Institution
University of Kiel
Education•Kiel, Germany•
About: University of Kiel is a education organization based out in Kiel, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Transplantation. The organization has 27816 authors who have published 57114 publications receiving 2061802 citations. The organization is also known as: Christian Albrechts University & Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.
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TL;DR: The green but not the blue-green algae can be manipulated in mass cultures to yield a biomass with desired fatty acid and lipid compositions, which may indicate a hitherto unrecognized distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
528 citations
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TL;DR: The evidence for reduced penetrance being a widespread phenomenon in human genetics is summarized and some of the molecular mechanisms that may help to explain this enigmatic characteristic of human inherited disease are explored.
Abstract: Some individuals with a particular disease-causing mutation or genotype fail to express most if not all features of the disease in question, a phenomenon that is known as ‘reduced (or incomplete) penetrance’. Reduced penetrance is not uncommon; indeed, there are many known examples of ‘disease-causing mutations’ that fail to cause disease in at least a proportion of the individuals who carry them. Reduced penetrance may therefore explain not only why genetic diseases are occasionally transmitted through unaffected parents, but also why healthy individuals can harbour quite large numbers of potentially disadvantageous variants in their genomes without suffering any obvious ill effects. Reduced penetrance can be a function of the specific mutation(s) involved or of allele dosage. It may also result from differential allelic expression, copy number variation or the modulating influence of additional genetic variants in cis or in trans. The penetrance of some pathogenic genotypes is known to be age- and/or sex-dependent. Variable penetrance may also reflect the action of unlinked modifier genes, epigenetic changes or environmental factors. At least in some cases, complete penetrance appears to require the presence of one or more genetic variants at other loci. In this review, we summarize the evidence for reduced penetrance being a widespread phenomenon in human genetics and explore some of the molecular mechanisms that may help to explain this enigmatic characteristic of human inherited disease.
526 citations
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Imperial College London1, Cardiff University2, University of Auckland3, Goethe University Frankfurt4, University of Kiel5, Federal University of São Paulo6, McGill University7, University of Bristol8, Birkbeck, University of London9, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill10, University College London11, Beckley Foundation12
TL;DR: Three complementary neuroimaging techniques, implemented during resting state conditions, revealed marked changes in brain activity after LSD that correlated strongly with its characteristic psychological effects, contributing important new insights into the characteristic hallucinatory and consciousness-altering properties of psychedelics.
Abstract: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the prototypical psychedelic drug, but its effects on the human brain have never been studied before with modern neuroimaging. Here, three complementary neuroimaging techniques: arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) measures, and magnetoencephalography (MEG), implemented during resting state conditions, revealed marked changes in brain activity after LSD that correlated strongly with its characteristic psychological effects. Increased visual cortex cerebral blood flow (CBF), decreased visual cortex alpha power, and a greatly expanded primary visual cortex (V1) functional connectivity profile correlated strongly with ratings of visual hallucinations, implying that intrinsic brain activity exerts greater influence on visual processing in the psychedelic state, thereby defining its hallucinatory quality. LSD’s marked effects on the visual cortex did not significantly correlate with the drug’s other characteristic effects on consciousness, however. Rather, decreased connectivity between the parahippocampus and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) correlated strongly with ratings of “ego-dissolution” and “altered meaning,” implying the importance of this particular circuit for the maintenance of “self” or “ego” and its processing of “meaning.” Strong relationships were also found between the different imaging metrics, enabling firmer inferences to be made about their functional significance. This uniquely comprehensive examination of the LSD state represents an important advance in scientific research with psychedelic drugs at a time of growing interest in their scientific and therapeutic value. The present results contribute important new insights into the characteristic hallucinatory and consciousness-altering properties of psychedelics that inform on how they can model certain pathological states and potentially treat others.
526 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of heavy metals in soils are closely related to their content and species distribution in the solid and liquid phases of soils, and methods for the determination of metal species in both phases are described and critically evaluated.
Abstract: The ecological effects of heavy metals in soils are closely related to their content and species distribution in the solid and liquid phases of soils. Methods for the determination of metal species in both phases are described and critically evaluated. In connection with the possible binding mechanisms of heavy metals in soils the concept of specific and nonspecific adsorption is discussed. Recent results indicate that the adsorption of heavy metals on soil particles is not only restricted to the formation of surface complexes but can also take place in the structure of minerals. Diffusion processes of heavy metals into soil minerals are described for goethite. In order to assess metal mobility and availability in soils, the concentration of the species in the soil solution or in comparable aqueous equilibrium solutions of soil samples, and the transfer of metals from solid pools to the liquid phase, and vice versa, have to be assessed. Methods for the determination of the amount of plant-available heavy metals are described and the associated problems discussed.
523 citations
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TL;DR: The contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO 2 concentrations during the last glacial period has been investigated in this article, showing that surface water stratification is correlated with CO 2 concentration.
Abstract: Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO 2 concentrations during the last glacial period
523 citations
Authors
Showing all 28103 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Stefan Schreiber | 178 | 1233 | 138528 |
Jun Wang | 166 | 1093 | 141621 |
William J. Sandborn | 162 | 1317 | 108564 |
Jens Nielsen | 149 | 1752 | 104005 |
Tak W. Mak | 148 | 807 | 94871 |
Annette Peters | 138 | 1114 | 101640 |
Severine Vermeire | 134 | 1086 | 76352 |
Peter M. Rothwell | 134 | 779 | 67382 |
Dusan Bruncko | 132 | 1042 | 84709 |
Gideon Bella | 129 | 1301 | 87905 |
Dirk Schadendorf | 127 | 1017 | 105777 |
Neal L. Benowitz | 126 | 792 | 60658 |
Thomas Schwarz | 123 | 701 | 54560 |
Meletios A. Dimopoulos | 122 | 1371 | 71871 |
Christian Weber | 122 | 776 | 53842 |