scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "University of Lapland published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed changes in corporate environmental reporting practices among large Finnish firms in the past five years using content analysis of annual reports, and analyzed the willingness of firms to disclose environmental information in the years 1987 and 1992.
Abstract: This paper analyses changes in corporate environmental reporting practices among large Finnish firms in the past five years. Using content analysis of annual reports, we analysed the willingness of firms to disclose environmental information in the years 1987 and 1992. Our sample consisted of 75 Finnish corporations drawn from the largest firms in the most environmentally sensitive industries. Our results indicate marked changes in environmental reporting practices between 1987 and 1992. In 1987, slightly over one quarter of the firms analysed disclosed environmental information in their annual reports, while in 1992 this number had risen to nearly one half of firms. Most of this disclosure was in qualitative, rather than in quantitative or financial, form. The results are consistent with earlier studies, which indicated that environmental reporting was a feature of firms in certain industrial sectors. We conclude by noting the influence of environmentalism on Finnish corporate environmental reporting, policy and accounting practice.

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the short-term responses of tundra vegetation and soils to aeolian sand and dust emanating from anthropogenically-bared surfaces in the low-arctic region of northwestern Siberia are described.
Abstract: This paper describes the short-term responses of tundra vegetation and soils to aeolian sand and dust emanating from anthropogenically-bared surfaces in the low-arctic region of northwestern Siberia. Such surfaces, including roads and quarries, are increasing substantially each year as the region undergoes massive gas- and oil-producing development. Data are presented which emphasize the ‘cumulative’ impacts of corridor construction, namely those effects which are measurable laterally, at some distance from the actual surfaces of roads and quarries, four years after their creation. In particular, changes in plant communities are documented, in addition to the chemistry and macronutrient status of mineral soils and dominant vascular plants and mosses, respectively, as affected by road-dust.Dramatic changes in plant community composition and cover were evident up to 200 m downwind from a ‘typical’ sand quarry. Although a few species appeared to respond favourably to rapid sand deposition, the great majority that were beset with it have declined in status or disappeared altogether. The exceptions were those growth-forms having the ability to keep perennating buds at or above the surface of the deepening sand (e.g. Betula nana, Salix spp., and Polytrichum spp.). The most pronounced decreases recorded were among lichens, hepatics, Sphagnum spp., and pleurocarpous mosses. The decline in Sphagnum spp., which dominate the moss layer and contribute much of the hummock-hollow microtopography, is already having a profound impact on community structure by virtually eliminating surface heterogeneity.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The NPT is the cornerstone of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime and embodies the international community's efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons, to cooperate in achieving a world without these weapons, and to facilitate states' pursuit of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, or agents. Copyright © 2015 by MIIS. The NPT is the cornerstone of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime. It embodies the international community’s efforts to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons, to cooperate in achieving a world without these weapons, and to facilitate states’ pursuit of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the uptake of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and structural changes induced in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied.
Abstract: The uptake of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and structural changes induced in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied. Two exposure set-ups, a root route and an atmospheric route through the surfaces simulating the wet deposition of fog, were used. Both set-ups included two dose levels and corresponding control treatments. The temperature and the relative humidity in the climate chambers were adjusted to represent the conditions of June-July in a subarctic area in central Finland. The seedlings were exposed three times a week for two months. The results showed that the uptake of TCA in needles occurred both via roots and via needle surface. However, most of the TCA via the atmospheric route was absorbed on the surface of the needles. The structural responses in pine needles depended partly on the treatment method : TCA applied via the atmospheric route disintegrated the structures of the epicuticular waxes and that of the stomatal cells, which was not seen in the exposures via roots. A common feature was the decrease in size of the chloroplasts in concert with the increasing TCA concentrations inside the needles.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the long-term growth and nutrient allocation response of conifers to acid precipitation is dependent both on the tree species and on the nutritional status of the soil is strongly supported.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Leucocytozoon muscicapa n.
Abstract: Leucocytozoon muscicapa n. sp. is described from the pied flycatcherFicedula hypoleuca (Pallas) (Passeriformes: Muscicapinae) from Finland and compared with other leucocytozoids of the family Muscicapidae.

2 citations


Journal Article
Paaso I1
TL;DR: Evaluation of the relevant contents of the principles of medical law shows beyond doubt that they are to be conceived of generally as norms safeguarding the patient's rights.
Abstract: The traditional function of the principles of medical law has been to protect the person of the patient against the use of power in health care. These principles have not generally been seen as factors which would also protect the patient economically. An analysis of the significance of the use of power in health care and a review of the field of damage sustained through erroneous procedures in the care relationship, make it possible to observe that the patient's need for legal protection is particularly great not only as regards factors related to the person, but also as regards the finances of the patient. On the other hand, evaluation of the relevant contents of the principles shows beyond doubt that they are to be conceived of generally as norms safeguarding the patient's rights. In Western countries in particular, where some years ago an economic recession set in, serious note should be taken of the wider interpretation of the principles of medical law as one potential means of furthering the well-being of the patient. In the application of legal rules affecting the legal position of the patient the principles of medical law may--like legal principles in general--be utilized both to guide the choice of a solution norm and to complement/ specify the solution norm. In both these roles the principles yield criteria for application of the law which lead to the taking into consideration of aspects relating to the patient's financial interests and assessments.

1 citations