University of Kiel

About: University of Kiel is a education organization based out in Kiel, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Transplantation. The organization has 27816 authors who have published 57114 publications receiving 2061802 citations. The organization is also known as: Christian Albrechts University & Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.

Classroom climate and contextual effects : conceptual and methodological issues in the evaluation of group-level effects

Abstract: Classroom context and climate are inherently classroom-level (L2) constructs, but applied researchers sometimes—inappropriately—represent them by student-level (L1) responses in single-level models rather than more appropriate multilevel models. Here we focus on important conceptual issues (distinctions between climate and contextual variables; use of classroom L2 rather than student-level L1 measures) and more appropriate multilevel models. To illustrate these issues, we consider the effects of two L2 classroom climate variables and one L2 classroom contextual variable on two L1 student-level outcomes for 2261 students in 128 classes. Through this example, we illustrate how to apply evolving doubly latent multilevel models to (a) evaluate the factor structure of L1 and L2 constructs based on multiple indicators of classroom climate and context measures, (b) control measurement error at L1 and L2, (c) control sampling error in the aggregation of L1 responses to form L2 constructs (the average of student-l...

Rapid fabrication technique for interpenetrated ZnO nanotetrapod networks for fast UV sensors.

Abstract: Au contacts. The B-FTS approach exhibits the unique feature of ultra-rapid growth of ZnO nanotetrapods within few milliseconds and simultaneously in situ bridging electrical contacts. These bridging nanotetrapods were directly integrated on a chip and demonstrated signifi cantly improved performances as a UV photodetector. Comparison of the UV photodetectors performances built from interpenetrating ZnO nano-microstructures fabricated by B-FTS and C-FTS techniques are presented. Fastest response/recovery time constant (≈32 ms) under 365 nm UV light irradiation of B-FTS-made photodetectors (on/off ratio ≈4.5 ◊ 10 3 at 2.4 V) is reported. Different type of nanojunctions formed between neighbor nanowires or nanotetrapods (with ‘arm’ thickness <50 nm) could be the reason for such improved characteristics. The role of nanojunctions in fast UV photodetectors from networked ZnO nanowires and nanotetrapods is discussed. On the basis of the rapid B-FTS fabrication process and fast UV photodetection capabilities, such networked ZnO nanotetrapods can be potential candidates for various nanosensor applications.

Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline

Abstract: This document provides clinical recommendations for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations.Comprehensive evidence syntheses, including meta-analyses, were performed to summarise all available evidence relevant to the Task Force's questions. The evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach and the results were summarised in evidence profiles. The evidence syntheses were discussed and recommendations formulated by a multidisciplinary Task Force of COPD experts.After considering the balance of desirable and undesirable consequences, quality of evidence, feasibility, and acceptability of various interventions, the Task Force made: 1) a strong recommendation for noninvasive mechanical ventilation of patients with acute or acute-on-chronic respiratory failure; 2) conditional recommendations for oral corticosteroids in outpatients, oral rather than intravenous corticosteroids in hospitalised patients, antibiotic therapy, home-based management, and the initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation within 3 weeks after hospital discharge; and 3) a conditional recommendation against the initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation during hospitalisation.The Task Force provided recommendations related to corticosteroid therapy, antibiotic therapy, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, home-based management, and early pulmonary rehabilitation in patients having a COPD exacerbation. These recommendations should be reconsidered as new evidence becomes available.