Showing papers by "University of Lincoln published in 2008"

Canine anxieties and phobias: an update on separation anxiety and noise aversions.

Abstract: Companion dogs commonly experience states of anxiety, fears, and phobias. Separation anxiety and noise aversions, as discussed in this article, are especially prevalent. Veterinarians are encouraged to recognize and treat such conditions on first presentation to address welfare issues and optimize successful management. New data suggest new treatment modalities, including behavioral management, pharmacotherapy, and species-specific pheromone use. Failure to treat can result in disruption of the human-animal bond and subsequent abandonment, relinquishment, or even euthanasia of the affected dog.

A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers

Abstract: The paper develops a conceptual understanding of the farmer as entrepreneur and provides an innovative theoretical framework based on a modelling process and taxonomy of the farmer, which enables the complexities of the dynamic changing forces which act upon the life world of the farmer to be framed. A number of key themes emerge: Farmers are a particularly rich area for study in the area of entrepreneurial capability; the myths surrounding farmers' capability to be entrepreneurial require examination; farmers are businesspeople in that they run businesses, but in practice they do not necessarily have well-defined business skills; the barriers to becoming entrepreneurial for farmers are greater than in other sectors.

Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: New Empirical Evidence from the Emerging East Asian Economies

Abstract: This paper examines the impact of bilateral real exchange rate volatility on real exports of five emerging East Asian countries among themselves as well as to thirteen industrialised countries. We explicitly recognize the specificity of the exports between the emerging East Asian and industrialised countries and employ a generalized gravity model that combines a traditional long-run export demand model with gravity type variables. In the empirical analysis we use a panel comprising 25 years of quarterly data and perform unit-root and cointegration tests to verify the long-run relationship among the regression variables. The results provide strong evidence that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on the exports of emerging East Asian countries. These results are robust across different estimation techniques and do not depend on the variable chosen to proxy exchange rate uncertainty.

Risk Assessment in Offenders With Intellectual Disability: A Comparison Across Three Levels of Security

Abstract: In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20—Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales—Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services.

REVIEW - A reference data set for retinal vessel profiles

Abstract: This paper describes REVIEW, a new retinal vessel reference dataset. This dataset includes 16 images with 193 vessel segments, demonstrating a variety of pathologies and vessel types. The vessel edges are marked by three observers using a special drawing tool. The paper also describes the algorithm used to process these segments to produce vessel profiles, against which vessel width measurement algorithms can be assessed. Recommendations are given for use of the dataset in performance assessment. REVIEW can be downloaded from http://ReviewDB.lincoln.ac.uk.

Human resource management and performance in European firms.

Abstract: We develop a theoretical framework to examine three hypotheses on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and organisational performance in European firms The first is that collaborative forms of HRM practice are more strongly associated with superior firm performance than calculative forms The second is that these associations are strongest where national institutional and normative settings support them The third is that employer– employee consultative committees and collective payment methods are also associated with superior firm performance The first two propositions are strongly empirically supported, as is the third, albeit more weakly The implications of the findings for European policy and Varieties of Capitalism theory are discussed

Critical realism: a philosophical framework for the study of gender and mental health.

Abstract: This paper explores gender and mental health with particular reference to the emerging philosophical field of critical realism. This philosophy suggests a shared ontology and epistemology for the natural and social sciences. Until recently, most of the debate surrounding gender and mental health has been guided either implicitly or explicitly within a positivist or constructivist philosophy. With this in mind, key areas of critical realism are explored in relation to gender and mental health, and contrasted with the positions of positivism and constructivism. It is argued that critical realism offers an alternative philosophical framework for the exploration of gender issues within mental health care.

Magic bullets for insomnia? Patients' use and experiences of newer (Z drugs) versus older (benzodiazepine) hypnotics for sleep problems in primary care.

Abstract: Background Little is known about patients' perceptions of newer hypnotics. Aim To investigate use, experience, and perceptions of Z drug and benzodiazepine hypnotics in the community. Design of study Cross-sectional survey of general practice patients who had received at least one prescription for a Z drug or benzodiazepine in the previous 6 months. Setting Lincolnshire, UK. Method Self-administered postal questionnaire. Results Of 1600 surveys posted, 935 (58.4%) responses were received, of which 705 (75.4%) were from patients taking drugs for insomnia. Of those 705 patients, 87.9% (n = 620) were first prescribed a hypnotic by their GP, and 94.9% (n = 669) had taken a sleeping tablet for 4 weeks or more. At least one side effect was reported in 41.8% (n = 295); 18.6% wished to come off hypnotic medication; and 48.5% had tried to stop treatment. Patients on Z drugs were more likely to express a wish to stop (22.7% versus 12.3%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13 to 2.49), or to have attempted to come off medication, than those on benzodiazepines (52.4% versus 41.0%; OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.12). The two groups did not differ significantly in respect of benefits or adverse effects. Conclusion There were no significant differences in patients' perceptions of efficacy or side-effects reported by those on Z drugs compared to patients taking benzodiazepines. Side-effects were commonly reported, which may have contributed to a high proportion of responders, particularly patients on Z drugs who were wishing to stop, or who had previously tried to stop taking this medication. Reported prescribing practices were often at variance with the licence for short-term use.

A review of the evolutionary approach to the study of entrepreneurship

Abstract: A number of more contextual and process-oriented approaches have been followed recently in entrepreneurial research, including the cognitive approach, the learning approach and the evolutionary approach. This paper reviews the evolutionary approach to the study of entrepreneurship. This includes an overview of evolutionary theory and the arguments behind its relevance to the study of socio-economics systems, as well as a review of the application of evolutionary theory to the study of entrepreneurship at both the population level (population ecology) and the organizational level (strategic choice). The reconciliation of these two perspectives is discussed, and comparisons are made with the cognition-based and learning-based approaches. It is argued in this paper that an evolutionary approach to the study of entrepreneurship leads to more theory-driven research with a strong focus on process and context. In addition, it offers more than both the cognition-based and learning-based approaches because it allows for multi-level analyses of the new venture creation process, encompassing both the population ecology (population level) and strategic choice (organizational level) perspective, and the resultant interactions between both hierarchies, giving valuable insight into the same overall evolutionary process.

An adaptive appearance-based map for long-term topological localization of mobile robots

Abstract: This work considers a mobile service robot which uses an appearance-based representation of its workplace as a map, where the current view and the map are used to estimate the current position in the environment. Due to the nature of real-world environments such as houses and offices, where the appearance keeps changing, the internal representation may become out of date after some time. To solve this problem the robot needs to be able to adapt its internal representation continually to the changes in the environment. This paper presents a method for creating an adaptive map for long-term appearance-based localization of a mobile robot using long-term and short-term memory concepts, with omni-directional vision as the external sensor.

Management of the axilla in women with breast cancer: current clinical practice and a new selective targeted approach.

Abstract: Axillary nodal status is the most important prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. Clinical assessment and imaging modalities are not always reliable. Surgical removal and histopathological examination of axillary lymph nodes remain essential methods of staging the axilla. However, the optimal management of the axilla remains uncertain. We performed Medline searches to identify relevant systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and nonrandomized and randomized controlled trials for the past 5 years (up to December 2007), as well as important historical articles and clinical guidelines relating to management of the axilla in women with breast cancer. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been the standard surgical approach for many years. It is, however, associated with marked morbidity; survival benefit remains uncertain. Axillary node sampling, widely practiced in the United Kingdom, is a reliable alternative procedure in staging the axilla, with less morbidity. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become an accurate method for staging the axilla in women with operable, clinically node-negative breast cancer. SLNB alone appears to be a safe and acceptable procedure for patients with uninvolved SLNs. Completion ALND or axillary radiotherapy remains the standard treatment for patients with tumor-involved SLNs. SLNB is associated with less morbidity than ALND. However, long-term follow-up and therapeutic outcomes are being awaited from randomized controlled trials. Several procedures are available for staging and treating the axilla. A tailored surgical approach, with careful assessment of risk-benefit and patient preference, is guiding the evolving modern management of the axilla for women with breast cancer.

Training in dual diagnosis interventions (the COMO Study): Randomised controlled trial

Abstract: Despite the high prevalence of co-morbid substance use among mental health service users (dual diagnosis), very few mental health workers in the UK have had training and/or clinical experience to equip them to deliver targeted interventions to this client group. In a randomised controlled trial of training for dual diagnosis interventions, 79 case managers from 12 community mental health teams in South London were randomly allocated to either receive training and follow-up supervision (experimental group) or no training and supervision (control group). Baseline measures of attitude, self-efficacy and knowledge were collected prior to randomisation, and were repeated at 18 months post-training. An intention to treat analysis of follow-up data (adjusted for baseline score for that outcome and team) was performed. At 18 months post-training, the AAPPQ (The Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire) total score was did not differ significantly between the two groups (adjusted difference 7.43 [95% CI -0.86 to 15.71], p = 0.08). There were significant differences in favour of the experimental group on 2 of the 6 subscales of the AAPPQ: 'adequacy of knowledge and skills in working with alcohol" (adjusted difference 3.598 [95% CI 1.03 to 6.16], p = 0.007) and "self-esteem in working with alcohol" (adjusted difference 3.00 [95% CI 0.46 to 5.54], p = 0.021). In addition there were significant improvements for the experimental group on "Knowledge About Dual Diagnosis" (adjusted difference 2.00 [95% CI 0.80 to 3.22], p = 0.002) and "Self-Efficacy Scale" (adjusted difference 13.55 [95% CI 8.00 to 26.86], p = 0.001). The effect of membership of teams was added to the analysis of covariance and this changed the results for only one variable: "self-esteem working with drinkers" was no longer significant. A brief training course in dual diagnosis interventions had a significant effect on secondary measures of knowledge and self-efficacy that was detectable at 18 months post-training. Improvements in attitudes towards working with drinkers and drug users in mental health settings failed to reach statistical significance. Future research should explore the effects of dose of dual diagnosis training, and the successful integration of skills gained into routine care. ISRCTN98891022 14th March 2007

Neophilia in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and its implication for studies of dog cognition.

Abstract: This study examined novel-object preference in dogs. In a free choice test 17 dogs were presented with a novel toy in a line up with two familiar toys. The unfamiliar object was chosen first in 38 out 50 tests suggesting a strong preference for novel over familiar items. Neophilia may be an adaptive trait for domestic dogs that has helped their adaptation towards man.

Marginalised or Enabled Voices? ‘User Participation’ in Policy and Practice

Abstract: The idea of participation has been central to many policy developments in recent years. Both Conservative and Labour governments have used notions of participation and involvement in attempts to justify and implement their social policies. Yet, despite a plethora of initiatives and guidance around ‘participation’ emerging from all levels of government, and a substantial academic literature, there remains a major, and potentially damaging, lack of clarity over many aspects of participation, while the secret of achieving ‘real’ participation appears to continue to remain elusive.

A Minimalistic Approach to Appearance-Based Visual SLAM

Abstract: This paper presents a vision-based approach to simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in indoor/outdoor environments with minimalistic sensing and computational requirements. The approach is based on a graph representation of robot poses, using a relaxation algorithm to obtain a globally consistent map. Each link corresponds to a relative measurement of the spatial relation between the two nodes it connects. The links describe the likelihood distribution of the relative pose as a Gaussian distribution. To estimate the covariance matrix for links obtained from an omnidirectional vision sensor, a novel method is introduced based on the relative similarity of neighboring images. This new method does not require the determination of distances to image features using multiple-view geometry, for example. Combined indoor and outdoor experiments demonstrate that the approach can handle different environments (without modification of the parameters), and it can cope with violations of the ldquoflat floor assumptionrdquo to some degree and scales well with increasing size of the environment, producing topologically correct and geometrically accurate maps at low computational cost. Further experiments demonstrate that the approach is also suitable for combining multiple overlapping maps, e.g., for solving the multirobot SLAM problem with unknown initial poses.

A double-blind placebo-controlled study into the efficacy of a homeopathic remedy for fear of firework noises in the dog (Canis familiaris)

Abstract: Seventy-five dogs that showed a fear response to fireworks participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy of a homeopathic remedy for the alleviation of their behavioural signs. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two treatments; the homeopathic treatment or the placebo treatment. At the baseline assessments the owners identified the behavioural signs of fear that their dogs normally displayed in response to fireworks, rated their frequency and intensity, and assessed the global severity of their dog's responses. These measures were repeated at the final assessment and owners also completed weekly diaries for the length of the trial. There were significant improvements in the owners' rating of 14/15 behavioural signs of fear in the placebo treatment group and all 15 behavioural signs in the homeopathic treatment group. Both treatment groups also showed significant improvement in the owners' rating of the global severity of their dog's responses. However, there was no significant difference in the response seen between the two treatment groups.

Listening to children: gaining a perspective of the experiences of poverty and social exclusion from children and young people of single-parent families.

Abstract: This paper reports on the experiences and views of children and young people of single-parent families, as findings from a European Union-funded research project undertaken in England, Greece and Cyprus. The objectives of the research project were to investigate how children and young people of single-parent families understand and experience their worlds as members of these families: whether and to what extent they experience poverty and social exclusion and how they cope with the challenges that this confronts them with. Methodology was replicated in each of the countries; however, this paper draws on the English experiences. Semistructured interviews (40) and focus groups (four) were undertaken with children of single parents. In addition, focus groups were undertaken with children of two-parent families (four), focus groups with single parents, focus groups with two-parent families (four) and individual interviews with key professionals. Detailed discussion guides were followed, with open-ended questions to allow participants to express their feelings and ideas in their own words. The research sample included children from single-parent and two-parent families, aged 6 years to 16 years, balanced in terms of age, gender and geographical location. Findings demonstrate the children's and young people's understanding of the impact of poverty and social exclusion on their family life and their everyday experiences. The positive benefits of being in a single-parent family are highlighted, with 'time poverty' raised as a significant issue. Children and young people are aware of their poverty and how it influences exclusion from friendships, play, leisure and community activities. Policy needs to take account of the systematic reality of children's experiences; alliances with adults that support meaningful involvement and participation by children and young people will make a significant contribution to this.

Influence of body position when considering the ecological validity of laboratory time-trial cycling performance

Abstract: The aims of this study were to compare the physiological demands of laboratory- and road-based time-trial cycling and to examine the importance of body position during laboratory cycling. Nine male competitive but non-elite cyclists completed two 40.23-km time-trials on an air-braked ergometer (Kingcycle) in the laboratory and one 40.23-km time-trial (RD) on a local road course. One laboratory time-trial was conducted in an aerodynamic position (AP), while the second was conducted in an upright position (UP). Mean performance speed was significantly higher during laboratory trials (UP and AP) compared with the RD trial (P 0.05), power output was significantly lower during the AP trial than during both the RD (P = 0.013) and UP trials (P = 0.003). Similar correlations were found between AP power output and RD power output (r = 0.85, P = 0.003) and between UP power output and RD power output (r = 0.87, P = 0.003). Despite a significantly lower power output in the laboratory AP condition, these results suggest that body position does not affect the ecological validity of laboratory-based time-trial cycling.

Empirical studies of open source evolution

Abstract: This chapter surveys a sample of empirical studies of Open Source Software (OSS) evolution. According to these, the classical findings in proprietary software evolution, such as Lehman’s laws of software evolution, might need to be revised, at least in part, to account for the OSS observations. The book chapter summarises what appears to be the empirical status of each of Lehman’s laws with respect to OSS and highlights the threats to validity that frequently emerge in this type of research.

Mitochondrial DNA variation and systematics of the guanaco (Lama guanicoe, Artiodactyla: Camelidae)

Abstract: Guanacos (Lama guanicoe) are the most important native herbivorous species in the South American steppes and the dominant ungulate in a fauna rich in rodents but poor in large mammal species. Between 2 and 4 subspecies are usually recognized within Lama guanicoe, based on subtle morphological differences and geographic distribution. To evaluate whether molecular variation is consistent with the latter hypotheses, we analyzed the complete cytochrome-b and partial control region mitochondrial DNA sequences of L. guanicoe from 22 localities in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Sequence analyses of both genes support the monophyly of the species but failed to distinguish the occurrence of subspecies along the geographic range. Despite that, the northernmost populations (Peru and northern Chile) showed some degree of genetic differentiation with respect to southern representatives from Argentina, Bolivia, and rest of Chile. Analysis of genetic diversity also showed a strong signal of past low population size and a recent population expansion.

Prospects for Local Co-Governance

Abstract: British local authorities and their partners are increasingly developing new ways of working together with local communities The nature of this co-working, however, is complex, multi-faceted and little understood This article argues for greater clarity of thinking on the topic, by analysing this co-working as a form of political co-governance, and drawing attention in particular to issues of scale and democracy Using evidence from a study of 43 local authority areas, 16 authorities are identified where co-governance is practised, following three main types of approach: service-influencing, service-delivering and parish council developing It is concluded that strengthening political co-governance is essential for a healthy democracy

Riding out the Storm: Graduates, Enterprise and Careers in Turbulent Economic Times.

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible implications for graduate employability of the economic changes which are affecting the UK in the wake of the “credit crunch”. It explores the changing economic context and its implications both for HEIs and for graduates starting their careers.Design/methodology/approach – The article uses current surveys and analysis of the graduate employment market, the labour market and the economy in general to identify and comment on possible trends and scenarios.Findings – There appear to be variations between general media coverage of “the state of the UK economy”, which tend to emphasise bad news and survey data, which suggest that the outlook for graduate career prospects and employability remains reasonably strong. The article comments on the increasing connections between enterprise and employability which are being made by universities and summarises current developments in graduate employability and enterprising learning in order to assess how w...

Critical success factors in the chartering phase: a case study of an ERP implementation

Abstract: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are pervasive information systems that have been fundamental in organizations for the past two decades. ERP systems may well count as the most important development in technology in the 1990s. There are many ERP success stories; equally there are as many failure stories. This article reviews current literature of the critical success factors (CSF) of ERP implementations. This review will be used in conjunction with the case of a UK furniture manufacturer’s (Company X) implementation of an ERP system. This artcile considers the factors that resulted in the failure of the ERP at Company X in the chartering phase of the implementation.

Reflective practice: a learning tool for student nurses.

Abstract: Reflection is a vital skill in contemporary nursing with student nurses expected to engage in reflective learning from the very beginning of the nurse educational programme. This article demonstrates the meaningful learning that resulted as a consequence of using critical reflection on practice. Gibbs' (1988) cycle aided the process highlighting the practical application of this cyclical framework to the author - a first-year student nurse. Matters concerning gender issues in nursing and professional conduct emerged from the analysis and were inherently explored. The article concludes by demonstrating the personal benefits of using Gibbs' (1988) cycle to varying situations and thus promoting its excellence as a learning tool for student nurses worldwide as a consequence.

Autoethnography as ‘valid’ methodology? A study of disrupted identity narratives

Abstract: Despite its burgeoning popularity in recent years, autoethnography is still considered a contentious, even a ‘self-indulgent’ genre, at least within some quarters of the social sciences, where it is viewed as more akin to ‘navel-gazing’ autobiography than to rigorous social scientific research This article considers some of the advantages and challenges of working with a variation of the genre – a collaborative autoethnography Our research project examined from a sociological perspective disrupted athletic identities occasioned by long-term sporting injuries Whilst not a narrative analysis per se, we examine here some of the narratives (spoken and written) co-produced during the process of injury and rehabilitation Such narrative activity facilitated sense-making at the phenomenological, interactional and analytic levels, and helped counteract the threat of identity disruption caused by long-term, serious injury The article considers the potential of the autoethnograhic approach for providing unique insights into lived-body experiences, and concludes with a discussion of just some of the ethical issues arising from this methodological approach Keywords: Autoethnography, Ethics, Narratives, Sporting Injuries

Formation of Foreign Direct Investment Clustering–A New Path to Local Economic Development? The Case of Qingdao

Abstract: Jun Yeup Kim and Le-Yin Zhang Formation of foreign direct investment clustering – a new path to local economic development? The case of Qingdao, Regional Studies. This paper investigates the clustering of Chinese electronics manufacturers, large and small, alongside established foreign producers in Qingdao, North China. It examines how the supplier–buyer linkages between foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) and local firms have driven the development of a successful electronic industry cluster around development zones established by the local authority, underpinning the success of the large domestic firms both at home and abroad. It also analyses how FIEs' collaboration with local firms fosters local economic development in Qingdao. By integrating the theoretical perspectives of the hub-and-spoke model from economic geography and flagship-and-five partner's model in the science of strategic management, it develops its own theoretical lens to investigate the inter-firm network between the FIEs and local fir...