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Institution

University of Lincoln

EducationLincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom
About: University of Lincoln is a education organization based out in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Higher education. The organization has 2341 authors who have published 7025 publications receiving 124797 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of video footage of the CityMobil2 AV demonstrations in La Rochelle and Trikala indicates that road infrastructure and road user factors had a major impact on the type of interactions that arose between AVs and other road users, and varied considerably across socio-demographic groups.
Abstract: If automated vehicles (AVs) are to move efficiently through the traffic environment, there is a need for them to interact and communicate with other road users in a comprehensible and predictable manner. For this reason, an understanding of the interaction requirements of other road users is needed. The current study investigated these requirements through an analysis of 22 hours of video footage of the CityMobil2 AV demonstrations in La Rochelle (France) and Trikala (Greece). Manual and automated video-analysis techniques were used to identify typical interactions patterns between AVs and other road users. Results indicate that road infrastructure and road user factors had a major impact on the type of interactions that arose between AVs and other road users. Road infrastructure features such as road width, and the presence or absence of zebra crossings had an impact on road users’ trajectory decisions while approaching an AV. Where possible, pedestrians and cyclists appeared to leave as much space as possible between their trajectories and that of the AV. However, in situations where the infrastructure did not allow for the separation of traffic, risky behaviours were more likely to emerge, with cyclists, in particular, travelling closely alongside the AVs on narrow paths of the road, rather than waiting for the AV to pass. In addition, the types of interaction varied considerably across socio-demographic groups, with females and older users more likely to show cautionary behaviour around the AVs than males, or younger road users. Overall, the results highlight the importance of implementing the correct infrastructure to support the safe introduction of AVs, while also ensuring that the behaviour of the AV matches other road users’ expectations as closely as possible in order to avoid traffic conflicts.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The annual cost of resistance in England for black-grass is estimated to be £0.4 billion, which supports urgent national-scale planning to combat resistance and an incentive for increasing yields through food-production systems rather than herbicides.
Abstract: Pesticides have underpinned significant improvements in global food security, albeit with associated environmental costs. Currently, the yield benefits of pesticides are threatened as overuse has led to wide-scale evolution of resistance. Yet despite this threat, there are no large-scale estimates of crop yield losses or economic costs due to resistance. Here, we combine national-scale density and resistance data for the weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) with crop yield maps and a new economic model to estimate that the annual cost of resistance in England is £0.4bn in lost gross profit (2014 prices), and annual wheat yield loss due to resistance is 0.8 million tonnes. A total loss of herbicide control against black-grass would cost £1bn and 3.4 million tonnes of lost wheat yield annually. Worldwide, there are 253 herbicide-resistant weeds, so the global impact of resistance could be enormous. Our research provides an urgent case for national-scale planning to combat further evolution of resistance, and an incentive for policies focused on increasing yields through more sustainable food-production systems rather than relying so heavily on herbicides.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of brightness in relation to laser beams is discussed and the techniques used to enhance the laser beam brightness are also reviewed and an update on the analytical technique to determine brightness using the current empirical equations is also provided.
Abstract: This paper details the importance of brightness in relation to laser beams. The ‘brightness’ of lasers is a term that is generally not given much attention in laser applications or in any published literature. With this said, it is theoretically and practically an important parameter in laser-material processing. This study is first of a kind which emphasizes in-depth, the concept of brightness of lasers by firstly reviewing the existing literature and the progress with high brightness laser-material processes. Secondly, the techniques used to enhance the laser beam brightness are also reviewed. In addition, we review the brightness fundamentals and rationalize why brightness of lasers is an important concept. Moreover, an update on the analytical technique to determine brightness using the current empirical equations is also provided. A modified equation to determine the laser beam brightness is introduced thereafter. work The modified equation in turn is a new parameter called “Radiance Density”. Furthermore, research studies previously conducted to modify laser design to affect laser beam brightness are also discussed. The paper not only involves a review of the techniques used to improve laser beam brightness but also reviews how bright lasers can be employed to enhance/improve laser process capabilities leading to cost reduction of the laser assisted processes in areas such as manufacturing.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The agreement between the STA data and the experiment establishes the correspondence between the water density used as an input to the STA model and the experimental hydration structure and thus provides a tool to bridge the experimental force data and atomistic solvation structures.
Abstract: Hydration plays important roles in various solid–liquid interfacial phenomena. Very recently, three-dimensional scanning force microscopy (3D-SFM) has been proposed as a tool to visualise solvated surfaces and their hydration structures with lateral and vertical (sub) molecular resolution. However, the relationship between the 3D force map obtained and the equilibrium water density, ρ(r), distribution above the surface remains an open question. Here, we investigate this relationship at an interface of an inorganic mineral, fluorite, and water. The force maps measured in pure water are directly compared to force maps generated using the solvent tip approximation (STA) model and from explicit molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the simulated STA force map describes the major features of the experimentally obtained force image. The agreement between the STA data and the experiment establishes the correspondence between the water density used as an input to the STA model and the experimental hydration structure and thus provides a tool to bridge the experimental force data and atomistic solvation structures. Further applications of this method should improve the accuracy and reliability of both interpretation of 3D-SFM force maps and atomistic simulations in a wide range of solid–liquid interfacial phenomena.

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review discusses recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry.
Abstract: The application of alkyl and aryl substituted cyanamides in synthetic chemistry has diversified multi-fold in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent advances (since 2012) in the chemistry of cyanamides and detail their application in cycloaddition chemistry, aminocyanation reactions, as well as electrophilic cyanide-transfer agents and their unique radical and coordination chemistry.

54 citations


Authors

Showing all 2452 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
David R. Williams1782034138789
David Scott124156182554
Hugh S. Markus11860655614
Timothy E. Hewett11653149310
Wei Zhang96140443392
Matthew Hall7582724352
Matthew C. Walker7344316373
James F. Meschia7140128037
Mark G. Macklin6926813066
John N. Lester6634919014
Christine J Nicol6126810689
Lei Shu5959813601
Frank Tanser5423117555
Simon Parsons5446215069
Christopher D. Anderson5439310523
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202350
2022193
2021913
2020811
2019735
2018694