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Showing papers by "University of Konstanz published in 2022"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, what kind of welfare state do voters of radical right parties (PRRPs) want and how do their preferences differ from voters of mainstream left and right-wing parties?
Abstract: What kind of welfare state do voters of populist radical right parties (PRRPs) want and how do their preferences differ from voters of mainstream left- and right-wing parties? In this paper, we dra...

27 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine emotional self-efficacy and distinct emotion regulation strategies as potential mediators in the relationship between cyber-victimization and lower well-being among German adolescents during the school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using quantitative proteomics and crosslinking coupled to mass spectrometry (XL-MS) data from an extensive set of pre-ribosomal particles, the authors derived a comprehensive and time-resolved interaction map of RBF engagement during 60S maturation.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on producing methanol from electrochemical CO2R, using metallomacrocyclic molecules as the model catalysts, and identify the challenges hindering methenol electro synthesis directly from CO2 and some intriguing directions worthy of further investigation and exploration.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Lin Li1
TL;DR: In this article , the authors found negative relationships between psychopathy and empathy (r = −0.31), empathic concern, perspective taking, difficulty describing feelings, difficulty identifying feelings, and externally-oriented thinking.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an export assay for 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was established, and the toxicity separation index (TSI) was calculated to quantify if the addition of the CMFDA assay to the existing test system improves the overall separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that studying the relationship between the radical right and the welfare state requires bridging literatures that have so far been too divided to connect the two sides, and they propose a review article and a special issue introduction.
Abstract: This review article and special issue introduction argues that studying the relationship between the populist radical right and the welfare state requires bridging literatures that have so far adva...

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article showed that the match between high quality workers and high quality plants is significantly tighter in large cities relative to small cities and that strong assortative matching is a key factor in explaining the growth of geographical wage disparities over the last three decades.
Abstract: Abstract Using administrative German data, we show that large cities allow for a more efficient matching between workers and firms and this has important consequences for geographical inequality. Specifically, the match between high-quality workers and high-quality plants is significantly tighter in large cities relative to small cities. Wages in large cities are higher not only because of the higher worker quality but also because of a stronger assortative matching. Strong assortative matching in large cities magnifies wage differences caused by worker sorting, and is a key factor in explaining the growth of geographical wage disparities over the last three decades.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a new pulse sequence for DNP of solids, termed X-inverse-X (XiX) DNP, was proposed and compared to TOP DNP.
Abstract: Pulsed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a promising new approach to enhancing the sensitivity of high-resolution magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR. In pulsed DNP, the transfer of polarization from unpaired electrons to nuclei (usually 1H) is induced by a sequence of microwave pulses. Enhancement factors of the thermal 1H polarization are expected to be independent of the magnetic field, and sample heating by absorption of microwave irradiation will be strongly reduced. The development of DNP pulse sequences is still in its infancy. Of the two basic sequences in existence, NOVEL and TOP DNP, the former is, due to an extremely high power requirement, incompatible with high-resolution MAS NMR, while the latter displays a relatively slow transfer of polarization from electrons to 1H. We introduce here a new pulse sequence for DNP of solids, termed X-inverse-X (XiX) DNP. In experiments at 1.2 T, XiX DNP produces, compared to TOP DNP, a 2-fold higher gain in sensitivity. Our data suggest that a faster transfer of polarization from electrons to 1H is behind the superior performance of XiX DNP. Numerical simulations and experiments indicate that microwave pulse lengths can be chosen across a broad range, without loss of efficiency. These findings are a substantial step toward the implementation of pulsed DNP at high magnetic fields.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An easy to implement workflow based on the evaluation of a quality control sample in non-targeted analysis (outlier detection and time related trend) is proposed for the first time and developed and demonstrated with Fourier transform-midinfrared spectroscopy using a rapeseed oil asQuality control sample.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: TeraTox as mentioned in this paper is a multiline differentiation assay using 3D human-induced pluripotent stem cells, which produces primary output concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and altered gene expression induced by each test compound.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used a group dictator game to investigate whether 3-and 5-year-olds would agree to and enforce a selfish or prosocial sharing norm in a resource sharing context, and they found that older preschoolers also enforced the prosocial (but not the selfish) norm by protesting normatively and intervening when the protagonist acted selfishly.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the opah genome was analyzed and 23 genes with convergent amino acid substitutions across fish, birds, and mammals, including slc8b1, which encodes the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and is essential for heart function and metabolic heat production.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the glass transition temperature in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films by picosecond ultrasonics with thicknesses ranging from 458 nm to 32 nm is demonstrated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the impact of the process kinematics and parameters on the grinding wheel wear and preparation result is investigated and discussed, and the results show that this preparation method achieves a high preparation accuracy and repeatability at small and medium depths of cut (20 and 40 μm).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the elastic properties of a point-defect-rich crystal were studied within a first principles theoretical framework derived from the microscopic equations of motion, which allows to make specific predictions pertaining to the mechanical properties that can validate through deformation experiments performed in molecular dynamics simulations.
Abstract: In complex crystals close to melting or at finite temperatures, different types of defects are ubiquitous and their role becomes relevant in the mechanical response of these solids. Conventional elasticity theory fails to provide a microscopic basis to include and account for the motion of point defects in an otherwise ordered crystalline structure. We study the elastic properties of a point-defect rich crystal within a first principles theoretical framework derived from the microscopic equations of motion. This framework allows us to make specific predictions pertaining to the mechanical properties that we can validate through deformation experiments performed in molecular dynamics simulations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined pricing efficiency of cryptocurrencies and some traditional assets measuring the level of market efficiency with Adjusted Market Inefficiency Measure (AMIM) and compared the patterns of several cryptocurrencies' price dynamics over the last 4 years are compared with those of traditional assets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a review shows factors that have contributed to this progress -from improved models to machine-learning-based analysis and scale-bridging methods, from improved models and machine learning methods to increasingly complex systems and processes such as multidomain proteins, phase separation processes in biopolymer solutions, multicomponent biomembranes, or multiprotein complexes up to entire viruses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , two new NAD+ derivatives are presented, which carry either a fluorophore or an affinity tag and, in combination with developed methods for mild cell delivery, allow studies in living human cells.
Abstract: Post-translational modification (PTM) with ADP-ribose and poly(ADP-ribose) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as substrate is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular pathways in eukaryotes, notably the response to DNA damage caused by cellular stress. Nevertheless, due to intrinsic properties of NAD+ e.g., high polarity and associated poor cell passage, these PTMs are difficult to characterize in cells. Here, two new NAD+ derivatives are presented, which carry either a fluorophore or an affinity tag and, in combination with developed methods for mild cell delivery, allow studies in living human cells. We show that this approach allows not only the imaging of ADP-ribosylation in living cells but also the proteome-wide analysis of cellular adaptation by protein ADP-ribosylation as a consequence of environmental changes such as H2O2-induced oxidative stress or the effect of the approved anti-cancer drug olaparib. Our results therefore pave the way for further functional and clinical studies of the ADP-ribosylated proteome in living cells in health and disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors focused on individual differences in self-control (domain-general selfcontrol, if-then planning) and boredom (boredom proneness, boredom avoidance and escape tendencies).
Abstract: Abstract Disengaging from unattainable goals and reengaging in alternative goals is essential for effective goal pursuit; yet, surprisingly little is known about associated personality factors. Here, we focused on individual differences in self-control (domain-general self-control, if–then planning) and boredom (boredom proneness, boredom avoidance and escape tendencies). Concerning goal adjustment in everyday life (Study 1; N = 323 crowdworkers), if–then planning was associated with worse disengagement and better reengagement. While boredom proneness was associated with poorer reengagement, boredom avoidance and escape tendencies were associated with better reengagement. When goal striving was thwarted during the COVID-19 pandemic (Study 2; N = 97 students), similar associations emerged along with links to anxiety and depression. However, disengagement was no longer associated with if–then planning but instead with better self-control and higher boredom proneness. These results show differential relationships of goal disengagement and reengagement with self-control and boredom, paving the way to a better understanding of who struggles or shines when effective goal adjustment is required.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors explore three bundles of factors potentially enhancing the professionalization of interest groups in Central and Eastern Europe: organizational funding sources, national and transnational intergroup cooperation and organizations' standing in the domestic interest group system.
Abstract: Abstract While there has been a veritable boom in literature on organized interests, their lobbying strategies, relationships with decision-makers, and their impact on policymaking, only a few studies have explored internal organizational developments and, specifically, the professionalization of interest groups. The present study focuses on the national and transnational factors driving the professionalization of interest groups in Central and Eastern Europe, a region previously neglected in much of the interest group literature. Based on a sample of more than 400 surveyed organizations operating in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovenia in the healthcare, higher education, and energy sectors, we explore three bundles of factors potentially enhancing the professionalization of interest groups – organizational funding sources, national and transnational intergroup cooperation and organizations’ standing in the domestic interest group system. Our statistical analyses show that state subsidies and tight policy coordination with the state are crucial drivers of internal organizational professionalization, suggesting rather patronistic and symbiotic relationships between the state and certain organizations. However, our data also support the notion that interorganizational collaboration, both at the national and international levels, may also be key to organizational professionalization, enabling groups that lack close ties with the state to compensate their disadvantage with intensive domestic and international networking. The study is also among the first to link increasing professionalization with organizational population density.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , an R toolbox for identifying behavioral patterns from multisensor geolocator tags, with functions specifically designed for data visualisation, calibration, classification and error estimation, is presented.
Abstract: Light-level geolocators have revolutionised the study of animal behaviour. However, lacking spatial precision, their usage has been primary targeted towards the analysis of large-scale movements. Recent technological developments have allowed the integration of magnetometers and accelerometers into geolocator tags in addition to barometers and thermometers, offering new behavioural insights. Here, we introduce an R toolbox for identifying behavioural patterns from multisensor geolocator tags, with functions specifically designed for data visualisation, calibration, classification and error estimation. More specifically, the package allows for the flexible analysis of any combination of sensor data using k-means clustering, expectation maximisation binary clustering, hidden Markov models and changepoint analyses. Furthermore, the package integrates tailored algorithms for identifying periods of prolonged high activity (most commonly used for identifying migratory flapping flight), and pressure changes (most commonly used for identifying dive or flight events). Finally, we highlight some of the limitations, implications and opportunities of using these methods.Les géolocalisateurs lumineux ont révolutionné l'étude du comportement animal. Toutefois, en raison de leur manque de précision spatiale, leur utilisation a été principalement dirigée vers l'analyse de mouvements à grandes échelles. Les développements technologiques récents ont permis l'intégration de magnétomètres et d'accéléromètres dans les balises de géolocalisation, en plus de baromètres et de thermomètres, permettant de nouvelles analyses du comportement animalier. Nous présentons ici notre R package pour l'identification de modèles comportementaux à partir de balises géolocalisatrices multisensoriels. Le package intègre des fonctions conçues spécifiquement pour la visualisation de données, la calibration des balises, la classification du comportement et l'estimation des erreurs d'analyses. Plus précisément, le package permet l'analyse flexible de n'importe quelle combinaison de capteurs de données en utilisant le k-means clustering, le expectation maximisation binary clustering, les hidden Markov models et les analyses changepoint. En outre, le package intègre des algorithmes adaptés pour identifier les périodes de haute activité prolongée (le plus souvent utilisé pour identifier le vol migratoire d'oiseaux), et les changements de pression (le plus souvent utilisé pour identifier des periodes où l'animal est en plongée ou au vol). Enfin, nous soulignons les limites, les implications et les opportunités d'utilisation de ces méthodes.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2022-Cortex
TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied modern voxel-based lesionsymptom mapping (VLSM) to analyze neural correlates of impaired selection and application of familiar versus novel tools.

Book ChapterDOI
19 Dec 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide an overview of the historical development of modern bureaucracies and their impact on socioeconomic structures, and discuss several prominent classification schemes that allow for further conceptual differentiation.
Abstract: Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the historical development of modern bureaucracies and their impact on socioeconomic structures. After introducing these systems’ key features, the chapter discusses several prominent classification schemes that allow for further conceptual differentiation. Then it examines the historical context in which modern bureaucracies emerged and the factors that influenced their organizational structures. Furthermore, the analysis considers the effects that public administrative systems had on their environment throughout history, emphasizing their impact on economies, but also discussing society and politics as additional dimensions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a highly chemoselective deposition of precious metals on semiconductor nano-heterostructures with a strong preference for cadmium and zinc telluride over the lighter chalcogenides is presented.
Abstract: We present a highly chemoselective deposition of precious metals on semiconductor nanoheterostructures with a strong preference for cadmium and zinc telluride over the lighter chalcogenides. The selectivity is explained by p-type surface traps on the tellurides, compared to n-type defects of the homologous sulfides and selenides, and can be turned off by passivating the particle surface. The results give insight into the nature and role of surface defects for semiconductor nanocrystals. The fast formation of many, small metal seeds leads to aggregation of the particles into star-shaped or branched superstructures, leaving the rest of the semiconductor surface exposed. It provides a preparative route toward complex, yet well-defined semiconductor-metal hybrid structures with potential application in photocatalysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the root traits are grouped into a limited number of syndromes, with continuous variation in the form of plant-strategy gradient representing the leaf economics spectrum.
Abstract: Plant traits are of major interest as they determine plant functioning (Solbrig, 1993), covary with environmental conditions (Garnier et al., 2016), and influence ecosystem functions (de Bello et al., 2010; Hanisch et al., 2020). Nevertheless, traits frequently have low predictive power (Klimešová et al., 2016; van der Plas et al., 2020), because there is limited understanding of which and how many traits are needed in ecological studies (Shipley et al., 2016). An important step forward has been the grouping of multiple traits into a limited number of syndromes, with continuous variation in the form of plant-strategy gradients (Bergmann et al., 2020; Chave et al., 2009; Díaz et al., 2016; Klimešová, Martínková, & Herben, 2018; Pierce et al., 2013; Roddy et al., 2020; Westoby et al., 2002; Wright et al., 2004). For example, Díaz et al. (2016) showed that variation in above-ground traits can be captured by a ‘size’ gradient representing the size of whole plants and plant organs, and an ‘economic’ gradient representing the leaf economics spectrum. Similar attempts have recently addressed variation in root traits and identified a ‘conservation’ gradient and a ‘collaboration’ gradient as two independent axes of below-ground plant economy (Bergmann et al., 2020; Kramer-Walter et al., 2016; Weemstra et al., 2016). Bergmann et al. (2020) suggested that in the root economic space the ‘conservation’ gradient, ranging from ‘slow’ to ‘fast’, is related to carbon conservation and determined by root tissue density and nitrogen (N) content. In contrast, the ‘collaboration’ gradient, ranging from ‘do-it-yourself’ to ‘outsourcing’ of resource uptake to fungal partners, is reflected by specific root length and root diameter along with mycorrhizal colonization (Figure 1a). Despite this recent progress, several root traits with a potentially high importance for plant functioning (Laliberté, 2017) have not been integrated into the existing framework yet. For example, a high root-branching intensity could be an alternative to the reliance on mycorrhiza, and may be associated with a high specific root length for better soil exploitation (Kong et al., 2014; Freschet et al., 2020; Ding et al., 2020). Thus, a high root-branching intensity and high specific root length may both be indicative of a ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy. Rooting depth is also considered to be an important trait (Mommer et al., 2010; Mueller et al., 2013), while variation therein seems to be independent from collaboration and conservation strategies (Díaz et al., 2016; Weigelt et al., 2021). On the one hand, herbaceous species with superficial root systems, such as crops growing on highly fertile topsoils (Thorup-Kristensen et al., 2020) are considered to have a ‘fast’ strategy. On the other hand, as species with deep roots are able to take up nutrients and water from deeper soil layers, those species might also have a ‘fast’ strategy (Figure 1a). Further integration of these root traits in the below-ground trait space is needed for a comprehensive understanding of the plant–soil interface. Below-ground organs other than roots add another layer of complexity in terms of form and function to the plant-trait space. Rhizomes, root buds and tubers play important roles in storage and vegetative reproduction (Klimešová, Martínková, & Ottaviani, 2018). Species with a large bud-bank size are more likely to be perennial and ‘slow’ growing (E-Vojtkó et al., 2017). Furthermore, although not strictly a below-ground trait, the root weight ratio, that is, the proportion of biomass allocated to roots, is a useful indicator of plant investment into the uptake and storage of different resources (Reynolds & D’Antonio, 1996). According to the Optimal Partitioning Theory, plants should allocate biomass to the organ that acquires the most limiting resource (Bloom et al., 1985). When soil resources are abundant, investment in roots usually decreases in favour of above-ground organs, and a low root weight ratio could thus indicate a ‘fast’ strategy where few roots are needed for a high uptake capacity of nutrients (McCarthy & Enquist, 2007). As a high investment in roots may allow for deeper roots and more root buds, the root weight ratio may additionally be linked to rooting depth (Schenk & Jackson, 2002a) and bud-bank size. It remains to be tested whether these below-ground traits are aligned with the ‘conservation’ or ‘collaboration’ gradient, or rather represent independent gradients. The few studies on below-ground traits and their variation along environmental gradients are generally limited to root morphological traits and only use a limited set of coarse environmental parameters (Craine et al., 2001; Erktan et al., 2018; Prieto et al., 2015). Analyses of the relationships between above-ground traits and various types of environmental factors, such as climate, soil properties and land-use intensity, have already improved our understanding of trait variation in grasslands (Garnier et al., 2007), and should also be applied to below-ground traits. In particular, plants may have various strategies to deal with nutrient deficits and imbalances in soils. For example, it is likely that mycorrhizal collaboration becomes more important in soils with limited phosphorus (P) availability (Ma et al., 2020). Similarly, the form of plant-available mineral soil N (ammonium vs. nitrate) could also select for different below-ground traits, as species vary in their preference for different forms of N (Maire et al., 2009; Pornon et al., 2007; Weigelt et al., 2005). To better understand how below-ground plant traits relate to environmental variation, we investigated (1) how community weighted means (CWMs) of different below-ground traits align along known plant-strategy gradients, and (2) how the shifts of CWMs along these strategy gradients depend on environmental variables. Thus, we complemented traits known to define the gradients of the root economics space with additional below-ground traits that might represent independent strategies of plant functioning. Therefore, we used species traits that we measured on plants grown in pots or extracted from databases. We combined these trait data with vegetation-relevé data from 150 grassland plots in Germany to calculate CWMs of a total of 10 traits. We then assessed the dimensionality of the variation in these CWMs with principal component analysis (PCA) and related the principal components to 10 land-use intensity and soil variables. A priori hypotheses on the relationships between traits, plant-strategy dimensions and environmental variables are presented in Figure 1. The plant-community data used as a baseline for Central European agricultural grassland vegetation originate from the ‘Biodiversity Exploratories’ project (Fischer et al., 2010). In each of three regions of Germany, the Schwäbische-Alb (south-western Germany), Hainich-Dün (central Germany) and Schorfheide-Chorin (north-eastern Germany), 50 grasslands covering a wide range of land-use intensities were selected. From 2008 to 2019, the vegetation composition of a 4 m × 4 m plot in each of the 150 grasslands was assessed annually in May/June by identifying all vascular plant species and visually estimating their above-ground cover. To align the species names between the vegetation and trait datasets, we standardized the species names according to the accepted names in The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org, accessed 15 June 2019, using the Taxonstand r package (Cayuela et al., 2012). In total, 319 vascular plant species have been identified in the 150 grassland plots. We obtained mean species values for eight traits from four pot experiments that we performed, and for two further traits from already existing databases. For 291 of the 319 grassland species, we were able to obtain seeds from commercial seed suppliers or botanical gardens. We then performed four pot experiments to measure species traits. Taraxacum spp. are abundant in the grassland plots, though, due to their complex taxonomy, rarely identified at the species level. We here used trait values of Taraxacum campylodes for Taraxacum spp. The trait values are part of a previously published dataset (Lachaise, Bergmann, Rillig, & van Kleunen, 2021) and an unpublished dataset (Bergmann et al., unpublished data), and comprehensive descriptions of the experiments are provided in Appendix S1. In brief, we did one greenhouse experiment in which we grew 2659 individual plants, representing 216 species, for 4 weeks after which we weighed the roots and analysed scanned images of the roots with WinRHIZO 2017a software (Regent Instruments Inc., Canada) to determine root tissue density, specific root length, fine root diameter, root weight ratio and root-branching intensity (Lachaise, Bergmann, Rillig, & van Kleunen, 2021). Because these traits were measured on young root systems, most of the roots could be considered fine roots with principally a resource uptake function rather than a transport or storage function. We did a second greenhouse experiment using 2007 plants, representing 196 species, to determine the N content of fine roots (fine roots %N) using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. In a third greenhouse pot experiment, we determined mycorrhizal colonization rates for 225 plants, representing 75 species that are among the most common ones in the grasslands plots (mean cover of 65%, Appendix S3). Six weeks after inoculation with spores of Rhizophagus irregularis (Bergmann et al., unpublished data), roots were harvested and washed, and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization was determined using the line-intersect method (McGonigle et al., 1990). In a fourth experiment, we grew 752 plants, representing 183 species, outdoors in growth tubes to determine the depth above and below which plants have 50% of their root biomass (Rooting depth 50%, see Appendix S1 or Schenk & Jackson, 2002b for the calculation method) for about 16 weeks. In addition, to have an estimate of the below-ground regeneration potential, we extracted bud-bank size, including stem and root-derived buds occurring below-ground or at the soil surface, from the CLO-PLA database (Klimešová et al., 2017) for 313 of the 319 species. Finally, to also have a reliable indicator of the plant communities' acquisitive side of the plant economics spectrum (Allan et al., 2015; Busch et al., 2019), we extracted specific leaf area, the one and only above-ground trait in our analyses, for 279 of the 319 species from the LEDA database (Kleyer et al., 2008). To relate the different dimensions of variation in trait CWMs to the abiotic environment, we used 10 environmental variables related to land-use intensity and soil conditions. The goal was to capture a relatively independent set of descriptors likely to drive the below-ground functioning of plants. A detailed description of each variable can be found in Appendix S2. We used the land-use intensity index (Blüthgen et al., 2012), which aggregates information on the intensity of mowing, fertilization and grazing, and is a major driver of ecosystem properties (Allan et al., 2015). We used a variety of physicochemical indicators related to soil fertility of the topsoil (0–20 cm). Soil-moisture content and sand content were measured to capture soil water availability and texture respectively. Soil pH was chosen, as it affects the availability of essential plant nutrients such as P in soils. We used soil extractable NO3, extractable NH4 and δ15N as indicators of soil nitrogen availability and related processes (Kleinebecker et al., 2014; Robinson, 2001), and the C:N ratio as a coarse indicator of stoichiometry and organic matter decomposability (Schachtschabel et al., 1998). We further made use of resin-bag-adsorbed P and the N:P ratio to capture phosphorus availability in soil (Güsewell, 2004). Because soil volume is a central element in soil fertility and root-system distribution, we used data on bulk densities to convert per-mass nutrient concentrations to per-volume concentrations (Appendix S2). Few of the grassland-site descriptors were measured for each of the years for which we had vegetation-composition data (i.e. for the period 2008–2019). However, we tried to maximize the coverage for this period by using all available census dates for these variables (see Appendix S2 for years covered) and averaging the values per plot. All the statistics were done using R v 4.0.1 (R Core Team, 2020). As the CWMs of several traits were correlated (Appendix S9), we performed PCAs to reduce the dimensionality of the data. To assess how robust the resulting dimensions are to the inclusion of additional information, we performed four separate PCAs. Each of these PCAs included all nine below-ground traits, but they differed in that we also included or excluded CWMSpecific leaf area, as one of the major traits associated with the above-ground ‘fast’ side of the plant economics spectrum, and that we included or excluded plant functional type information, that is, the percentage cover of grasses (Poales), N-fixing forbs (Fabaceae) and non-N-fixing forbs. So, one PCA included CWMs of below-ground traits only (‘Below-ground PCA’), one additionally included CWMSpecific leaf area (‘Above–Below-ground PCA’), one additionally included the proportions of Poales, Fabaceae and non-N-fixing forbs, and one included all. To increase the separation of the variable loadings (the trait CWMs) on the two first axes, we performed an ‘oblimin’ rotation on these axes for the Below-ground PCA and the Above–Below-ground PCA. To complement the information provided on taxonomic or phylogenetic influence on community trait values, we also looked at the 10 most dominant species or taxa in the trait space formed by PC1 and PC2 and the indicator species or taxa that associated with each quadrant of the two-dimensional space formed by PC1 and PC2 (Appendix S13). CWMs are mainly determined by the values of the abundant species in a plot, which may differ in some of their average trait values from less abundant species (Lachaise, Bergmann, Rillig, & van Kleunen, 2021). As measure of abundance, we used the above-ground cover of species which only provides a two-dimensional estimate of abundance (i.e. area instead of volume). Moreover, it has recently been argued that the relative above-ground cover of a species might deviate from its relative below-ground cover (Ottaviani et al., 2020). Therefore, to assess how robust our analyses are with regard to weighting the species trait values, we also did our four PCAs using community arithmetic means (CArMs), where the trait values are not weighted by the species above-ground cover in the community (Appendix S15). Furthermore, to compare the relationships observed at the community level and at the species level, we also did the Above–Below-ground PCA using trait means of the species instead of CWMs (Appendix S14). For each PCA, CWMRoot tissue density was log10 transformed and for each trait or proportion of plant functional type, data were standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation to conform to the multinormality requirements. To test for associations between the principal components of CWMs of the grassland plots and the environmental variables, we performed multiple regressions. The PC1 and PC2 scores from each of the four PCAs on CWMs of the functional traits were used as response variables, and the environmental variables were used as predictors. Soil C:N, N:P, sand content, NH4, NO3 and δ15N were log-transformed before analysis to get a more regular (less clumped) distribution of the predictor values. To account for the fact that the grassland plots are located in three different regions of Germany, we also included region as a predictor in the models. However, to avoid overfitting of the models, we did not include interactions between regions and other predictors. For model reduction, backward stepwise model selection based on AIC was performed using the function step(). This procedure selects a parsimonious set of predictors while minimizing the variance inflation factor (max VIF = 3.6 for Above–Below-ground PCA). Because the two first axes (PC1 and PC2) of the four PCAs produced similar scores for the CWMs of the grassland plots (all pairwise correlations of the PC1s were >0.98 and those of the PC2s were >0.67), we present the results of the analysis of the ‘Above–Below-ground PCA’ in the main text (based on the PC axes of Figure 2; see Figure 3), and the results for the other three PCAs in Appendix S7. We did the same for the PC3 to PC6 scores from the Above–Below-ground PCA (Appendix S11), and for each of the 10 CWMTraits (Appendix S12). We further tested if the proportion of the three plant functional types (Poales, Fabaceae, non-N-fixing forbs), as related to the trait dimensions, responded to environmental variables in a similar way. The Above–Below-ground PCA (Figure 2, Appendix S5) and the other three PCAs (Appendices S5 and S6) revealed that the two first axes generally explained about 55%–60% of the total variance in CWMs of traits, and that each of the 10 trait CWMs had intermediate to strong loadings on at least one of these two axes (Appendix S8). PC1 had strong negative loadings of CWMSpecific root length and CWMBranching intensity, and strong positive loadings of CWMMycorrhizal colonization, CWMFine roots %N and CWMFine root diameter. PC2 had strong positive loadings of CWMBud-bank size, CWMRoot weight ratio and CWMRoot tissue density, and strong negative loadings of CWMSpecific leaf area. PC1 thus overall captured the mycorrhizal ‘collaboration’ gradient of the root economic space, with the main exception of CWMFine roots %N being positively associated with the other ‘collaboration’ traits, and PC2 captured the resource ‘conservation’ gradient. When we used the unweighted CArMs instead of CWMs, PC1 and PC2 largely corresponded to the ‘collaboration’ and ‘conservation’ gradients (Appendix S15), indicating that the results are relatively robust with regard to the weighting of the species trait values. The ‘collaboration’ and ‘conservation’ gradients, however, were only partially independent (see CWM correlations in Appendix S9) as the ‘fast’ strategy tended to associate with the ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy. Furthermore, CWMRooting depth 50% loaded rather strongly on both of these two PCs (Figure 2a; Appendix S8), suggesting that deep-rooting communities were associated with the ‘outsourcing’ side of the ‘collaboration’ gradient as well as the ‘fast’ side of the ‘conservation’ gradient. The positions of a grassland community along the ‘collaboration’ (PC1) and the ‘conservation’ gradient (PC2) were significantly related to several environmental variables (Figure 3). The δ15N isotopic signal, sand content and moisture of the topsoil were associated with the ‘do-it-yourself’ side of the ‘collaboration’ gradient (i.e. had negative effects on PC1). Land-use intensity and NO3 content were retained by the model-selection procedure, associating with the ‘do-it-yourself’ side, but their effects were not significant (Figure 3a). The pH and C:N ratio, on the other hand, were associated with the ‘outsourcing’ side of the ‘collaboration’ gradient (i.e. had positive effects on PC1; Figure 3a). Among the environmental variables, NO3 content and land-use intensity were significantly associated with ‘fast’ communities (i.e. had negative effects on PC2; Figure 3b). Phosphorus content was also associated with ‘fast’ communities, but this effect was only marginally significant (Figure 3b). NH4 content and pH, on the other hand, were significantly associated with ‘slow’ communities (i.e. had positive effects on PC2; Figure 3b). The effects and variance explained by the different models are comparable among the four PCAs (i.e. the PCAs with and without CWMSpecific leaf area and with and without the plant functional types; Appendix S6). We investigated the below-ground trait dimensionality of grassland plant communities and found that a ‘collaboration’ (do-it-yourself vs. outsourcing) and a ‘conservation’ (slow vs. fast) gradient (sensu Bergmann et al., 2020) explained most of the trait variation. Three traits that had not been considered previously in the below-ground trait space were largely belonging to these two dimensions. Namely, CWMRooting depth 50% was associated with the ‘outsourcing’ and ‘fast’ strategies, CWMBranching intensity with the ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy, and CWMBud-bank size with the ‘slow’ strategy. Surprisingly, CWMFine roots %N was associated with the ‘outsourcing’ strategy. Both gradients responded to environmental variables related to soil conditions, and fertile soils were generally associated with the ‘fast’ and the ‘do-it-yourself’ strategies. Variation in CWMs of below-ground traits separated along two dimensions that largely corresponded to the two ecological root-trait gradients recently identified for variation among species. PC1 related to the collaboration of plants with mycorrhizal fungi. This ‘collaboration’ gradient (sensu Bergmann et al., 2020) ranged from ‘outsourcing’ communities with high mycorrhizal colonization rate and thick roots, but surprisingly also with high root nitrogen content, to ‘do-it-yourself’ communities with high specific root length and root-branching intensity. PC2 corresponded with the construction cost of roots and leaves, and the vegetative regeneration potential. This ‘conservation’ gradient (sensu Bergmann et al., 2020) ranged from ‘slow’ communities with high root tissue density, high root weight ratio and large bud-bank size to ‘fast’ communities with high specific leaf area. Rooting depth related to both PCs, with deep-rooting communities being ‘outsourcing’ and ‘fast’. Also, many of the other traits associated with both PCs (Appendix S9), and consequently the ‘fast’ strategy and ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy partly coincided. This is in accordance with recent global analysis by Laughlin et al. (2021) who found that cold climates enhance the probability of occurrence of ‘fast’ and ‘do-it-yourself’ plant species. Many species traits are phylogenetically conserved (Felsenstein, 1985) and this might also be reflected in the trait dimensions revealed by the CWMs. Indeed, the three plant functional types we considered, and which largely reflect different systematic groups (i.e. Poales, Fabaceae, non-N-fixing dicotyledons), contributed largely to the two main plant-strategy gradients. Communities with a high proportion of Poales were typical of ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy; communities with a high proportion of Fabaceae represented ‘outsourcing’ and ‘fast’ strategy, and communities with a high proportion of non-N-fixing forbs were typically ‘outsourcing’ and ‘slow’ (Appendix S6). The trait clustering we found for CWMs was generally in accordance with previous findings of trait clustering among species, both for trees and herbaceous plants (Bergmann et al., 2020; Kramer-Walter et al., 2016; Weemstra et al., 2016). The main exception was CWMFine roots %N, which in our study associated with the ‘outsourcing’ side of the collaboration gradient instead of with the ‘fast’ side of the conservation gradient. This might be particular to our study using CWMs, because when we did the PCA at the species level, root N content related to the ‘fast’ as well as to the ‘outsourcing’ strategy (Appendix S14). Trait–performance relationships have already been shown to differ between common garden and field conditions in the grasslands included in our study (Breitschwerdt et al., 2019). Notably, the dominance of grasses, which are known to have lower root N than other plant functional types, might drive this pattern (e.g. Tjoelker et al., 2005). The differences in relationships among species traits and among CWMs of traits could also reflect the multiple constraints exerted by environmental filtering and competition on the trait values selected in a field context, which could result in traits relationships that reflect the realized niches of species. We found that communities with large bud banks were on the ‘slow’ side of the ‘conservation’ gradient. Previously, bud-bank size was shown to be rather independent of the plant economics spectrum, as specific leaf area—a key trait in this spectrum—explained less than 2% of variation in bud-bank size among 1359 herbaceous species (Klimešová et al., 2016). In our study, the correlation between species mean values of bud-bank size and specific leaf area was significantly negative (−0.17, p < 0.01; Appendix S14b), though still weaker than between the corresponding CWMs (−0.34; Appendix S9). Because all of our species were selected based on their presence in permanent grasslands, it could be that the association between bud-bank size and ‘conservation’ traits is a feature of this specific habitat. A smaller bud-bank size was also observed in communities with a ‘fast’ strategy, typical of resource-rich grasslands, where competition for light might be more intense (Hautier et al., 2009). This could indicate that ‘fast’ plants invest more in immediate above-ground light-harvesting structures at the cost of resprouting ability. In line with this, we also found that low root weight ratios are indicative of ‘fast’ communities. Although we focussed on PC1 and PC2, which together explained ~56% of the variation in CWMs, PC3 explained an additional ~15% of the variation. The strongest loading on PC3 had CWMRooting depth 50% (−0.7), which might suggest the existence of a third below-ground plant-strategy gradient related to size as suggested by Weigelt et al. (2021). However, variation in PC3, as well as in CWMRooting depth 50%, was mainly explained by differences between the three regions (Appendices S11 and S14). This pattern most likely reflects that the regions Hainich and Schorfheide have significantly deeper soils, which might facilitate deep-rooting species, than the Alb region (Appendix S2). The below-ground traits we included in the dimensionality analysis indicated the preponderance of a two-dimensional trait space. It is thought that plant-trait space does not exceed six dimensions (Laughlin, 2014) and that different plant organs might represent different dimensions. Our finding that specific leaf area is part of the ‘conservation’ gradient points towards the possibility of an integration of traits across multiple organs (Reich, 2014; Weigelt et al., 2021). Similarly, seed mass has also been related to ‘outsourcing’ traits such as root diameter (Bergmann et al., 2017), and plant height tends to be related to ‘slow’ traits (Díaz et al., 2016) and to rooting depth at the global scale (Schenk & Jackson, 2002a). All these results suggest that there is a certain degree of integration between traits of different organs. About half of the variation in the ‘collaboration’ and ‘conservation’ gradients revealed by our PCAs was explained by environmental variables. Along the ‘collaboration’ gradient, the ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy was found on moist, moderately acidic soils with high sand content and intense N cycling (i.e. low C:N-ratio, high δ15N and marginally high NO3), and tended to be associated with a high land-use intensity (although not significantly). Along the ‘conservation’ gradient, the ‘fast’ strategy was found on moderately acidic soils with high P and NO3 but low NH4 availabilities, and in sites with high land-use intensities. Hence, although the ‘do-it-yourself’ and ‘fast’ strategies belong to two different plant-strategy gradients, they both tend to be associated with fertile, intensively used sites, while the ‘outsourcing’ and ‘slow’ strategies are associated with infertile sites of low land-use intensity. In fact, all plots in the upper right section of the PCA diagram (Figure 2) originate from calcareous grasslands on shallow, infertile Rendzic Leptosols, which are often used as unfertilized sheep pastures and characterized by P or NP limitation (Klaus et al., 2011). Our results are thus largely in agreement with those of Fort and Freschet (2020) who concluded from a global meta-analysis that herbaceous species with fine root traits typical of fast resource-use strategies tend to occur in more productive soil environments. The relationships we encountered between the ‘collaboration’ gradient and environmental variables are generally in accordance with current ecological knowledge. Numerous studies have demonstrated that mycorrhiza have a positive effect on plant growth under water-limited and nutrient-poor conditions (Augé, 2001). In addition, we found that dry habitats are associated with deep-rooting communities (Appendix S12), most likely because they have access to water in deeper soil layers (Fan et al., 2017). Moreover, our results show that ‘outsourcing’ communities occur on soils with low δ15N isotopic ratios, which are related to nitrogen origin and cycling (Robinson, 2001). It has been shown for our grassland plots that a low δ15N is linked to lower above-ground productivity and higher plant species richness (Kleinebecker et al., 2014). So, if we interpret δ15N as an indicator of plant-available nitrogen, the negative relationship between δ15N and the ‘outsourcing’ strategy is in line with the finding of reduced mycorrhizal colonization in response to nitrogen addition (Ma et al., 2020) and with our finding that ‘outsourcing’ communities tend to be on the ‘slow’ side of the ‘conservation’ gradient. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are well known to help plants with the uptake of P, we did not find a link between soil plant-available P content and the ‘collaboration’ gradient (or mycorrhizal colonization; Appendix S12). This could partly be a consequence of the availability of N, as N addition generally decreases the degree of mycorrhizal colonization in conditions of high P availability (as in the study area) and increases it under low P availability (Ma et al., 2020). Indeed, CWMMycorrhizal colonization was marginally significantly associated with the soil N:P ratio (Appendix S12), although there was no association between the ‘collaboration’ gradient and the N:P ratio. As arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi also help plants with the uptake of N, it could be that the large variation in N availability among plots overrides the effect of P availability. Moreover, the nature of plant-available P in soil is still debated (Barrow, 2021), and P is more available in moderately acidic soils (Alt et al., 2011). In line with this, ‘outsourcing’ communities with high degrees of mycorrhization were more likely to occur on non-acidic soils. High land-use intensity and lower soil pH with high P and NO3 levels were associated with the ‘fast’ strategy, which is in line with expectations on how soil fertility should relate to the plant economic spectrum. The decrease in bud-bank size at higher soil fertility (Figure 3, Appendix S12) is congruent with recent findings that land-use intensity and N addition decrease total bud density and rhizome biomass in temperate perennial grasslands (Ottaviani et al., 2021; Qian et al., 2021). In contrast to the negative effect of soil NO3 on the ‘conservation’ gradient, we found a positive association with soil NH4. It has also been shown that there might be a trade-off between NO3 and NH4 uptake in grassland species (Boudsocq et al., 2012). In conclusion, in our study, the form of N available in the soil has contrasting effects on below-ground traits, with NH4 being more related to the ‘slow’ strategy and NO3 more related to the ‘fast’ strategy. The dimensionality of trait syndromes and their relation to environmental variables are of central interest in ecology. Previous studies using species trait values showed that root tissue density, root nitrogen content, root diameter and specific root length form a two-dimensional ‘collaboration’ and ‘conservation’ trait space. Here, we largely confirmed this concept using CWMs across a large variety of agricultural grasslands. Moreover, we showed that the traits root-branching intensity, root weight ratio, bud-bank size and rooting depth can also be integrated within this trait space. The variation of both gradients with environmental variables was partly overlapping and partly unique, while indicators of high soil fertility were generally associated with both the ‘fast’ and the ‘do-it-yourself’ strategy. Thus, our study clearly shows that the below-ground plant-strategy gradients identified among species are also applicable to plant communities and can be linked to environmental conditions. We thank Otmar Ficht, Maximilian Fuchs and Heinz Vahlenkamp for help setting up the experiments, Beate Rüter, Ekaterina Mamonova, Huy Manh Nguyen, Simon Gommel, Maximilian Rometsch, Anika Schick and Emma Bretherick for help measuring the plant traits. We also thank the managers of the three Biodiversity Exploratories, Konstanz Wells, Swen Renner, Kirsten Reichel-Jung, Sonja Gockel, Kerstin Wiesner, Katrin Lorenzen, Andreas Hemp, Martin Gorke and Miriam Teuscher, and all former managers for their work in maintaining the plot and project infrastructure; Christiane Fischer for giving support through the central office, Andreas Ostrowski for managing the central database, and Markus Fischer, Eduard Linsenmair, Dominik Hessenmöller, Daniel Prati, Ingo Schöning, François Buscot, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Wolfgang W. Weisser and the late Elisabeth Kalko for their role in setting up the Biodiversity Exploratories project. The work has been (partly) funded by the DFG Priority Program 1374 ‘Infrastructure-Biodiversity-Exploratories’. Field work permits were issued by the responsible state environmental offices of Baden-Württemberg, Thüringen and Brandenburg. We acknowledge funding from the German Research Foundation (DFG, grants KL 1866/12-1 to M.v.K. and 323522591 to M.R.). The authors declare no conflict of interest. T.L. performed three of the experiments, ran the analyses and wrote the paper; J.B. performed one experiment and participated in one of the other three; M.R. contributed to the design of the experiments; N.H., V.H.K. and T.K. collected environmental data; M.v.K. designed three of the experiments, advised on data analysis and extensively revised the paper. All authors contributed to revisions of the manuscript. The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/1365-2745.13862. The data are openly accessible in Dryad Digital Repository (Lachaise, Bergmann, Hölzel, et al., 2021), licensed under a CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication licence: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dfn2z3538. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors study warning signs for non-Markovian systems including coloured noise and $\alpha$-regular Volterra processes (of which fractional Brownian motion and the Rosenblatt process are special cases) and prove that early warning scaling laws can disappear completely or drastically change their exponent based upon the parameters controlling the noise process.
Abstract: Warning signs for tipping points (or critical transitions) have been very actively studied. Although the theory has been applied successfully in models and in experiments for many complex systems such as for tipping in climate systems, there are ongoing debates, when warning signs can be extracted from data. In this work, we shed light on this debate by considering different types of underlying noise. Thereby, we significantly advance the general theory of warning signs for nonlinear stochastic dynamics. A key scenario deals with stochastic systems approaching a bifurcation point dynamically upon slow parameter variation. The stochastic fluctuations are generically able to probe the dynamics near a deterministic attractor to reveal critical slowing down. Using scaling laws near bifurcations, one can then anticipate the distance to a bifurcation. Previous warning signs results assume that the noise is Markovian, most often even white. Here, we study warning signs for non-Markovian systems including coloured noise and $\alpha$-regular Volterra processes (of which fractional Brownian motion and the Rosenblatt process are special cases). We prove that early warning scaling laws can disappear completely or drastically change their exponent based upon the parameters controlling the noise process. This provides a clear explanation, why applying standard warning signs results to reduced models of complex systems may not agree with data-driven studies. We demonstrate our results numerically in the context of a box model of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the prevalence rates of one-time and recurrent pica and rumination behaviors (PB and RB) in adults, including sociodemographic subgroups, and examined associations with other eating disorders and general psychopathology.
Abstract: Abstract Aims Pica and rumination disorder are known as feeding disorder diagnoses in childhood, but little is known about their occurrence in adulthood. This study aimed to assess prevalence rates of one-time and recurrent pica and rumination behaviours (PB and RB) in adults, including sociodemographic subgroups, and to examine associations with other eating disorder and general psychopathology. Methods The representative population sample ( N = 2403) completed measures on PB and RB, symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), body image and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results Any PB and RB were reported in 5.33 and 5.49%, respectively, while recurrent PB or RB occurred in 1.08 and 0.71%, respectively. Co-occurrence was high, with 35.29% of recurrent PB in RB, and 23.08% vice versa. Prevalence rates of recurrent PB or RB did not differ by gender, weight status, educational or migration history from those without recurrent behaviours. Adults with v . without recurrent PB and RB showed more symptoms of ARFID, general eating disorders depression and anxiety, and behavioural symptoms of eating disorders (with the exception of compensatory behaviours in recurrent PB), and less positive body image. However, there were no differences regarding age and body mass index. Conclusions Our findings highlight the clinical significance of PB and RB in adults regarding both prevalence and associations with other psychopathological symptoms. In particular, associations with body image need to be investigated further, as in contrast to other eating disorders, body image disturbance is not yet represented in the diagnostic criteria for pica and rumination disorder. In sum, the findings highlight the need for clinical attention for these disorders and related behaviours in adults.