Showing papers by "University of Lincoln published in 2002"
TL;DR: Li et al. as discussed by the authors defined guanxi as the process of social interactions and argued that the existence of a special relationship between a businessperson and a government official does not produce Guanxi.
458 citations
TL;DR: Cultured and wild sea bass may be differentiated using total lipid content, fatty acid proportions and trace mineral compositions and these differences may be attributed to the constituents of the diet of the fish.
456 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the ethical dimension of guanxi by focusing on the consequences of Guanxi in business, from ethically misgiving behaviour to outright corruption, and argue that guanxi is an inevitable evil under the current political and socio-economic systems in China.
Abstract: Is guanxi ethical? This question is largely ignored in the existing literature. This paper examines the ethical dimension of guanxi by focusing on the consequences of guanxi in business, from ethically misgiving behaviour to outright corruption. Guanxi may bring benefits to individuals as well as the organisations they represent but these benefits are obtained at the expenses of other individuals or firms and thus detrimental to the society. As guanxi has an impact on the wider public other than the guanxi parties, it must be studied in the context of all stakeholders. It can be argued that guanxi is an inevitable evil under the current political and socio-economic systems in China. Its role and importance in business life will be diminished as the country moves towards an open market system.
336 citations
25 Nov 2002
TL;DR: Table of Contents SCOPE of the PROBLEM SOURCes of ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS METHODs for the DETERMINation of END OCRine DisrUPTers FATE and BEHAVIOUR in WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSes and strategies for endocRine disrupters in the Aquatic Environment.
Abstract: Table of Contents SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM SOURCES OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS FATE AND BEHAVIOUR OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES FATE AND BEHAVIOUR OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN RECEIVING WATERS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN DRINKING WATER AND WATER REUSE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
316 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the evolution of development non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Africa, and suggest that their role represents a continuation of the work of their precursors, the missionaries and voluntary organizations that cooperated in Europe's colonization and control of Africa.
Abstract: This article traces the evolution of development non–governmental organizations (NGOs) in Africa, and suggests that their role represents a continuation of the work of their precursors, the missionaries and voluntary organizations that cooperated in Europe’s colonization and control of Africa The authors maintain that the work of the NGOs today contributes marginally to the relief of poverty in Africa, and significantly undermines the struggle of the African people to emancipate themselves from economic, social and political oppression Development NGOs have, unwittingly or otherwise, become a part of the neo–liberal system that has resulted in widespread impoverishment and the loss of the authority of African states to determine their own agenda NGOs could, and some do, play a role in supporting an emancipatory agenda in Africa, but it involves breaking with the ‘missionary position’ by disengaging from their paternalistic role in development
308 citations
TL;DR: Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream, indicating a seasonal variation in muscle fat content and total depot fat.
Abstract: Major quality parameters, such as muscle composition, fat deposition, muscle fatty acid composition and external appearance were studied in wild and cultured gilthead sea bream. Muscle fat content and total depot fat (peritoneal and perivisceral fat) indicated a seasonal variation with minimum values observed in late spring and maximum in late summer. Gonadosomatic indices of cultured fish were lower than those found in wild specimens. Lipid content of cultured sea bream was much higher than that of wild fish. Differences were also observed in fatty acid profiles. Cultured fish were characterized by higher levels of monoenes, n-9 and 18:2n-6 fatty acids and wild fish by higher levels of saturates, 20:4n-6, n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratios. Differences were also noted in the external appearance of fish.
286 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary review of the state of critical thinking in the fields of information systems and organizational analysis shows how the definition has changed and broadened over time, and identifies a recent emerging tendency towards the use of Habermas in the specific area of critical inquiry.
Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to explore what it means to conduct ‘critical’ research in IS. In order to begin this, it is necessary to look beyond the scope of IS inquiry itself to other disciplines, especially organizational analysis. A preliminary review is made of the state of critical thinking in the fields of information systems and organization. In addressing the question ‘what is critical research?’ the paper shows how definitions have changed and broadened over time.
135 citations
TL;DR: The provision of a mirror significantly reduced the incidence of both stereotypic weaving and social isolation in stabled horses in this study.
122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rapid HPLC method for the determination of nine biogenic amines and trimethylamine (TMA) was developed, which involves dissolving benzoyl chloride in acetonitrile to enhance its reaction with biogen amines.
Abstract: A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of nine biogenic amines and trimethylamine (TMA) was developed. A derivatization procedure is reported. It involves dissolving benzoyl chloride in acetonitrile to enhance its reaction with biogenic amines. This was compared with benzoyl chloride dissolved in methanol and with only benzoyl chloride to find the optimal condition for benzoylation of biogenic amines in terms of time and derivatization conditions. A gradient elution system was used for analysis with a mixture of acetonitrile and HPLC grade water and took less than 7 min to complete the analysis. The application of this method to detect biogenic amines in herring stored at 2 ± 2 °C and in modified atmosphere packing (MAP) was investigated. The concentrations of amines in herring held at 2 ± 2 °C increased more rapidly than herring stored in MAP. The level of TMA in herring held at 2 ± 2 °C was higher than herring stored in MAP. No significant differences were found in histamine concentrations between herring stored at 2 ± 2 °C and in MAP during the early stages of storage period but there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) after 6 days of storage. Significant differences were found (P < 0.05) in concentrations of putrescine (after 6 days) and cadaverine (after 4 days) between herring held at 2 ± 2 °C and in MAP.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of contextualised rational action is proposed for the context of comparative housing policy, which is then applied in the contexts of tenant participation, management, and comparable housing policy.
Abstract: This paper considers the theoretical postulates of the discourses of 'objectivist realism' and social constructionism and discusses their relevance to housing studies. In place of such theories, the paper puts forward a theory of contextualised rational action. This theory is then applied in the contexts of 'tenant participation', 'housing management' and 'comparative housing policy'.
71 citations
TL;DR: This article found that spatial prepositions are the first to be comprehended by 15, 18 and 24-month-olds and how are they understood by them, using a preferential looking task.
Abstract: Which spatial prepositions are the first to be comprehended by 15, 18 and 24-month-olds and how are they understood? To address these questions, early comprehension of prepositions was assessed using parental questionnaires and the preferential looking task. Children were shown stimuli depicting objects or animals either on or under a table in a typical (i.e. on or under the centre of the table) or atypical position (on or under the edge of the table). Existing research and parental assessments led to the prediction that children comprehend the prepositions 'on' and 'under' very early. It was also predicted that children's looking behaviour would show typicality effects. The results corroborate that 'on' and 'under' are among those spatial prepositions that are understood early and that children differentiate between typical and atypical 'on' and 'under' situations in their earliest comprehension of these prepositions. As with object words, at 15 months they associate spatial prepositions initially with typical situations. By 18 months they broaden the scope of the spatial prepositions to include atypical situations.
TL;DR: The data dispel the myth of the stereotypical image of a reader as someone who is introverted and reluctant or unable to participate fully in society as there is convincing evidence that through reading a person’s life can be transformed.
Abstract: Reports results of a study, undertaken at the University of Sheffield and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB), which addressed the question of what motivates adults to invest ti...
TL;DR: A significant relationship between scores from false belief tasks and justification scores was found, supporting the proposed link between theory of mind skills and understanding embarrassment.
Abstract: The ability of high-functioning individuals with autism to understand the complex emotion of embarrassment, and how this relates to an understanding of theory of mind, was investigated. Scenarios involving embarrassing and non-embarrassing situations were presented to a group with autism and three comparison groups. Participants were required to rate the level of embarrassment felt by the protagonist and to justify their choices. The results indicated that those with autism generally gave similar ratings of embarrassment as the comparison groups, but did show significant difficulty with non-embarrassing scenarios, and in providing appropriate justifications for embarrassment. In addition, a significant relationship between scores from false belief tasks and justification scores was found, supporting the proposed link between theory of mind skills and understanding embarrassment. Participants with autism did, however, show a higher than expected understanding of this complex emotion.
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in 10 biogenic amines during the storage of herring in ice, in boxes without ice, and in a modified atmosphere and in vacuum packaging were investigated.
Abstract: Changes in 10 biogenic amines during the storage of herring in ice, in boxes without ice, in a modified atmosphere, and in vacuum packaging were investigated. The highest level of histamine was obtained from herring stored in boxes without ice, followed by herring stored in VP, ice, and MAP. Putrescine and cadaverine contents increased during the storage of herring held in ice, reaching levels of 4.0 mg and 23.7 mg/100g muscles at 16 d of storage, respectively. No significant differences were found in histamine concentrations within the treatments during the early stages of the storage period. However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) towards the end of the storage period in all treatments except between VP and ice.
TL;DR: Scenarios manipulating various factors within the emotion of embarrassment showed those with autism to have difficulty with such concepts as empathic embarrassment but showed a surprisingly good understanding of other variables manipulated such as the presence of an audience.
Abstract: Scenarios manipulating various factors within the emotion of embarrassment, such as whether or not an audience was present when an embarrassing act was committed, the type of audience present, empathic embarrassment, etc., were presented to high-functioning participants with autism and comparison groups of those with learning difficulties and typically developing participants matched for verbal and nonverbal mental age. Participants were required to rate the level of embarrassment of the protagonist and justify their responses. It was predicted that those with autism would differ significantly from the comparison groups in their ratings and also their ability to provide justifications. The results showed those with autism to have difficulty with such concepts as empathic embarrassment but showed a surprisingly good understanding of other variables manipulated such as the presence of an audience.
TL;DR: How critical research impacts upon actual IS praxis is considered, in particular the role of the IS professional, systems development and changes in the nature of organizational life itself.
Abstract: Klein and Hirschheim (1991) predicted that the future of information systems (IS) research would
… belong to methodologies that are able to combine a high level of formal rationality with a sufficient level of communicative rationality under emancipatory conditions (p. 15).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors posit the emergence of a thoughtful consumer and a paradoxical dumbing-down of culture, arguing that postmodernisation has eroded the protocols governing access to culture, producing two simultaneous effects: the augmentation of opportunities for thoughtful engagement, and increasing commodification giving rise to a smart consumer with an initial focus on transaction.
Abstract: The experiential nature of visits to cultural and heritage attractions is theorised. Contemporary discourses posit the emergence of a thoughtful consumer and a paradoxical dumbing-down of culture. The discursive links between active consumption and thought/learning, and of passive consumption with dumbness/fun, are argued to be fallacious; the meanings of active and passive are in need of re-evaluation. Dumbing-down is suggested to be a discursive term for the lowering of the threshold of engagement by cultural producers, implying neither dumb content nor dumb consumers. Postmodernisation has eroded the protocols governing access to culture, producing two simultaneous effects: the augmentation of opportunities for thoughtful engagement, and increasing commodification giving rise to a smart consumer with an initial focus on transaction. A popular threshold of engagement is a recommended and rational strategy for attracting and engaging both thoughtful and smart consumers
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework for analyzing the credit rationing and the link between credit access and profitability is developed, and empirical analysis using data from manufacturing firms in Bulgaria, provides direct estimates of credit rationation and its impact on profitability in transition economies.
Abstract: A conceptual framework for analyzing the credit rationing and the link between credit access and profitability is developed. The empirical analysis using data from manufacturing firms in Bulgaria, provides direct estimates of credit rationing and its impact on profitability in transition economies. The results from the switching regression suggest that the presence of credit market constraints does impinge on profitability of credit rationed firms and support the credit crunch hypothesis for periods following the financial market collapse as a result of previous soft budget constraints.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper presented the findings from a detailed study of the Chinese names of 100 international brands along three dimensions: translation methods, cultural values and brand positioning, and found that in choosing a new name the meaning is given more emphasis than its sound, although it still desirable to maintain phonetic links to the original.
Abstract: As the Chinese use characters based on ideograms, international brands have to choose a proper Chinese name for the market. This paper presents the findings from a detailed study of the Chinese names of 100 international brands along three dimensions: translation methods, cultural values and brand positioning. The main findings are: first, that in choosing a new name the meaning is given more emphasis than its sound, although it is still desirable to maintain phonetic links to the original. Secondly, after linguistic issues, the three most important factors affecting renaming are reflecting product benefits, brand positioning and cultural values. The translation gives an international brand not just a Chinese name, but also a distinctive local image. Finally, global brand and local image is a paradox to be addressed. In previous studies, localising an international brand is largely viewed as a passive translation process. This study has shown that renaming can be a value-added process. It provides an opportunity to recast the brand in the new market, creating a unique global-local image that enhances the original's brand equity.
TL;DR: It was indicated that headshaking could develop at any age and that twice as many males were affected as females; 64 per cent of the horses shook their heads seasonally and geldings were more likely than mares to be seasonally affected.
Abstract: A national survey of headshaking in 254 horses was undertaken to describe the clinical signs of the condition as observed by horse owners. Principal component analysis was used to determine the underlying structure of 11 signs and the criteria by which the affected horses could be most effectively differentiated; the analysis suggested five components with a variance greater than one which together explained over 60 per cent of the total variance. Other analyses of the data indicated that headshaking could develop at any age and that twice as many males were affected as females; 64 per cent of the horses shook their heads seasonally and geldings were more likely than mares to be seasonally affected. Seasonal headshaking tended to be significantly worse on sunny days but improved on rainy days, windy days, at night and indoors.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate to what extent firm investment in transition countries is sensitive to internal finance and find that firms in Bulgaria and Romania are less sensitive to external finance constraints than firms in Poland and the Czech Republic.
Abstract: In this paper we investigate to what extent firm investment in transition countries is sensitive to internal finance. We use accounts data of over 4000 companies in four countries at different stages of transition. We find that firms in Bulgaria and Romania are less sensitive to internal financing constraints, in contrast to firms in Poland and the Czech Republic. A likely explanation is that Bulgaria and Romania, which are the least advanced in the reforms towards market economy, have a stronger persistence of soft budget constraints than in the other two more advanced countries.
TL;DR: This paper argued that there has been a marked further "Europeanisation" of British trade unionism during the 1990s, consolidating an on-going process which began in earnest in the mid 1980s.
Abstract: This article evaluates the changing assessments within the British trade union movement of the efficacy of European Union integration from the viewpoint of labour interests. It argues that there has been a marked further ‘Europeanisation’ of British trade unionism during the 1990s, consolidating an on-going process which previous research shows began in earnest in the mid 1980s. A shift in trade union economic policy assessments has seen the decisive abandonment of the previously dominant ‘naive’ or national Keynesianism. While there remain important differences in economic perspective between unions, these are not such as would create significant divisions over the question of European integration per se, the net benefits of which are now generally, though perhaps not universally, accepted. The absence of fundamental divisions is evident from a careful assessment of the debates about economic and monetary union at TUC Congress. The Europeanisation of British trade unionism needs to be seen within the context of an emergent regionalism, in Europe and elsewhere. It can best be understood as a rational response by an important corporate actor (albeit one whose national influence has been considerably diminished in recent decades) to globalisation and a significantly changing political economy environment.
TL;DR: It was noted that approximately 60% of women did not vomit, approximately 30% experienced no retching, but 30-40% experienced nausea either all the time or more than once a day.
Abstract: Severity of nausea, retching and vomiting was determined using a newly developed nausea and vomiting in pregnancy instrument (NVPI) in two groups of pregnant women at two gestational time periods. ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the existing law in relation to bullying in the workplace and attempt to determine how effective it is in offering legal redress and protection to the victim, and whether it is time that the UK introduced specific legislation to deal with such behaviour, citing other European countries, particularly Sweden and Norway as possessing examples of potential legislation.
Abstract: Explores the existing law in relation to bullying in the workplace and attempts to determine how effective it is in offering legal redress and protection to the victim. Considers whether it is time that the UK introduced specific legislation to deal with such behaviour, citing other European countries, particularly Sweden and Norway as possessing examples of potential legislation. Seeks to answer the question, should the UK follow their lead and legislate in this area?
TL;DR: In this article, the emergence of organization from individuals' interactions in a collective is explained as an outcome of both self-organization and design, and the interest in these processes is that they help understanding the embodiment of knowledge to produce organizations with desirable properties.
Abstract: This paper explores the emergence of organization from individuals' interactions in a collective. Its focus is on small collectives like teams. Organization is explained as an outcome of both self-organization and design. Self-organization requires stretching environments and also commitment of individuals to the interests of the collective. As interactions produce organization individuals are constituted as autonomous and non-autonomous roles participating in processes of constitution and production. The interest in these processes is that they help understanding the embodiment of knowledge to produce organizations with desirable properties. This understanding triggers a reflection about research and design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The authors explored the influence of an organization's structure, such as that of the National Education System, in the emergence of desirable social properties beyond normative statements, and concluded that current educational methodologies aim at teaching a "model of" citizenship rather than at providing the necessary tools to think about and create suitable spaces "for" citizenship.
Abstract: In this paper I explore the influence of an organisation's structure, such as that of the National Education System, in the emergence of desirable social properties. In this case the concern is schools with adequate performance. It is assumed that there is a circular causality between structure and the social results of schools. I highlight some of the structural requirements to have justice, sense of belonging, trust, honesty and cooperation as emerging properties of these schools, beyond normative statements. These are requirements for effective citizenship. In order to study this, it is necessary to observe the structures that constitute collectives into organisations. Central to this paper is a case study that I carried out at Millfield Primary School in the U.K., which focused on the observation of citizenship as a dynamic process permanently being constructed. This case went beyond the normative understanding of citizenship as established in the new school curriculum to be implemented from September 2002. I take the view that the aim of citizenship is to build up a community in which one is constituted as a citizen. For that purpose we need enabling people to build up their own communities. My conclusion from this case study suggests that current educational methodologies aim at teaching a "model of" citizenship rather than at providing the necessary tools to think about and create suitable spaces "for" citizenship. The case study shows that it is necessary to reinforce in schools practical methods to create membership and respect for others.
TL;DR: Stroop interference was found to be increased and practice effects on nondominant tasks reduced in PD patients, suggesting that the ability to increase control over interference from irrelevant prepotent responses may be implicated in PD.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between cognitive inhibition and set-switching costs in 13 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 16 control subjects using a set-switching task with fully predictable switches. Incongruent colour-words and numerals were presented in either baseline (only colour-words or only numerals) or alternating lists (colour-words and numerals in alternation). Words required either a word-reading or colour-naming response whereas numerals required either a value-naming (value of the digits) or group-size naming (number of digits) response. Stroop interference was found to be increased and practice effects on nondominant tasks reduced in PD patients, suggesting that the ability to increase control over interference from irrelevant prepotent responses may be implicated in PD. Switch costs of PD patients were reduced on the first few trials of alternating dominant task lists and increased towards the end of alternating nondominant task lists. Both effects were explained as resulting from a reduced ability to maintain task-sets where selection of correct responses relies on inhibition of irrelevant stimulus-response mappings.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the principal influences on Adam Smith stem from the same source, namely, Francis Hutcheson, and argued that it is unwise to ignore the role of Design and the benevolent Deity in Smith's system, or to neglect his recognition of the social rather than individualistic nature of humankind.
Abstract: Argues that the principal influences on Adam Smith stem from the same source, namely, Francis Hutcheson. This is true both of the religious and Stoic influences on Smith and also (indirectly) of the influence on him of David Hume. Concludes that it is unwise to ignore the role of Design and the benevolent Deity in Smith’s system, or to neglect his recognition of the social rather than individualistic nature of humankind.