Showing papers by "University of Kentucky published in 1987"
TL;DR: This article proposed and estimated a hierarchically organized foreign-policy belief structure in which specific policy preferences are derived from postures (broad, abstract beliefs regarding appropriate general governmental strategies), in turn, are assumed to be constrained by a set of core values about the international community.
Abstract: It has long been assumed that foreign-policy attitudes of the mass public are random, disorganized, and unconstrained if they exist at all. Further, foreign-policy thinking has not been found to be structured along standard ideological (liberal-conservative) lines, partisan lines, or class lines. We attempt to move the discussion from a question of whether foreign-policy attitudes are structured to a question of how they are structured. We propose and estimate (using a LISREL model) a hierarchically organized foreign-policy belief structure in which specific policy preferences are derived from postures (broad, abstract beliefs regarding appropriate general governmental strategies). These postures, in turn, are assumed to be constrained by a set of core values about the international community.
654 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of mixed price bundling has been studied in many industries (particularly service industries), where a firm offers its customers the choice of bundling a product line or not.
Abstract: As product lines have broadened in many industries (particularly service industries), the use of mixed price bundling has increased. In mixed price bundling, a firm offers its customers the choice ...
592 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the fundamentals of radiation heat transfer and some recent progress in its modeling in combustion systems. But, they do not consider the effects of radiation on the combustion process.
566 citations
TL;DR: A histochemical method for staining CNS zinc by the stoichiometric formation of zinc: quinoline fluorescent chelates is described, and data indicate that the fluorochrome can be used for quantitative estimates of CNS zinc pools as well as qualitative studies of localization.
521 citations
458 citations
TL;DR: Gravitational flow-through systems were used to determine whether larvae of two-lined salamanders, Eurycea bislineata, and Cope's grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, use chemical cues to detect predatory fish, and suggest that amphibian larvaeUse chemical cues in their natural habitats to minimize predation risk from fish.
390 citations
TL;DR: A series of vectors built to allow the constitutive or light-regulated expression of foreign genes in plants carry expression cassettes that have been incorporated into pBR322-based or RK2-based replicons to facilitate direct DNA uptake or Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer.
345 citations
TL;DR: The general conditions for when refuge use should have a stabilizing effect on Lotka-Volterra-type predator-prey systems are shown and the effect of the cost of refuge use in decreased prey feeding or reproductive rates is examined.
341 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between the strategic orientation of three tobacco companies, the proportion of executives recruited from outside the company and the proportion from different functional backgrounds in the upper echelon of the companies is the focus of this paper.
Abstract: Every organization reflects the background of its most powerful top managers; what the organization does and the way it carries out its functions could be explained, in part at least, by the profile of its upper echelon. The relationship between the strategic orientation of three tobacco companies, the proportion of executives recruited from outside the company and the proportion of executives from different functional backgrounds in the upper echelon of the companies is the focus of this paper.
341 citations
TL;DR: In this article, several models that can be used to optimally size water distribution pipes were applied to a hypothetical system, and the results are summarized in this paper, where the models produced solutions with costs that were within 10% of one another, although the solutions were quite different.
Abstract: Several models that can be used to optimally size water distribution pipes were applied to a hypothetical system. The results are summarized in this paper. The models produced solutions with costs that were within 10% of one another, although the solutions were quite different. While the models were helpful in sizing pipes, some manual calculations and a good deal of engineering judgment were required to apply them.
328 citations
Patent•
13 Jul 1987TL;DR: In this article, an underground probe is inserted into a bore hole until the probe is in close proximity to a coal seam, and a mixture of air, steam, an electrolyte and a suitable catalyst is supplied to the probe, and the mixture is then sprayed directly on the coal seam through a passage in a nozzle.
Abstract: A method for the electro-thermal and electrochemical underground conversion of coal into oil and by-products comprises the steps of inserting an underground probe into a bore hole until the probe is in close proximity to a coal seam. A mixture of air, steam, an electrolyte and a suitable catalyst is supplied to the probe, and the mixture is then sprayed directly on the coal seam through a passage in a nozzle. The probe is also energized with electricity applied to the nozzle to produce an arc between the coal and the probe, simultaneous with the spraying of the mixture on the coal seam. Heat of the combustion from the arc and the steam combine to produce a pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction of the coal, thereby converting the coal into a gaseous combination of oil and by-products. The arc can be rotated to increase the tunnel diameter. An apparatus for performing the method is also provided.
TL;DR: This paper presented a model describing three context variables hypothesized to affect measures of teacher efficacy, including the nature of the student performance outcome, the ability of the students involved, and the scope of influence (single student or group of students).
Abstract: This article presents a model describing three context variables hypothesized to affect measures of teacher efficacy. These variables include the nature of the student performance outcome (positive or negative), the ability of the students involved (high or low), and the scope of influence (single student or group of students). The results from studies investigating the influence of performance outcome and student ability variables are summarized. The present study focuses on the scope of influence variable. Data were gathered from 114 experienced elementary and secondary teachers through attitudinal and perceptual self-reports. Correlational analysis generally supported the model, but factor-analytic procedures failed to yield clearly distinct factor dimensions. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.
TL;DR: The experiments demonstrate that a particular ion (calcium) is apparently moved across the cell membrane in response to the DC and AC values of magnetic flux densities and the frequency derived from the cyclotron resonance theory.
Abstract: The hypothesis that movement of biological ions may be predicted by cyclotron resonance theory applied to cell membranes is tested in these experiments. Diatoms (Amphora coffeaeformis) were chosen as the biosystem since they move or don't move, depending on how much calcium is transported across the membrane. The experiments demonstrate that a particular ion (calcium) is apparently moved across the cell membrane in response to the DC and AC values of magnetic flux densities (B) and the frequency derived from the cyclotron resonance theory. A clear resonance is shown and a rather sharp frequency response curve is demonstrated. The experiments also show a dose response as the AC value of the flux density is varied, and that odd harmonics of the basic cyclotron frequency are also effective.
TL;DR: New information is highlighted about the life cycle of S. neurona and the literature regarding diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment of EPM, considered a treatable disease, although the response to antimicrobial treatment often is incomplete.
Abstract: Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a disease that produces neurologic signs of brain or spinal cord dysfunction. The causative organism is believed to be a Sarcocystis species of protozoa. A definitive diagnosis can only be made on histopathology of affected spinal cord or brain. No preventive measures or documented treatment is available at this time for suspected cases of EPM.
TL;DR: More calories and protein usually can be administered to acute brain injury patients via the TPN route than by EN feedings via nasogastric or nasoduodenal routes.
Abstract: ✓ Fifty-one brain-injured patients with peak 24-hour admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 4 to 10 were prospectively randomly assigned to receive total parenteral (TPN) or enteral (EN) nutrition. Patients were studied from hospital admission to 18 days postinjury. Outcome was assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postinjury. The TPN group received a significantly higher cumulative mean intake of protein than the EN group (mean ± standard error of the mean: 1.35 ± 0.12 vs. 0.91 ± 0.9 gm/kg/day; p = 0.004). Mean cumulative caloric balance was also significantly higher in the TPN than in the EN group (75.6% ± 5.13% vs. 59% ± 4.26%; p = 0.02). Nitrogen balance was significantly more negative in the EN group during the 1st week postinjury (p = 0.002). The incidence of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septic shock, and infections was not significantly different between groups. Classic nutritional assessment parameters such as anergy screens, total lymphocyte counts,...
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In the Mediterranean Civilizations, documented recognition of the value of green manures can be found as early as the writings of Xenophon, who lived from 434 to 355 B.C.
Abstract: Throughout virtually all of the history of agriculture, the nitrogen harvested from cropped soils has been replenished, if it has been replenished at all, by leguminous nitrogen fixation. Although animal wastes, nonsymbiotic fixation, and atmospheric deposition can be significant sources of N, a large fraction of the first can be traced to legume sources and the latter two are generally insufficient to maintain productivity of cropland. In the Mediterranean Civilizations, documented recognition of the value of green manures can be found as early as the writings of Xenophon, who lived from 434 to 355 B.C. (according to Wedderbuan and Collingwood, 1976). Semple (1928), in a review of ancient agricultural practices, indicated that several writers have specifically discussed the use of legumes for soil improvement. Theophrastus (373–287 B.C.) wrote of bean crops being used as green manure by farmers of Macedonia and Thessaly. Cato (234–149 B.C.) and Columella (about 45 A.D.) compared the value of various legumes in soil improvement. Lupine was a favored legume for this purpose. According to Pieters (1927), Chinese writers recognized more than 2,000 years ago that legumes increased production of the crops that followed. As is often the case now, development of these practices by farmers may considerably predate their consideration by academics.
TL;DR: The predicted amino acid sequences of the polyproteins of two potyviruses, TVMV and TEV, were compared to each other, to proteins of other viruses, and to the National Biomedical Research Foundation protein sequence bank as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, conditions were defined for obtaining photoligation of Mn 2+ and photoactivation of O 2 evolution in NH 2 OH- and Tris-extracted PS II membranes (TMF-2) completely devoid of the CF 0 /CF 1 complex and containing only approx. 2 −3 PS II e − acceptor equivalents per PS II reaction center.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined differences between women and men in attitudes toward the environment due to differences in sex roles and found that if there is a sex difference, men are more concerned and knowledgeable about the environmental problem.
Abstract: Several theories have been presented that predict differences between women and men in attitudes toward the environment due to differences in sex roles. Research on which these theories can be tested has tended to examine general environmental concern, and the results have generally been weak and inconclusive. Using an approach suggested in the literature, this study examines sex differences in concern and knowledge, using multi-item scales for each, about one environmental issue — acid rain. The results contradict the theories being tested, however: if there is a sex difference, men are found to be more concerned and knowledgeable about the environmental problem.
TL;DR: The method of fundamental solutions (MFS) as discussed by the authors is a relatively new technique for the numerical solution of certain elliptic boundary value problems, and it falls in the class of methods generally called boundary methods, and is applicable when a fundamental solution of the differential equation is known.
TL;DR: The hard occlusal splint significantly reduced muscle activity in only one participant while causing a statistically significant increase in Muscle activity in five of the ten participants.
Abstract: An investigative study of the effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nighttime bruxism is presented. Occlusal splints are commonly used for the treatment of nocturnal bruxism. This study investigated the effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nighttime muscle activity. The nocturnal muscle activity of ten participants was recorded while wearing a hard and then a soft occlusal splint. The hard occlusal splint significantly reduced muscle activity in eight of the ten participants. The soft occlusal splint significantly reduced muscle activity in only one participant while causing a statistically significant increase in muscle activity in five of the ten participants.
TL;DR: Using the bilateral carotid artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia in the gerbil, the effect of moderate hypothermia on the postischemic production of prostanoids and leukotrienes and accompanying changes in cerebral edema formation is studied.
Abstract: Using the bilateral carotid artery occlusion model of cerebral ischemia in the gerbil, we studied the effect of moderate hypothermia (30 to 31 degrees C) on the postischemic production of prostanoids (cyclooxygenase pathway) and leukotrienes (lipoxygenase pathway) and accompanying changes in cerebral edema formation. Hypothermia capable of slowing central evoked potential conduction time was studied over the course of 40 minutes of cerebral ischemia and for up to 2 hours of reperfusion. The successful induction of cerebral ischemia was confirmed by somatosensory evoked potential amplitude changes. Measurements of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (radioimmunoassay) and cerebral edema (specific gravity) were made at early (10 minutes) and late (2 hours) reperfusion times. Although both white and gray matter showed no early significant difference in edema accumulation between normothermic and hypothermic gerbils at 10 minutes of reperfusion, hypothermic animals demonstrated significantly less white matter edema (specific gravity, 1.0397 +/- 0.0010 vs. 1.0341 +/- 0.0012, P less than 0.01) and gray matter edema (specific gravity, 1.0408 +/- 0.0009 vs. 1.0365 +/- 0.0008, P less than 0.01) by 2 hours of reperfusion. Production of PGF1 alpha was not significantly different between normothermic and hypothermic animals during the reperfusion period; however, hypothermic gerbils demonstrated significantly lower production of LTB4 at 10 minutes reperfusion time compared to normothermic animals (1.49 +/- 0.79 vs. 5.28 +/- 1.49 pg/mg of protein, P less than 0.05). This difference between the two groups in LTB4 levels was no longer detectable at 2 hours of reperfusion time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Intravenous self-administration preparations, utilizing a chronic indwelling catheter, have been developed for the rat, rhesus monkey, dog, squirrel monkey, pig, baboon, cat, and mouse which are considered to be reliable predictors of the abuse potential of drugs.
Abstract: Intravenous self-administration preparations, utilizing a chronic indwelling catheter, have been developed for the rat, rhesus monkey, dog, squirrel monkey, pig, baboon, cat, and mouse. A wide variety of psychoactive drugs has been tested in these animal preparations which are considered to be reliable predictors of the abuse potential of drugs. Maintained self-administration is taken as evidence of reinforcing effect, and therefore abuse potential, and has been reported for most of the drugs that humans abuse. Use of the self-administration technique also predicts that some drugs not widely available for human use would be abused if available. Long-term drug access results in drug-intake patterns and drug-induced effects in animals that are similar to those seen in humans. The self-administration technique has been widely used to determine the neurotransmitter basis of the reinforcing effects of drugs. Drug preference and reinforcement magnitude have been estimated by comparing the self-administration of two or more drugs available under various experimental conditions, including choice procedures, progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules, and chain reinforcement schedules.
TL;DR: The patients with head injury had clinical and biochemical indicators of IL-1 activity such as fever, hypozincemia, and increased C-reactive protein levels that improved during the period of hospitalization, and it is speculated that the elevated IL- 1 activity may play a role in the altered metabolic response of patients with severe head injury.
Patent•
11 May 1987TL;DR: In this article, a method for preparing biodegradable microspheres having a three-dimensional network in which biologically active macromolecular agents are physically entrapped therein is presented.
Abstract: A method for preparing biodegradable microspheres having a three-dimensional network in which biologically active macromolecular agents are physically entrapped therein. The microsphere is able to degrade and release the macromolecular agent at a controlled rate. The method involves emulsifying a vinyl derivative of a biodegradable hydrophilic polymer, a water-soluble monovinyl monomer and a biologically active macromolecule in water, and copolymerizing the biodegradable hydrophilic polymer and the water-soluble monovinyl monomer such that the biologically active macromolecule is entrapped therein.
TL;DR: A 16 nucleotide sequence, complementary to the 3' terminus of methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAimet) and presumed to be the primer binding site for initiation of reverse transcription to produce minus strand DNA, was found in the FMV genome near the discontinuity in the minus strand.
Abstract: The nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of figwort mosaic virus (FMV) was determined using the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The double-stranded DNA genome (7743 base pairs) contained eight open reading frames (ORFs), seven of which corresponded approximately in size and location to the ORFs found in the genome of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and carnation etched ring virus (CERV). ORFs I and V of FMV demonstrated the highest degrees of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology with the equivalent coding regions of CaMV and CERV. Regions II, III and IV showed somewhat less homology with the analogous regions of CaMV and CERV, and ORF VI showed homology with the corresponding gene of CaMV and CERV in only a short segment near the middle of the putative gene product. A 16 nucleotide sequence, complementary to the 3' terminus of methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAimet) and presumed to be the primer binding site for initiation of reverse transcription to produce minus strand DNA, was found in the FMV genome near the discontinuity in the minus strand. Sequences near the three interruptions in the plus strand of FMV DNA bear strong resemblance to similarly located sequences of 3 other caulimoviruses and are inferred to be initiation sites for second strand DNA synthesis. Additional conserved sequences in the small and large intergenic regions are pointed out including a highly conserved 35 bp sequence that occurs in the latter region.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the long-term effects of management systems, the function of soil organic matter and the optimum balance between organic matter exploitation and conservation are discussed, and a need for better methods of directly measuring nitrogen transformations in the field and for enhanced modelling capability.
Abstract: Agricultural management systems control crop residue placement, soil tillage, and the in situ production of soil organic matter. The long-term effects of management systems, the function of soil organic matter and the optimum balance between organic matter exploitation and conservation are discussed. There is a need for better methods of directly measuring nitrogen transformations in the field and for enhanced modelling capability.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of nine semistructured interviews and eight self-report inventories that improve the assessment of personality disorders and discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of measurement.
TL;DR: The results suggest a paradox: that the plant organ least likely to be exposed to anoxia or hypoxia is rich in the enzymes necessary for fermentation, in both headspace and enzymatic assays.
Abstract: Leaves of terrestrial plants are aerobic organs, and are not usually considered to possess the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis of ethanol, a product of anaerobic fermentation. We examined the ability of leaves of a number of plant species to produce acetaldehyde and ethanol anaerobically, by incubating detached leaves in N2 and measuring headspace acetaldehyde and ethanol vapors. Greenhouse-grown maize and soybean leaves produced little or no acetaldehyde or ethanol, while leaves of several species of greenhouse-grown woody plants produced up to 241 nanograms per milliliter headspace ethanol in 24 hours, corresponding to a liquid-phase concentration of up to 3 milligrams per gram dry weight. When leaves of 50 plant species were collected in the field and incubated in N2, all higher plants produced acetaldehyde and ethanol, with woody plants generally producing greater amounts (up to 1 microgram per milliliter headspace ethanol concentration). Maize and soybean leaves from the field produced both acetaldehyde and ethanol. Production of fermentation products was not due to phylloplane microbial activity: surface sterilized leaves produced as much acetaldehyde and ethanol as did unsterilized controls. There was no relationship between site flooding and foliar ethanol biosynthesis: silver maple and cottonwood from upland sites produced as much acetaldehyde and ethanol anaerobically as did plants from flooded bottomland sites. There was no relationship between flood tolerance of a species and ethanol biosynthesis rates: for example, the flood intolerant species Quercus rubra and the flood tolerant species Quercus palustris produced similar amounts of ethanol. Cottonwood leaves produced more ethanol than did roots, in both headspace and enzymatic assays. These results suggest a paradox: that the plant organ least likely to be exposed to anoxia or hypoxia is rich in the enzymes necessary for fermentation.
TL;DR: This article examined the general level of public environmental knowledge and analyzed the sociodemographic characteristics correlated with such knowledge, finding that the major correlates of environmental knowledge are education, income, and sex.
Abstract: The environment as an issue has been prominently before the public for almost two decades. Yet the question of how much the public knows about their environment or about environmental issues has seldom been considered in the research literature. Using data from a statewide survey, this paper examines the general level of public environmental knowledge and analyzes the sociodemographic characteristics correlated with such knowledge. The results indicate that public environmental knowledge remains painfully low, and that the major correlates of environmental knowledge are education, income, and sex. The need for the development of environmental knowledge scales that can be applied across a variety of research is discussed.