University of Kiel

About: University of Kiel is a education organization based out in Kiel, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Crystal structure. The organization has 27816 authors who have published 57114 publications receiving 2061802 citations. The organization is also known as: Christian Albrechts University & Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.

General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science

Abstract: Clays and clay minerals are recognized as the materials of the twenty-first century. Chapter 1 provides a general introduction into clay science, illustrates the classification of the clay minerals (planar and non-planar 1:1 and 2:1 clay minerals), shows the idealized formulae of some representative clay minerals, lists the current names of clays, and reports the important properties of clay minerals. As yet, there is no uniform nomenclature in clay science, a unifying terminology is proposed that should be acceptable to all disciplines, users, and producers. This mainly concerns the terms “clay and clay mineral“, “associated minerals and associated phases“, “particles and aggregates“, “swelling“, and “delamination and “exfoliation“. Finally, in addition to belonging to the class of silicates, three alternative concepts of clay minerals are proposed to extend the benefit to a wider scientific audience.

Cathepsin D targeted by acid sphingomyelinase‐derived ceramide

Abstract: Ceramide has been recognized as a common intracellular second messenger for various cytokines, growth factors and other stimuli, such as CD95, chemotherapeutic drugs and stress factors. To understand the role of ceramide during apoptosis and other cellular responses, it is critically important to characterize direct targets of ceramide action. In this paper, we show that ceramide specifically binds to and activates the endosomal acidic aspartate protease cathepsin D. Direct interaction of ceramide with cathepsin D results in autocatalytic proteolysis of the 52 kDa pre-pro cathepsin D to form the enzymatically active 48/32 kDa isoforms of cathepsin D. Acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase)-deficient cells show decreased cathepsin D activity, which could be reconstituted by transfection with A-SMase cDNA. The results of our study identify cathepsin D as the first endosomal ceramide target that colocalizes with and may mediate downstream signaling effects of A-SMase.

A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of the Internal/External Frame of Reference Model of Academic Achievement and Academic Self-Concept

Abstract: A meta-analysis of 69 data sets (N = 125,308) was carried out on studies that simultaneously evaluate the effects of math and verbal achievements on math and verbal self-concepts. As predicted by the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model, math and verbal achievements were highly correlated overall (.67), but the correlation between math and verbal self-concepts (.10) was close to zero. Correlations between math and verbal achievement and correlations between achievements and self-concepts within the domains were more positive when grades instead of standardized test results were used as achievement indicators. A path analysis revealed support for the I/E model, with positive paths from achievement to the corresponding self-concepts (.61 for math, .49 for verbal) and negative paths from achievement in one subject to self-concept in the other subject (−.21 from math achievement on verbal self-concept, −.27 from verbal achievement to math self-concept). Furthermore, results showed that the I/E mod...