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Showing papers by "University of Liverpool published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dominance hierarchy was studied by direct observation within a total of forty-four groups of pigs aged between 8 and 30 weeks, and it is suggested that rank is a resultant of the interaction of a number of factors.

342 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed empirical relationships which relate the force of adhesion to the viscous drag experienced by the particle, which is assumed to be embedded in a steady, viscous sublayer.
Abstract: Visser [J. Colloid Interface Sci. 34, 26 (1970)] has used hydrodynamic techniques, i.e., rotating cylinders, to study the removal of submicron particles from various substrates. He developed empirical relationships which relate the force of adhesion to the viscous drag experienced by the particle, which is assumed to be embedded in a steady, viscous sublayer. Although this technique is a valuable experimental tool, the question of how a particle is moved is evaded. Detailed investigations of the turbulent boundary layer (reported in the fluid mechanics literature) have shown that the viscous sublayer is anything but steady, and is continually disrupted by turbulent “bursts.” These bursts, which are not unlike miniature tornados, may cause instantaneous lift forces sufficient to detach a particle. This model of an unsteady sublayer has been used to predict the possible lift forces acting on the particle. These can arise either from impulsive motions or from the generation of a quasi-steady updraft over a particle by a burst. From these predicted lift forces, a removal criterion is obtained which for a given fluid reduces to τωd4/3 ⩾ constant where τω is wall shear stress and d is particle diameter. This result is shown to be in general agreement with previous empirical studies. The rate of removal can be predicted by combining this analysis of lift forces with literature data on the size and frequency of bursts. Although this latter information is taken from studies in pipe-flow and flow over a flat-plate, the predicted rates are in qualitative agreement with the experimental data from rotational instruments.

333 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The test was designed to measure changes in the symptoms of neurotic patients participating in experiments in therapeutics such as drug trials and found to be effective in discriminating between the responses to psychotropic drugs and to placebo.
Abstract: Results of studies with various versions of the Symptom Rating Test are described. The test was designed to measure changes in the symptoms of neurotic patients participating in experiments in therapeutics such as drug trials. In all studies the test scores discriminated significantly between psychiatric patients and normals. In drug trials the test was found to be effective in discriminating between the responses to psychotropic drugs and to placebo. The findings suggest that the test is a valid and reliable measure of distress.

286 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is apparent that considerable caution is needed before concluding that release of titanium can cause clinically significant local effects, although such effects may have occurred in a minority of patients, and this possibility is by no means proven.
Abstract: A combined histological, metallurgical, and clinical study has been made in 19 instances where a surgical operation had been performed to remove a titanium implant used in the treatment of disease or trauma in man. All the implants were static devices such as pins, plates and rods. Histological examination of nonosseous tissue excised from adjacent to the implant was supplemented by estimation of its titanium content by neutron activation analysis. The results indicate that in some patients titanium can be liberated into tissue adjacent to titanium implants. The phenomenon can occur in the absence of corrosion or fracture of the implant, and is unrelated to the possible liberation of wear particles from an artificial articular surface. There is variation from individual to individual in the amount, if any, of titanium released. In the case of those implants showing titanium release, the results suggest that local release of the metal, or its subsequent accumulation in the tissue, is a patchy process at the implant site. The histological features of the local reaction of nonosseous tissue to titanium release are described. No conclusions have been drawn concerning possible effects on the osteogenic response to the insertion of the implants and on the overall state of the bone at the time of their removal. From study of the clinical records it is apparent that considerable caution is needed before concluding that release of titanium can cause clinically significant local effects. Although such effects may have occurred in a minority of patients, this possibility is by no means proven. A distinction must be drawn between a “metal reaction” in the histological sense and a “metal reaction” in the clinical sense.

207 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that recall of medical information can be increased by the use of explicit categorization, and in both cases recall was significantly improved by categorization.
Abstract: An attempt was made to increase patients recall of what their doctor has told them by explicitly organizing the material presented to them. The results of 2 experiments with a volunteer sample of 20 undergraduate arts and science students and a sample of 40 patients attending evening surgeries in a lower working-class general practice showed that recall of medical information can be increased by the use of explicit categorization. In the 1st experiment where subjects received 15 statements to remember recall of material was increased by almost 50% as a result of categorization. In the 2nd experiment recall of an average of 7 or so statements was increased by about 25%. The difference in improvement might be because of the difference in the amount of material presented the differences between real-life and laboratory learning or the subject differences. In sum in both cases recall was significantly improved by categorization.

153 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1973-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the concentration of Pb in atmospheric particulates collected along the length of the Atlantic Ocean from a variety of air masses was analyzed and the results are listed in Table 1, and the ship's track is shown in Fig. 1.
Abstract: MAN-INDUCED changes affecting the trace metal composition of seawater through river runoff have their initial effects in coastal regions close to the source of pollution. It is now recognized, however1,2, that atmospheric transport can introduce pollutants directly to the open ocean. There are still few data on the trace metal compositions of atmospheric particulates from oceanic areas and those that are available3–5 are from latitudinally restricted locations. Recently, we have carried out a sampling programme6–8 in which particulates have been collected from seawater and from the lower atmosphere (∼15 m above the sea surface) over large tracts of the world ocean. The collection details have been described elsewhere6 and here we present data on the concentration of Pb in atmospheric particulates collected along the length of the Atlantic Ocean from a variety of air masses. The results are listed in Table 1, and the ship's track is shown in Fig. 1.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conception dates of wild Red deer in two parts of Northern Scotland were estimated from foetus weights and from the known birth dates of calves, showing distinct patterns in relation to age, whether or not the hinds had current year's calves, and to body condition.
Abstract: The conception dates of wild Red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in two parts of Northern Scotland (the Isle of Rhum in the Inner Hebrides, and Glen Feshie in the Central Highlands) were estimated from foetus weights and from the known birth dates of calves. In both localities, the conceptions were spread over periods of about 100 days from late September to late December with a peak in October. The median conception date was seven to ten days earlier on Rhum than at Glen Feshie. The conception data from shot hinds showed distinct patterns in relation to age, whether or not the hinds had current year's calves, and to body condition. Body condition may be the most important “secondary factor” influencing the time of conception; hinds in poor condition tended to conceive later than those in good condition. Body condition could also account for year to year fluctuations in the time of breeding; hinds tended to breed earlier in years when they were in better condition.

129 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: General expressions are presented to describe the transient in a multi-enzyme sequence in which the initial enzyme is rate-limiting, revealing that the initial enzymes does not contribute to the transient but does determine the steady-state velocity.

127 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jul 1973-Nature
TL;DR: Examination of Hb synthesis in foetal organs at different stages of development finds that there are local organ-specific differences in the rate of change from Hb F to A production, which might be expected if it were hormonally controlled.
Abstract: IN man foetal haemoglobin (Hb F, α2γ2), which is the main respiratory protein throughout intrauterine life, is almost completely replaced by adult haemoglobin (Hb A, α2β2) during the first 6 months after birth. The mechanism of the switch from γ to β-chain production is unknown. In intra uterine life erythropoiesis occurs first in the yolk sac, then in the liver and spleen and finally in the bone marrow1. Hb A production occurs at a low level from about the ninth to twelfth week of gestation2–6 and there is evidence that foetal liver can synthesize both Hb A and F4,7. It is not known, however, whether the switch from Hb F to Hb A production is synchronous in different foetal organs, which might be expected if it were hormonally controlled, or whether there are local organ-specific differences in the rate of change from Hb F to A production. To examine this problem, and to obtain further information about the pattern of Hb A production in early intrauterine life, we have examined Hb synthesis in foetal organs at different stages of development.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two components of the solute drag have been identified, one linearly dependent on the boundary velocity and the other velocity independent, and the specific character of this component is not yet identified although it appears to be consistent with a Zener type drag produced by solute cluster-grain boundary interactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Onsager's theory of dipole moments is modified for radially inhomogeneous permittivity [form ϵ( r )=ϵ B exp(κ/ r )] arising at the cavit as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of a finite cavity backing a finite panel on the transmission of sound through the panel and on the vibration of the panel was investigated, and a graphical technique, first used in a one-dimensional study of this case, was applied in the three dimensional case to predict frequencies of interest.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The maternal fetal haemoglobin level has been monitored throughout thirty-nine pregnancies and in 17 % of the cases there was a rise in amount of HbF above the normal range in the first trimester, and analysis of the structure and synthesis showed that it was probably maternal in origin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A three Ge(Li) Compton polarimeter has been constructed, and its sensitivity to γ-ray linear polarisation determined in the energy range 0.4 to 4.4 MeV as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of suspended sediment particles and changes in salinity on the precipitation of iron in sea water are studied, and it is shown that both increasing salinity and the presence of suspended particles increase the rate and extent of iron precipitation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that selection pressure for newly arisen inversions depends on the existence of a stable equilibrium with linkage disequilibrium and the expected chance of survival of a new inversion in a large population is shown to be approximately one half the square root of the loss in fitness due to recombination.
Abstract: An approximate expression, is derived for the rate of change in frequency of an inversion introduced at a low initial frequency into a multi-locus system at equilibrium under recombination and selection. It is shown that this expression gives accurate predictions of the rate of progress of the inversion, even if the initial population is perturbed somewhat from equilibrium. Extensions to the cases where there are sex differences in recombination and selection are considered. An implication of the results is that selection pressure for newly arisen inversions depends on the existence of a stable equilibrium with linkage disequilibrium. The expected chance of survival of a new inversion in a large population is shown to be approximately one half the square root of the loss in fitness due to recombination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The suitability of cellulose and Sepharose as supports for affinity chromatography of two groups of cofactor-linked enzymes, dehydrogenases and kinases, was examined andSepharose was found to be superior.
Abstract: 1. The suitability of cellulose and Sepharose as supports for affinity chromatography of two groups of cofactor-linked enzymes, dehydrogenases and kinases, was examined. Sepharose was found to be superior. 2. The selective capacities of the columns were measured by frontal analysis and are discussed in relation to the nucleotide contents. 3. The effect of various concentrations of enzyme and of non-specific protein on the performance of the affinity columns, and the effects of equilibration time, flow rate, sample volume and dilution of the nucleotide were examined. 4. The effect of interposing polymethylene and polyglycine extension arms between the matrix backbone and the nucleotide was investigated for several cofactor-dependent enzymes. Maximum binding was observed with an extension arm 0.8–1nm long.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The most likely molecular mechanisms for this disorder are either an ‘overproduction abnormality’ of α‐chain synthesis, or a defect in cell division leading to increased amounts of genetic material per cell, a mechanism postulated recently as a basis for the unusual distribution of red cell enzyme levels in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia.
Abstract: Summary. What appears to be a hitherto unreported type of congenital anaemia has been found in six members of an Irish family. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by moderate anaemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphological abnormalities of the red cells (which are, however, well haemoglobinized), erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow, and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy. Potassium flux across the red cell membranes is increased and there is imbalanced globin chain synthesis with α-chain production exceeding that of β-chains by a factor of 2/1. Excess α-chains in the bone marrow form a pool of similar magnitude to that observed in β-thalassaemia heterozygotcs but the latter do not have red cell precursor inclusion bodies or the degree of ineffective erythropoiesis seen in the present cases. The most likely molecular mechanisms for this disorder are either an ‘overproduction abnormality’ of α-chain synthesis, or a defect in cell division leading to increased amounts of genetic material per cell, a mechanism postulated recently as a basis for the unusual distribution of red cell enzyme levels in congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia.


Journal ArticleDOI
16 Feb 1973-Nature
TL;DR: The authors' sediments are from an English lake in a predominantly rural area and it seemed to us that lake sediments, which geologically have a relatively rapid rate of deposition, might produce further evidence of man's input of Hg to the environment.
Abstract: GOLDBERG1 has estimated that at present man is responsible for about half of the total Hg released into the environment, and pollutant Hg has already been found in snow and ice2 and near-shore marine sediments3. It seemed to us that lake sediments, which geologically have a relatively rapid rate of deposition, might produce further evidence of man's input of Hg to the environment. This has been shown to occur in sediments from a Canadian lake which receives industrial waste4. Our sediments are from an English lake in a predominantly rural area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One hundred general surgical patients were subjected to a form of personality assessment the day before operation and the day after surgery, and patients were more “neurotic” (had higher N scores) than the general population; they also had a higher lie (L) score, and this tended to increase with age.
Abstract: One hundred general surgical patients were subjected to a form of personality assessment (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964) the day before operation. Anaesthesia was standardized using light general anaesthesia, a muscle relaxant and controlled ventilation. The day after surgery patients filled in a standardized postoperative questionnaire about complaints concerning their visit to theatre. The patients were more “neurotic” (had higher N scores) than the general population; they also had a higher lie (L) score, and this tended to increase with age. The N score was greater in those awaiting upper abdominal operations than in those awaiting other procedures, and greater in females than in males. Pain was the most conspicuous postoperative complaint, despite the use of conventional analgesia. Preoperative anxiety was also prominent, as were complaints related to the passage or presence of a nasogastric tube. There was a positive correlation between N score and complaints of anxiety, and between N score and total number of complaints, but not between N score and complaints of pain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Proterozoic Nagssugtoqidian and Ketilidian mobile belts are comparable in scale with those of the Phanerozoic rather than those from the Archaean as mentioned in this paper, and differ from one another in the tectonic displacements which gave rise to them, and in their thermal activities as expressed by igneous and metamorphic characteristics.
Abstract: The Proterozoic Nagssugtoqidian and Ketilidian mobile belts are comparable in scale with those of the Phanerozoic rather than those of the Archaean. These two Proterozoic belts differ from one another both in the tectonic displacements which gave rise to them, and in their thermal activities as expressed by igneous and metamorphic characteristics. Similar differences between modern tectonic belts have been interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. The Nagssugtoqidian is characterized by considerable crustal shortening, very limited igneous activity, and high-pressure regional metamorphism which may be related to crustal thickening resulting from both ductile and brittle overthrusting of the Nagssugtoqidian rocks over the Archaean foreland. Evidence of crustal shortening in the Ketilidian is limited, but vertical and transcurrent movements are important. Widespread igneous activity throughout the active history of the belt resulted in the formation of mainly acid volcanic supracrustal rocks and widespread granite intrusion. The appinite suite is also well represented. Metamorphism is mainly of low-pressure type. A tentative comparison can be made between the Alpine and Nagssugtoqidian belts on the one hand, and Andean and Ketilidian belts on the other.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The flysch of the Playa de San Telmo, Zumaya, North Spain, has been the subject of a quantitative sedimentological analysis as discussed by the authors, and it is inferred that sedimentation commenced with deposition of a limestone-red shale sequence below wave base and continued with proximal and then distal turbidite sandstones deposited in what may have been a gradually deepening trough.
Abstract: The flysch of Paleocene to Eocene age outcropping in an almost unbroken cliff section at the Playa de San Telmo, Zumaya, North Spain, has been the subject of a quantitative sedimentological analysis. It is inferred that sedimentation commenced with deposition of a limestone-red shale sequence below wave base and continued with proximal and then distal turbidite sandstones deposited in what may have been a gradually deepening trough. The trough was probably oriented approximately east-west, parallel to the subsequent main tectonic trend. Sediment transport within the trough appears to have been essentially axial, with calcareous and siliceous sand derived from the east, but some siliceous sand was also laterally transported mainly from a land mass to the north. The sediments contain an abundant and varied suite of trace fossils. Thus, with the depositional environment already defined sedimentologically, it was possible to critically examine the relationship between facies, trace fossil distribution and possible water depth. The facies variations were shown to be reflected in a changing ichnofauna. Spreite such as Zoophycos and Rhizocorallium were present in limestones apparently deposited not far below wave base. These traces are replaced by rosetted, winding and meandering forms in the more proximal turbidite facies. In the more distal facies spiral and patterned trace fossils appear, winding and meandering forms are common but Zoophycos, Rhizocorallium and rosetted traces are absent. It is inferred that these changes reflect faunal distribution on the sea floor rather than preservational factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, all charged particles of transverse momentum p T between 1.5 and 4.4 GeV/c at center of mass angles 90° and 59.4° from p-p-collisions with √ s = 44 and 53 GeV has been measured.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings have provided experimental confirmation of a profuse spinal projection to the reticular formation of the hindbrain in all three classes examined, including those in specimens with lesions of hemisections or less.
Abstract: Lesions were made at varying levels in the spinal cords of a number of dogfish, rudd, and frogs. After a suitable survival period the resulting fibre degeneration was demonstrated by means of a silver impregnation technique. The findings have provided experimental confirmation of a profuse spinal projection to the reticular formation of the hindbrain in all three classes examined. These fibres were found to project to a constant sector of the reticular formation which closely corresponded not only between individual specimens of the same species, but between the three species, and which was situated ventrolaterally in the medulla oblongata. The density of this dengeneration was always greatest in the caudal brainstem and became progressively less at more rostral levels. All spinal projections to the reticular formation exhibited some degree of bilaterality, including those in specimens with lesions of hemisections or less. A spinotectal pathway was also demonstrated in certain specimens of dogfish. No involvement of cranial nerve nuclei was seen. These findings are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison of ten major and fifteen trace element analyses for U.S.G. standard rocks with averages taken from the literature testifies to the precision of these techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure of crazes formed in solvent-cast thin films has been studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the results have been compared with the results derived from the examination of replicas obtained from the fracture surfaces of bulk specimens.
Abstract: The microstructure of crazes formed in solvent-cast thin films have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results have been compared with the microstructure of crazes determined from the examination of replicas obtained from the fracture surfaces of bulk specimens. The structure of crazes formed in thin films and in the bulk have been shown to be similar with the exception that much finer fibril structures are observed in thin films at large deformations. A model of the microstructure of a craze is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the epididymis and spermatic cord of the horse are not capable of producing significant quantities of testosterone and the possibility of using paired blood samples, one taken prior to and the other taken after HCG injection, as a test of whether or not a horse has been castrated.
Abstract: UMMARY Concentrations of testosterone in the peripheral plasma of normal, cryptorchid and castrated male horses have been measured by a rapid radioimmuno-assay. Basal concentrations in horses with one or two testicles range from 65 pg to 1600 pg/ml. Intravenous injection of 12000 i.u. of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) into horses possessing testicular tissue stimulated a rise in testosterone concentration which could be detected within 25–35 minutes of the injection. Geldings consistently showed low testosterone concentrations in the plasma (15.3±4.9 pg/ml; 15 animals), and injection of HCG did not stimulate a significant rise in testosterone concentration. Of 29 horses presented as rigs all those which were later found to have been already castrated had plasma testosterone concentrations indistinguishable from those found in geldings (nine animals) and failed to respond to HCG injection (five animals). Evidence is presented that the epididymis and spermatic cord of the horse are not capable of producing significant quantities of testosterone. The possibility is discussed of using paired blood samples, one taken prior to and the other taken after HCG injection, as a test of whether or not a horse has been castrated. RESUME Les concentrations de testosterone dans le plasma peripherique des chevaux males normaux, cryptorchides et castres ont ete mesures par des tests radio actifs. La concentration de base chez les chevaux avec un ou deux testicules varie de 65 pg a 1600 pg/ml. L'injection intraveineuse de 12000 U.I. de gonadotrophine chorionique humaine chez des chevaux possedant un tissu testiculaire entraina. L'augmentation du taux de testosterone detectable entre 25 et 35 minutes apres l'injection. Les chevaux hongres montrerent de basses concentrations plasmatiques de testosterone (15.3±4.9 pg—15 sujets) et l'administration de gonadotrophine ne provoqua aucune elevation significative du taux de testosterone chez eux. Des 29 chevaux reputes cryptorchides tous ceux qui furent identifies plus tard comme ayant ete castres montrerent des concentrations plasmatiques de testosterone de meme ordre que les hongres, et ne presenterent aucune reponse a l'injection de gonadotrophine. Il semble que ni le lepididyme ni le cordon spermatique du cheval ne soient capables de secreter des quantites significatives de testosterone. On envisage la possibilite, en comparant deux echantillons de sang, l'un preleve avant, l'autre preleve apres l'injection de gonadotrophine chorionique, d'etablir si un cheval a ete ou n'a pas ete castre. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Testosteronkonzentrationen im peripheren Plasma normaler, kryptorchider und kastrierter mannlicher Pferde wurden gemessen mit Hilfe eines schnellen radio-immuno-assay. Die Konzentrationen schwanken zwischen 65 bis 1600 pg/ml bei Pferden mit einem oder zwei Hoden. Die intravenose Injektion von 12'000 IU menschlichen Choriongonadotropins stimulierte einen Anstieg der Testosteronkonzentration bei Pferden mit Hodengewebe nach 25–35 Minuten. Wallachen zeigten immer tiefe Testosteronkonzentration im Plasma (15,3±4.9 pg/ml, N=15) und die Injektion von Choriongonadotropin fuhrte nicht zu einem signifikanten Anstieg. Von 29 Pferden, die als Spitzhengste vorgestellt wurden, hatten alle diejenigen (9) tiefe Plasma-Testosteronkonzentration, die sich als schon kastriert herausstellten und sie sprachen auch nicht auf Choriongonadotropin an (5). Es wird gezeigt, dass Epididymis und Samenstrang beim Pferd keine signifikanten Testosteronmengen produzieren. Die Moglichkeit wird diskutiert, mit gepaarten Blutproben (vor und nach Choriongonadotropin-Injektion) abzuklaren, ob ein Pferd kastriert worden ist oder nicht.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the average dust-loadings decrease in the following order: North Atlantic (northeast trades, ∼ 7.7 μ g/m 3 of air) > northern Indian Ocean (∼ 1.2 μ g /m 3) > South Atlantic (southeast trades, 0.78 μ g 2 m 3 ) = southern Indian Ocean(∼ 0.68 μ g m 3 ).