Showing papers by "University of London published in 1985"
TL;DR: A novel test for the selective identification of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in the rat is described, using an elevated + -maze consisting of two open arms and two enclosed arms, which showed that behaviour on the maze was not clearly correlated either with exploratory head-dipping or spontaneous locomotor activity.
5,391 citations
TL;DR: Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.
Abstract: Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.
3,377 citations
TL;DR: The authors assesses Althusser's contribution to the reconceptualization of ideology and argue that these gains opened up a new perspective within Marxism, enabling a rethinking of ideology in a significantly different way.
Abstract: This essay attempts to assess Althusser's contribution to the reconceptualization of ideology. Rather than offering a detailed exegesis, the essay provides some general reflections on the theoretical gains flowing from Althusser's break with classical Marxist formulations of ideology. It argues that these gains opened up a new perspective within Marxism, enabling a rethinking of ideology in a significantly different way.
1,035 citations
TL;DR: Longitudinally-based height and height velocity charts for North American children are presented, suitable for following an individual child's progress during observation or treatment throughout the growth period, including puberty.
992 citations
TL;DR: The study of free radical reactions is not an isolated and esoteric branch of science and it is hoped that the careful techniques needed to assess the biological role of free radicals will become more widely used.
925 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that ketamine is a non‐competitive antagonist of NMDA and may act at an allosteric site on the NMDA receptor complex to influence its function.
Abstract: Coronal sections of rat brain (500 micron thick) were trimmed to form 'wedges' of tissue consisting of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum. When these slices were placed in a two-compartment bath, the cortical tissue could be depolarized, relative to the corpus callosum, by superfusions of high K+, or by amino acids such as L-glutamate, L-aspartate, quisqualate, kainate and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA). Responses to NMDA were reduced by magnesium ions, by the organic antagonists (-)-2-amino 5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and 2-amino 7-phosphonoheptanoate (APH), and by the dissociative anaesthetic ketamine. In this preparation, all these antagonists shifted the NMDA dose-response curve to the right in a parallel manner. A Schild plot for Mg2+ had a slope significantly less than unity, indicative of a non-competitive action, whilst Schild plots for (-)-APV, APH and ketamine appeared linear and had slopes of approximately 1. Analysis of the results of combination experiments suggested that the presumed competitive antagonists, (-)-APV and APH, share a common site of action as NMDA antagonists, and that this site is distinct from that at which ketamine exerts its action. The action of Mg2+ is clearly different from that of either (-)-APV or ketamine. It is concluded that ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA and may act at an allosteric site on the NMDA receptor complex to influence its function.
468 citations
TL;DR: This immunocytochemical study, using a double-staining method, showed that calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive structures are widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system and that many of them coexist with substance P- like immunore active structures in single sensory ganglion cells.
451 citations
TL;DR: In 12 sporadic tumours examined, the expression of the gene coding for insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), localized to the 11p15 region, was markedly increased relative to adult tissues, but was comparable to the level of expression in several fetal tissues including kidney, liver, adrenals and striated muscle.
Abstract: Wilms' tumour (nephroblastoma) is an embryonal neoplasm occurring in hereditary and spontaneous forms. Both types show rearrangements of the short arm of chromosome 11. The germ line of children with the rare inherited triad of aniridia, genitourinary abnormality and mental retardation carry a chromosome 11 that has a deletion in its short arm (band 11p13) and these children are at increased risk of developing Wilms' tumour1,2. Neonates with the Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, in which there may be duplication of the 11p13–11p15 region, are similarly predisposed3. In the spontaneous form of the tumour a deletion of the Hp14 band in tumour cells, but not in normal cells, has been reported4, and the development of homozygosity for recessive mutations in the 11p region is implicated in the aetiology of Wilms' tumour5–8. In view of these chromosomal rearrangements and because Wilms' tumour is historically indistinguishable from the early stages of kidney development9, we have now examined the expression of genes localized to 11p in Wilms' tumour and human embryonic tissue. In 12 sporadic tumours examined, the expression of the gene coding for insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), localized to the 11p15 region, was markedly increased relative to adult tissues, but was comparable to the level of expression in several fetal tissues including kidney, liver, adrenals and striated muscle. This may reflect the stage of tumour differentiation, but could also contribute to the malignant process, as IGF-II is an embryonal mitogen10–13.
375 citations
TL;DR: In 19 patients, reduction in tumor size was evident by 6 weeks, but in the other 8, such reduction was not noted until the 6 month evaluation, and a reduction in PRL levels always preceded any detectable change intumor size.
Abstract: To assess the effectiveness of bromocriptine in reducing the size of PRL-secreting macroadenomas with extrasellar extension, we conducted a prospective multicenter trial in patients without prior radiotherapy, applying a standard protocol of treatment and tumor size evaluation. Basal serum PRL levels [1441 +/- 417 (+/- SEM) ng/ml for women; 3451 +/- 1111 ng/ml for men] fell in all patients and to 11% or less of basal values in all patients but 1. Normal PRL levels were reached in 18 of the 27 patients. In 13 patients (46%), tumor size was reduced by greater than 50%, in 5 patients (18%) by about 50%, and in 9 patients (36%) by approximately 10-25%. The extent of tumor size reduction did not correlate with basal PRL, nadir PRL, percent fall in PRL, or whether PRL levels reached normal. However, a reduction in PRL levels always preceded any detectable change in tumor size. In 19 patients, reduction in tumor size was evident by 6 weeks, but in the other 8, such reduction was not noted until the 6 month evaluation. In the 4 patients in whom bromocriptine was discontinued at the end of 1 yr, tumor reexpansion occurred in 3. Visual fields improved in 9 of the 10 patients in whom they were abnormal. Because of the excellent results found in most of the patients in this series, we suggest that therapy with bromocriptine should be considered as initial management for patients with PRL-secreting macroadenomas.
370 citations
TL;DR: The localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in the rat trigeminal ganglion was examined by means of the indirect immunofluorescent method and nearly all the SPI neurons contained CGRPI.
366 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a superposition of two states is reduced to a mixture at a rate proportional to the separation between the two states, which underlines the difficulty of observing asuperposition of macroscopic quantum states in practice.
Abstract: The effect of dissipation on a macroscopic superposition of quantum states is studied with use of a Markovian master-equation approach. It is shown that a superposition of two states is reduced to a mixture at a rate proportional to the separation between the two states. This underlines the difficulty of observing a superposition of macroscopic quantum states in practice.
TL;DR: It is suggested that Al( III) ions produce an alteration in membrane structure that facilitates lipid peroxidation, and that the increased formation of fluorescent age pigments in the nervous system of patients exposed to toxic amounts of Al(III) may be related to this phenomenon.
TL;DR: A more extensive network of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive fibers distributed in various areas throughout the rat brain than has been reported previously such as the colliculus inferior, nucleus olivaris superior, nucleus vestibularis lateralis and inferions, and nucleus cochlearis dorsalis and ventralis, etc.
TL;DR: In this article, the relative intensity of light scattered by the dispersion was monitored continuously which enabled the rates of emulsification to be compared and particle sizes of resultant emulsions were compared by light microscopy and using a Coulter Nano-Sizer.
TL;DR: Among 377 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia, mainly common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 316 patients survived the first 2 years after diagnosis and were the subject of a study of cancer incidence.
TL;DR: In a book dedicated to feminist research, it might well be appropriate to give preference to mother's names, but such a departure from traditional practice, if deliberate, would presumably be called to the reader's attention.
Abstract: rectly indexed: Alvaro Garcia Meseguer should be listed under Garcia, and Gilbert Narro Garcia should probably be indexed as Narro. In a book dedicated to feminist research, it might well be appropriate to give preference to mother’s names, but such a departure from traditional practice, if deliberate, would presumably be called to the reader’s attention. In conclusion, this volume is highly recommended. The series of essays compares favourably in coverage and quality to other collections, and the annotated bibliography represents a unique contribution. Researchers will find it indispensable, teachers and students will find it to be an excellent textbook for courses which consider issues of language and gender, and the general reader with an interest in the subject who browses through the bibliography will be richly rewarded.
Book•
01 Apr 1985TL;DR: A pioneer in the area of soil pollen analysis, the author distills his wealth of practical experience in this volume to show how soil pollen sheds light on the relationship between ancient man and his environment as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A pioneer in the area of soil pollen analysis, the author distills his wealth of practical experience in this volume to show how soil pollen sheds light on the relationship between ancient man and his environment. The uses and dangers of these techniques are discussed and illustrated with the help of over thirty pollen profiles. Numerous references to similar studies in Europe, Africa, and America place the author's work in the widest possible perspective. -- AATA
TL;DR: Fifteen-fold to 30-fold increases in circulating epinephrine concentration appear to cause hypokalemia by a specific beta2-receptor effect distinct from other actions of epinphrine, which may be of physiologic importance after severe myocardial infarction, when similar increases in plasma epine cortisol have occurred.
Abstract: Beta 2-receptor stimulation is required for catecholamine-induced hypokalemia to occur. This hypokalemia is not mediated by insulin, renin or aldosterone. Catecholamine-induced hypokalemia can be prevented by selective beta 2 blockade, which does not abolish the inotropic effect of epinephrine.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the system on an interval [a, ∞], where A is a constant nUn matrix with n distinct eigenvalues and either (2a) R(x)→0 as x→∞ and R'x) is L(a,∞).
Abstract: In the paper which forms the basis for the modern asymptotic theory of linear differential systems, Levinson [22] considered the systemon an interval [a, ∞), where(1) A is a constant nUn matrix with n distinct eigenvalues and either(2a) R(x) is L(a, ∞)or(2b) R(x)→0 as x→∞ and R'(x) is L(a, ∞).
TL;DR: The hypothesis that statistical associations between environmental variables and children's disorders represent causal connections is considered and it is concluded that long-term effects are far from independent from intervening circumstances.
Abstract: Research findings are reviewed with respect to possible family and school influences on behavioural development, but with special reference to socially disapproved conduct. The hypothesis that statistical associations between environmental variables and children's disorders represent causal connections is considered in terms of the three main alternatives--hereditary influences, the effect of children on their parents, and the operation of some third variable. It is concluded that each has some validity but that nevertheless there are true environmental effects. The mechanisms underlying their operation are discussed with respect to parental criminality, family discord, weak family relationships, ineffective discipline, and peer group influences. Individual differences in response to adversity are discussed in terms of age, sex, temperament, genetic factors, coping processes, patterning of stressors, compensatory good experiences and catalytic factors. The various ways in which environmental effects may persist over time are considered in terms of linkages within the environment as well as within the child. It is concluded that long-term effects are far from independent from intervening circumstances.
TL;DR: The distribution of virus and the composition of the mononuclear inflammatory response were studied in the brains of 7 children who died with Japanese encephalitis, with greatest involvement in the thalamus and brainstem.
Abstract: The distribution of virus and the composition of the mononuclear inflammatory response were studied in the brains of 7 children who died with Japanese encephalitis. Viral antigen was localized to neurons, with greatest involvement in the thalamus and brainstem. Quantitation of perivascular inflammatory responses showed a preponderance of T cells, but only 7 to 30% of these cells were T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. Inflammatory cells invading the parenchyma were predominantly macrophages with small numbers of T cells. B cells remained localized to perivascular cuffs. Viral antigen was progressively cleared in patients with survival of 6 days or more.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity coexists with acetylcholine in single cells of hypoglossal, facial and ambiguus nuclei and is localized in the nerve terminals that form neuromuscular junctions in the tongue muscles.
TL;DR: The parautochthonous Cloridorme Formation is a syn-orogenic flysch succession that was deposited in an elongate foredeep basin as mainly lower middle-fan, outer-fan and basin-floor deposits.
Abstract: The parautochthonous Cloridorme Formation is a syn-orogenic flysch succession that was deposited in an elongate foredeep basin as mainly lower middle-fan, outer-fan, and basin-floor deposits. The basin-floor deposits (about 1.5 km thick) are confined to members β1, β2 and γ1, and are characterized by graded, thick (1–10 m) mud-rich calcareous greywacke beds previously interpreted as deposits of concentrated, muddy, unidirectional turbidity currents that locally generated backset (antidune) lamination in internally stratified flows.
The dominant flow directions were from east to west, but west to east transport also occurred, as seen in the orientation of ripples, climbing ripples, flutes, consistently overturned flames, and grain imbrication. We believe that the flows that deposited these thick calcareous greywacke beds reversed by roughly 180° one or more times during deposition of the lower sandy part of the beds. Flow reversals are consistent with the sharp grain-size breaks and mud partings within sandy divisions. Measurement of grain fabric relative to stratification in the most celebrated ‘antidune’ bedforms indicates flow from west to east; thus, the bedforms were produced by west-to-east migration of megaripples, not by the upcurrent migration of antidunes.
The thick muddy beds were deposited by large-volume, muddy flows that were deflected and reflected from the side slopes and internal topographic highs of a confined basin floor, much like the ‘Contessa’ and similar beds of the Italian Apennines. Large quantities of suspended mud were ponded above the irregular basin floor and settled to produce the thick silty mudstone caps seen on each bed. Because of their mode of emplacement, we propose that these beds be called contained turbidites.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the different rates of tolerance are a function of the detailed arrangement of the experimental situation and not of the particular behavior measured or of the clinical effect the test is meant to reflect.
TL;DR: The effects of three monoclonal antibodies, previously shown to inhibit mitogen-induced proliferation3,8,9, on T-cell [Ca2+]i are investigated and suggest that the sheep red blood cell receptor is an activation pathway for T cells and that the effects of PHA are mediated through this pathway.
Abstract: Expression of receptors for sheep red blood cells and the ability to proliferate in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) are the traditional properties of human T cells, but the function of the sheep red cell receptor (the T11 antigen) is controversial and the mechanism of PHA-induced mitogenesis unclear. Mitogenesis involves a complex series of cell-mediated and factor-dependent interactions, but a rise in intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, seems to be an important primary event in T-cell activation. We have now investigated the effects of three monoclonal antibodies, previously shown to inhibit mitogen-induced proliferation, on T-cell [Ca2+]i. We find that anti-LFA-2 and OKT11, which react with the sheep red cell receptor, have no effect on [Ca2+]i, nor do they inhibit the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by concanavalin A (Con A) or the mitogenic anti-T3 monoclonal antibody UCHT1 (ref. 11). They do, however, block PHA-induced Ca2+ mobilization. Anti-LFA-1, which reacts with the lymphocyte function-associated antigen, has no effect on intracellular Ca2+. These studies suggest that the sheep red blood cell receptor is an activation pathway for T cells and that the effects of PHA are mediated through this pathway.
TL;DR: Simple one- and multi-generation models are used to show the essential features of the dynamics of selection for resistance to one insecticide or two unrelated insecticides in insect populations, part of which are unexposed to either compound.
Abstract: Simple one- and multi-generation models are used to show the essential features of the dynamics of selection for resistance to one insecticide or two unrelated insecticides in insect populations, part of which are unexposed to either compound The use of a mixture appears advantageous provided that resistance is not fully dominant, but, if it is, linkage disequilibrium builds up rapidly and nullifies the advantage of the mixture
TL;DR: It is concluded that this slow reaction of Desferal with O2- is unlikely to influence the interpretation of experiments in which the chelator is used and the ability of desferal to react with hydroxyl radical is a far more likely source of error in the interpretations of results using this chelating agent.
TL;DR: It is suggested that this animal, the largest known from Cambrian rocks, swam by using the series of closely spaced lateral lobes essentially as a lateral fin along which waves of motion were propagated.
Abstract: Isolated specimens of the appendage Anomalocaris canadensis have long been known; a single incomplete specimen of an animal having a pair of these appendages attached anteriorly is described. Seven dorsoventrally compressed, partly complete individuals of a similar animal that had a different pair of appendages (‘F’ of Briggs 1979) attached anteriorly are described, together with two obliquely compressed individuals that are thought to be conspecific. Surrounding the mouth of this latter species is a circlet of plates identical with the supposed medusoid coelenterate Peytoia nathorsti ; this species is referred to Anomalocaris; Laggania is a junior synonym. As now understood, Anomalocaris was an animal that reached a length of 0.5 m, the elongate body having a head region bearing one pair of large, lateral eye lobes, each borne on a short stalk, the single pair of appendages attached at the ventral, anterior margin. The 13 segments of the appendage in A. canadensis bore paired spines on the inner side, short spines on the outer side, and there was a terminal, spinose 14th segment. The appendage in A. nathorsti consisted of 11 segments, the 2nd to 10th bearing on the inner side a graduated series of spinose blades, and spines on the lateral and outer sides, the terminal 11th segment ending in a group of spines. The circlet of plates surrounding the mouth was situated ventrally on the head region immediately behind the appendages; the plates bore teeth and the circlet constituted a jaw mechanism; additional groups of spines were present in the buccal cavity. Beneath the head region, behind the mouth, were three pairs of semicircular flaps, strongly overlapping: on the tapering trunk were 11 pairs of triangular lateral lobes, widest at the mid-length of the trunk, reduced progressively in size backward. These lobes were strongly overlapping in the same sense as the flaps on the head, and attached low on the sides. The trunk termination was short and blunt, without any projecting spine or lobe. Attached to the side of the body, above each flap and lateral lobe, was a multi-lamellar structure, apparently a gill. A thin cuticle covered the head region dorsally, and ventrally around the appendages and jaw circlet, behind this becoming a lateral strip that narrowed backward. It is suggested that a thin cuticle covered the trunk region dorsally and hung down beside the gills; this covering may have been continuous, but possibly was divided into tergites. Irregular patches of apatite, and some matrix, occur in the trace of the alimentary canal, which extended to the tip of the trunk. Mineralized patches occur in association with the gills, and as transverse strips, presumed traces of some internal organ or structure. The cuticle of the appendages and jaw circlet was presumably stout, hence these parts of the body were more resistant to decay and so were preserved in isolation. The thin cuticle of the lateral lobes shows rays which were presumably thicker and strengthening in function. We suggest that this animal, the largest known from Cambrian rocks, swam by using the series of closely spaced lateral lobes essentially as a lateral fin along which waves of motion were propagated. If the waves were moved in either the same, or opposite, sense on each side, considerable manoeuvrability would have resulted. The anterior pair of appendages, and jaw mechanism, would have made Anomalocaris a formidable predator, particularly on soft-bodied benthos including the abundant arthropods without a mineralized exoskeleton. No fragments of hard parts have been observed in the gut, but there is evidence that it may have inflicted wounds on trilobites. Anomalocaris was a metameric animal, and had one pair of jointed appendages and a unique circlet of jaw plates. We do not consider it an arthropod, but the representative of a hitherto unknown phylum. It is best known from A. nathorsti , the single specimen of A. canadensis having a different appendage but the rest of the body similar, probably including the jaw circlet. The evidence is insufficient to reach any conclusion on whether or not these two 9species9 may be sexual dimorphs of a single species. The single specimen of Amiella ornata is redescribed. It shows what may be lateral lobes like those of Anomalcris, but other features unlike it. We conclude that this specimen is not an example of Sidneyia inexpectans , and is too incomplete for its relationship to be determined.
TL;DR: The importance of antibody affinity in the performance of a number of immunoassays is discussed and emphasis is placed upon the influence of antibodies affinity on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) which are enjoying considerable international popularity.
TL;DR: It is determined, using pharmacological means, with a phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation, that this peptide enhances muscle contraction during stimulation of the nerve fibers or direct stimulation ofThe muscle.