortical regions and provides strong evidence that synapse formation may play a role in supporting learning-dependent changes in cortical function.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the application of this model for spatial interpolation of soil temperature measurements over complex topography at landscape scales and generate daily minimum and maximum soil temperature maps based on regression analyses.
TL;DR: In this paper, a very high resolution radiometer normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data was used to develop an innovative technique for crop type identification based on temporal changes in NDVI values.
TL;DR: This review summarizes recognized signaling cascades and new research in mammalian implantation, based primarily on available genetic and molecular evidence from implantation studies in the mouse, to help alleviate infertility, enhance fetal health, and improve contraceptive design.
Abstract: Implantation involves a series of steps leading to an effective reciprocal signaling between the blastocyst and the uterus. Except for a restricted period when ovarian hormones induce a uterine receptive phase, the uterus is an unfavorable environment for blastocyst implantation. Because species-specific variations in implantation strategies exist, these differences preclude the formulation of a unifying theme for the molecular basis of this event. However, an increased understanding of mammalian implantation has been gained through the use of the mouse model. This review summarizes recognized signaling cascades and new research in mammalian implantation, based primarily on available genetic and molecular evidence from implantation studies in the mouse. Although the identification of new molecules associated with implantation in various species provides valuable insight, important questions remain regarding the common molecular mechanisms that govern this process. Understanding the mechanisms of implantation promises to help alleviate infertility, enhance fetal health, and improve contraceptive design. The success of any species depends on its reproductive efficiency. For sexual reproduction, an egg and sperm must overcome many obstacles to fuse and co-mingle their genetic material at fertilization. The zygote develops into a blastocyst with two cell lineages (the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm), migrates within the reproductive tract, and ultimately implants into a transiently permissive host tissue, the uterus. However, the molecular basis of the road map connecting the blastocyst with the endometrium across species is diverse (1) and not fully understood. Recent advances have identified numerous molecules involved in implantation (1-4), yet new discoveries have not yielded a unifying scheme for the mechanisms of implantation.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that shear stimulates phosphorylation of eNOS-S1179 in a PKA-dependent, but Aktindependent manner, whereas the NO⋅ production is regulated by the mechanisms dependent on both PKA and Akt.