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Showing papers by "University of Louisville published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were formulated from a computerized analysis of 262 contemporary, consecutively studied patients with RA and 262 control subjects with rheumatic diseases other than RA (non-RA).
Abstract: The revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were formulated from a computerized analysis of 262 contemporary, consecutively studied patients with RA and 262 control subjects with rheumatic diseases other than RA (non-RA). The new criteria are as follows: 1) morning stiffness in and around joints lasting at least 1 hour before maximal improvement; 2) soft tissue swelling (arthritis) of 3 or more joint areas observed by a physician; 3) swelling (arthritis) of the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or wrist joints; 4) symmetric swelling (arthritis); 5) rheumatoid nodules; 6) the presence of rheumatoid factor; and 7) radiographic erosions and/or periarticular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints. Criteria 1 through 4 must have been present for at least 6 weeks. Rheumatoid arthritis is defined by the presence of 4 or more criteria, and no further qualifications (classic, definite, or probable) or list of exclusions are required. In addition, a "classification tree" schema is presented which performs equally as well as the traditional (4 of 7) format. The new criteria demonstrated 91-94% sensitivity and 89% specificity for RA when compared with non-RA rheumatic disease control subjects.

19,409 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jun 1988-Science
TL;DR: Under conditions that lead to lactate accumulation (cerebral ischemia), this "end product" may be a useful alternative as a substrate for energy metabolism.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that cerebral energy metabolism can be fueled by lactate. As a sole energy substrate, lactate supported normal synaptic function in rat hippocampal slices for hours without any sign of deterioration. Slices that were synaptically silent as a result of glucose depletion could be reactivated with lactate to show normal synaptic function. When slices were exposed to the glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetic acid, lactate-supported synaptic function was unaffected, whereas that supported by glucose was completely abolished. This indicated that lactate was metabolized directly via pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thus, under conditions that lead to lactate accumulation (cerebral ischemia) this "end product" may be a useful alternative as a substrate for energy metabolism.

507 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluated procedures for recovering DNA from soil and sediment bacterial communities found that the use of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone was important for the removal of humic compounds to improve the purity of the recovered DNA; without extensive purification, various restriction enzymes failed to cut added target DNA.
Abstract: Experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of two different methodological approaches for recovering DNA from soil and sediment bacterial communities: cell extraction followed by lysis and DNA recovery (cell extraction method) versus direct cell lysis and alkaline extraction to recover DNA (direct lysis method). Efficiency of DNA recovery by each method was determined by spectrophotometric absorbance and using a tritiated thymidine tracer. With both procedures, the use of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone was important for the removal of humic compounds to improve the purity of the recovered DNA; without extensive purification, various restriction enzymes failed to cut added target DNA. Milligram quantities of high-purity DNA were recovered from 100-g samples of both soils and sediments by the direct lysis method, which was a greater than 1-order-of-magnitude-higher yield than by the cell extraction method. The ratio of labeled thymidine to total DNA, however, was higher in the DNA recovered by the cell extraction method. than by the direct lysis method, suggesting that the DNA recovered by the cell extraction method came primarily from active bacterial cells, whereas that recovered by the direct lysis method may have contained DNA from other sources.

501 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that autonomic alterations are important in human obesity, as they are in animal obesity, because a disordered homeostatic mechanism may promote excessive storage of energy by decreasing sympathetic activity, while defending against weight gain by decreasing parasympathetic activity.
Abstract: The cause of most cases of human obesity is unknown. Specific alterations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system may mediate and perhaps cause obesity in animal models. We therefore looked for alterations in autonomic activity in human obesity. Fifty-six healthy men with various percentages of body fat underwent autonomic testing while at rest. Significant correlations were found between the percentage of body fat and the variation in the R–R interval after beta-adrenergic blockade (r = -0.30, P<0.03), the heart rate (r = 0.30, P<0.03), the plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = -0.30, P<0.05), the plasma epinephrine concentration (r = -0.49, P<0.001), and the pupillary latency period (r = 0.39, P<0.01). Each of these variables reflects the activity of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system or both. Depressions in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity were significantly but weakly associated with increasing percentages of body fat. These associations indica...

420 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: PCR performed after bacterial DNA was isolated from sediment samples permitted the detection of as few as 100 cells of P. cepacia AC1100 per 100 g of sediment sample against a background of 10(11) diverse nontarget organisms, representing a 10(3)fold increase in sensitivity compared with nonamplified samples.
Abstract: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a 1.0-kilobase (kb) probe-specific region of DNA from the herbicide-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 in order to increase the sensitivity of detecting the organism by dot-blot analysis. The 1.0-kb region was an integral portion of a larger 1.3-kb repeat sequence which is present as 15 to 20 copies on the P. cepacia AC1100 genome. PCR was performed by melting the target DNA, annealing 24-base oligonucleotide primers to unique sequences flanking the 1.0-kb region, and performing extension reactions with DNA polymerase. After extension, the DNA was again melted, and the procedure was repeated for a total of 25 to 30 cycles. After amplification the reaction mixture was transferred to nylon filters and hybridized against radiolabeled 1.0-kb fragment probe DNA. Amplified target DNA was detectable in samples initially containing as little as 0.3 pg of target. The addition of 20 micrograms of nonspecific DNA isolated from sediment samples did not hinder amplification or detection of the target DNA. The detection of 0.3 pg of target DNA was at least a 10(3)-fold increase in the sensitivity of detecting gene sequences compared with dot-blot analysis of nonamplified samples. PCR performed after bacterial DNA was isolated from sediment samples permitted the detection of as few as 100 cells of P. cepacia AC1100 per 100 g of sediment sample against a background of 10(11) diverse nontarget organisms; that is, P. cepacia AC1100 was positively detected at a concentration of 1 cell per g of sediment. This represented a 10(3)-fold increase in sensitivity compared with nonamplified samples.

334 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that addition of EGF and TGF-beta in appropriate vehicles stimulates early transient increases in wound tensile strength in normal rats.
Abstract: The ability of surgeons to accelerate wound healing through pharmacologic intervention is limited. The effects of locally applied, biosynthetic human epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on tensile strength of experimental incisions were investigated. A single dose of EGF in saline failed to increase tensile strength over controls. Thus, EGF was incorporated into multilamellar liposomes, which prolonged the exposure of incisions to EGF (p less than 0.001). A single dose of EGF in multilamellar liposomes produced a 200% increase in wound tensile strength over controls between 7 and 14 days (p less than 0.05). Light and electron microscopy of the wounds revealed increased collagen formation and fibroblast proliferation. A single dose of TGB-beta in a collagen vehicle stimulated a 51% increase in wound tensile strength at 9 days (p less than 0.01). We conclude that addition of EGF and TGF-beta in appropriate vehicles stimulates early transient increases in wound tensile strength in normal rats.

292 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study provides support for the "inoculation hypothesis" and other conceptualizations that emphasize the advantage of being familiar or experienced with a stressor that is at hand and an implication is that "experienced" victims could be a valuable resource in prevention efforts.
Abstract: As participants in a panel study, 234 older adults were interviewed before, as well as after, serious flooding occurred in southeastern Kentucky. Floods are not uncommon in this area, but these were more widespread than most, and resulted in both previously exposed and newly exposed subsamples of disaster victims. Flood impact was measured at both personal and community levels. With preflood symptoms controlled, there were modest flood effects on both trait anxiety and weather-specific distress in older adults without prior flood experience, but no flood effects in older adults who had been in floods before. Thus, the study provides support for the "inoculation hypothesis" and other conceptualizations that emphasize the advantage of being familiar or experienced with a stressor that is at hand. An implication is that "experienced" victims could be a valuable resource in prevention efforts. Language: en

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of induced moods on interest in performing a wide spectrum of behaviors were examined in two experiments as mentioned in this paper, where subjects who received the Velten Mood Induction elation manipulation indicated significantly greater interest than neutral subjects in social, prosocial, strenuous, leisure, and general activities on a shortened version of the Pleasant Events Schedule.
Abstract: The effects of induced moods on interest in performing a wide spectrum of behaviors were examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects who received the Velten Mood Induction elation manipulation indicated significantly greater interest than neutral subjects in social, prosocial, strenuous, leisure, and general activities on a shortened version of the Pleasant Events Schedule. Subjects who received the depression induction indicated lower interest in social, leisure, and strenuous activities. Depressed mood was associated with an interest in sitting and thinking, being alone, and taking a nap, but depression produced no increase in interest in prosocial behavior or in 12 forms of self-gratification. Experiment 2 focused on seven potential mediators in the effects of mood on behavior interests. Following a positive, negative, or neutral mood induction, subjects were asked to record their positive and negative outcome expectancies, positive and negative emotion expectancies, and their self-perceptions of energy, ability, and opportunity for active and passive, social and nonsocial behaviors. Induced elation, depression, and neutral moods again were found to influence interest in both active and passive types of social and nonsocial behaviors. The subjects' expectations of positive outcomes, and to a lesser extent their perceived energy for the behavior, were the strongest mediators of the effect of mood on behavior interests.

228 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at interpersonal and group communication, especially as they relate to professional settings, and find that interpersonal communication refers to one-on-one or small group interactions.
Abstract: This chapter looks at interpersonal and group communication, especially as they relate to professional settings. Interpersonal communication refers to one-on-one or small group interactions. Research generally suggests that this type of communication is influential in changing opinions, dealing with resistance and apathy to issues, and generally maintaining harmony in social situations – more so than its opposite, mass communication. The main features of interpersonal media are:

217 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review covers literature indexed by Chemical Abstracts from January, 1985, Vol 102, issue 1, through October 1987, Vol.
Abstract: As you may have already noted, this year introduces a new set of authors for this fundamental review. As new authors, they hope that they can do as accurate a job as did their predecessor, Professor Earl Wehry, of the University of Tennessee. The format for this review follows the basic outline used by Professor Wehry, with some modifications. They have condensed several sections and eliminated the section on gas-phase chemiluminescence. The primary areas of emphasis including advances in experimental techniques, developments in instrumentation, and applications for chemical analysis, remain the same. To keep the review at a reasonable length, they have not included articles that are only peripherally related to analytical chemistry or those that represent straightforward extensions or demonstrations of previously published research. In this first issue, it is likely that they have made some errors of omission, and they request your assistance in identifying any obvious errors. They have tried to be conscientious in surveying the literature and have also surveyed individual researchers in the field. This review covers literature indexed by Chemical Abstracts from January, 1985, Vol. 102, issue 1, through October 1987, Vol. 107, issue 16. Accordingly, there will be some overlap between this reviewmore » and Professor Wehry's last review.« less

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1988-Cancer
TL;DR: The frequent coexistence of SMCD with dysplastic and neoplastic disorders of myeloid cells is consistent with the concept that SMCD itself is a disorder of myELoid cells and that the mast cell may be myeloids in origin.
Abstract: A clinical and hematopathologic review of 66 patients with systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) was undertaken to investigate the frequency and the clinical significance of associated hematologic disorders. Twenty-two patients were found to have a second hematologic disorder, 19 of which involved the myeloid cells (ten dysmyelopoietic syndromes, five myeloproliferative disorders, three acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and one chronic neutropenia), and three of which involved the lymphoid cells (three malignant lymphomas). A chromosome analysis of the bone marrow revealed abnormalities characteristic of neoplastic myeloid disorders in four patients. Five-year survival for patients with hematologic disorders was 28% compared with 61% for other SMCD patients (P = 0.004). Patients with hematologic disorders differed significantly from other SMCD patients in that they were about 7 years older (P = 0.039), and they presented more commonly with anemia (P less than 0.001) and constitutional symptoms (P = 0.007). These patients also had less frequent skin symptoms (P = 0.003) and urticaria pigmentosa (P = 0.018). By definition, patients with hematologic disorders had a greater percent of hematopoiesis (P less than 0.001) and decreased fat cells (P = 0.011) on bone marrow biopsies. A multivariate model demonstrated that the following independent variables were associated with the presence of hematologic disorders: low hemoglobin (P = 0.001), the absence of hepatomegaly (P = 0.016), high leukocyte count (P = 0.021), and the presence of pathologic fractures (P = 0.051). The frequent coexistence of SMCD with dysplastic and neoplastic disorders of myeloid cells is consistent with the concept that SMCD itself is a disorder of myeloid cells and that the mast cell may be myeloid in origin.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Mar 1988-Spine
TL;DR: Both radiographic results and health related quality of life (HRQOL) studies have established ALIF as a reliable procedure for the treatment of spondylolisthesis.
Abstract: Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) was first reported in 1906 and is currently an acceptable option for surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis. A careful preoperative evaluation is critical, as most complications are approach related. Both retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches are utilized for exposing the lower lumbar levels most commonly associated with spondylolisthesis. A wide variety of options are available for the interbody graft, including autogenous bone grafts and titanium cages, as well as graft adjuncts such as bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). Both radiographic results and health related quality of life (HRQOL) studies have established ALIF as a reliable procedure for the treatment of spondylolisthesis. Known complications of ALIF include vascular damage, injury to peritoneal viscera, ileus, and retrograde ejaculation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is postulate that stimulation of the immune system early after injury may reverse the defects reported and decrease the incidence of infection after severe trauma.
Abstract: • Monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression and mitogen-stimulated interferon gamma production were measured sequentially on days 1, 3, 7,14, and 21 after admission in 20 multiply injured patients (mean Injury Severity Score, 33). Ten patients recovered uneventfully and ten developed a major infection, three of whom died. Trauma resulted in immediate and profound depression of both interferon gamma production and monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression compared with controls. Interferon gamma remained below control levels for all days on which it was measured in all patients. In uninfected patients, interferon gamma production began to recover after day 7 and interferon gamma levels on day 21 were greater than on all other days. Monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression returned to normal between days 7 and 14 in uninfected patients, despite subnormal production of interferon gamma. Failure to increase interferon gamma production and monocyte HLA-DR antigen expression was associated with an episode of major infection. We postulate that stimulation of the immune system early after injury may reverse the defects reported and decrease the incidence of infection after severe trauma. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:1309-1312)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new method of vaginal reconstruction using a single rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap based distally, designed to carry a paddle of upper abdominal skin on a distally based muscle and vascular pedicle is introduced.
Abstract: This report introduces a new method of vaginal reconstruction using a single rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap based distally. Applications of this flap in reconstruction of major abdominal wall and pelvic defects, such as hemipelvectomies, are also described. The flap is designed to carry a paddle of upper abdominal skin on a distally based muscle and vascular pedicle. Advantages of this flap design are (1) the technique is straightforward and rapid, (2) flap viability is reliable, (3) the epigastric skin-fascial donor defect preserves the anterior rectus fascia distal to the linea semicircularis, which prevents hernia, (4) a large arc of rotation is provided, and (5) the epigastric donor site does not interfere with colostomy and urinary conduit stomas in the pelvic exenteration patient. We have done 11 vaginal reconstructions and 9 major pelvic defect reconstructions with this flap during the last 3 1/2 years. In these 20 patients, the only complications were two partial flap losses. No major flap losses or ventral hernias occurred.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Thirty-one emergency free flaps were applied to the upper extremities of patients who ranged in age from 16 to 57 years, with an average of 145 square centimeters, and ninety-five of the 31 flaps survived in their entirety.
Abstract: Thirty-one emergency free flaps were applied to the upper extremities of patients who ranged in age from 16 to 57 years. The size of the skin defects ranged from 13 to 540 square centimeters, with an average of 145 square centimeters. A variety of flaps were used, including 14 lateral arm, seven groin, five latissimus, three first web space of the foot, one scapular and one medial arm. In patients with small defects, the operative time ranged from 3 to 9 hours, with an average of 4 hours and 54 minutes. The hospital stay was never longer than 4 days. In patients with medium size defects, the operating time ranged from 3 to 18 hours, with an average of 7 hours and 45 minutes. The hospital stay averaged 7.4 days. In large defects in which extensive reconstruction was undertaken before flap application, the operative time ranged from 3 to 20 hours, with an average of 11 hours and 54 minutes. The average hospital stay was 11.8 days. Twenty-nine of the 31 flaps survived in their entirety (93.5%). In one of the successful flaps (3.2%), exploration was required after the patient left the operating room. Severe infection occurred in only one case, that being one of the two flap failures. Twenty-seven of the 31 patients returned to work, 18 of them to their original employment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnitude of Z(n), the Z score associated with the largest value of X in a data set of size n, is shown to be bounded above by (n − 1)/√ n.
Abstract: The magnitude of Z(n), the Z score associated with the largest value of X in a data set of size n, is shown to be bounded above by (n — 1)/√n. As a result, outliers defined as values exceeding four standard deviations from the mean cannot exist for small data sets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A preventative, risk-management approach that addresses environmental factors, training policies, restraint, security arrangements, and legal precedents is suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electric potential on a grid within a van der Waals shell around each molecule was calculated directly from the wavefunctions using the 6−31G** basis set for a set of 24 organic molecules.
Abstract: Ab initio wave functions using the 6‐31G** basis set were calculated for a set of 24 organic molecules which included saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, fluoro compounds, hydroxyl and ether compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, carbonyl compounds, amides, and N‐methyl amides. The electric potential on a grid within a van der Waals shell around each molecule was calculated directly from the wavefunctions. The electric potential values were modeled by placing multipoles up to quadrupoles at atomic sites. The electric potential was well fitted by a model which included atomic monopoles, dipoles, and quadrupoles. Also, the electric potential was modeled by placing dipoles at bond centers. This bond dipole was either allowed to point in any direction, or was restricted to the bond direction. In general the values shown for the monopoles and the values and directions for the bond dipoles were as expected from considerations of electronegativity and reactivity. For the general bond dipole model in a number of cases the direction of the bond dipole was not parallel to the bond direction. It is suggested that this is an artifact caused by the effects of lone pair electrons or electron delocalization on the model. The restricted bond dipole model fitted the electric potential about as well as the atomic monopole model. Atomic monopole values (net atomic charges) and bond dipole values for various atoms, functional groups, and bonds are discussed. Since bond‐dipole interaction energy has better long‐range convergence than monopole interaction energy, bond dipoles are a useful alternative to atomic monopoles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the pH of the supernatant liquid and the time taken to attain this pH play dominant roles in determining the crystal structure of zirconia that is formed after calcination of the hydrous oxide.
Abstract: Precipitated hydrous zirconium oxide can be calcined to produce either a monoclinic or tetragonal product. It has been observed that the time taken to attain the final pH of the solution in contact with the precipitate plays a dominant role in determining the crystal structure of the zirconium oxide after calcination at 500 °C. The dependence of crystal structure on the rate of precipitation is observed only in the pH range 7–11. Rapid precipitation in this pH range yields predominately monoclinic zirconia, whereas slow (8 h) precipitation produces the tetragonal phase. At pH of approximately 13.0, only the tetragonal phase is formed from both slowly and rapidly precipitated hydrous oxide. The present results, together with earlier results, show that both the pH of the supernatant liquid and the time taken to attain this pH play dominant roles in determining the crystal structure of zirconia that is formed after calcination of the hydrous oxide. The factors that determine the crystal phase are therefore imparted in a mechanism of precipitation that depends upon the pH, and it is inferred that it is the hydroxyl concentration that is the dominant factor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: RR-variation is a sensitive, reproducible, and noninvasive autonomic test that correlates to known physiologic function and should be included in clinical research trials of diabetic neuropathy and considered in routine clinical management of the diabetic patient.
Abstract: RR-variation is a sensitive, reproducible, and noninvasive autonomic test. It is simple to perform and easy for both the operator and the subject. Furthermore, RR-variation correlates to known physiologic function. It therefore fulfills many of the characteristics of a practical diagnostic test. Many of the confounding factors are known, and with proper standardization the test may not only have diagnostic capabilities but also predictive value. RR-variation should be included in clinical research trials of diabetic neuropathy and should be considered in routine clinical management of the diabetic patient.

Journal Article
01 Sep 1988-Surgery
TL;DR: It is concluded that photodynamic therapy leads to significant microcirculatory changes that may be pertinent to the mechanism of tumor necrosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Supporting the separate process model prediction that positive mood increases sociability, the self-relevant and non-self-relevant positive mood inductions were equal in motivating more total communication and more moderately and highly intimate self-disclosures compared with the two negative mood conditions.
Abstract: The separate process model of mood and behavior suggested that positive mood is associated with a social, expansive, approach motivation, while negative mood is associated with an avoidant, egocentric motivation. The present experiment examined the differential impact of positive and negative mood stimuli that were self-relevant or non-self-relevant on males' social interaction and self-disclosure with a female. The self-relevant conditions were effective in altering both the subjects' self-esteem and mood states, while the non-self-relevant conditions were effective in altering only the subjects' moods. Supporting the separate process model prediction that positive mood increases sociability, the self-relevant and non-self-relevant positive mood inductions were equal in motivating more total communication and more moderately and highly intimate self-disclosures compared with the two negative mood conditions. The self-relevant and non-self-relevant negative mood conditions generally produced equivalent ef...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A broad spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated phenomena can occur in patients with SCLE, and the disease is frequently easily controlled, and may become quiescent.
Abstract: We studied 72 patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). Forty-nine of the patients had been part of an earlier study. The cutaneous disease was primarily annular in 17 patients, papulosquamous in 48, and a combination in 7. Although the major feature of SCLE is nonscarring, non-atrophy-producing lesions, scarring discoid lesions were observed in 21 patients. Thirty-six patients fulfilled criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytoplasmic antibodies were present in only 22 patients. However, in the group of 23 patients recently analyzed, 13 of 22 tested had anti-Ro (SS-A) and/or anti-La (SS-B). HLA-DR3 was present in 22 of 59 patients. Neither anti-Ro (SS-A) nor HLA-DR3 correlated with any clinical finding. Forty-seven patients have had continued activity of their disease, but in most patients, the disease has been controlled with sunscreens, topical and intralesional corticosteroids, and oral hydroxychloroquine. A broad spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated phenomena can occur in patients with SCLE. The disease is frequently easily controlled, and may become quiescent. This subset of lupus patients is less distinctive than has been previously suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that PMS symptomatology may be related to alterations in serotonergic neuronal mechanisms and platelet monoamine oxidase activity was significantly lower postmenstrually in PMS patients compared to the premenstrual phase.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the photoactivation of DHE results in significant vasoconstriction and thrombosis of normal vessels and that if these effects are seen at later times after DHE administration and in tumor neovasculature they may contribute to the mechanism by which PDT results in tumor necrosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prophylactic photocoagulation treatment should be considered in the management of patients with ARN in order to decrease the incidence of RD.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is the investigator's responsibility to verify that the circuits under investigation are indeed confined within the boundaries of the functional region of the slice used, and the substantial freedom the investigator has in defining the extracellular medium should not be abused.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The isolated cremaster muscle of the rat is an acceptable model of a skeletal muscle microcirculation which can be used to investigate microvascular function when precise monitoring or control of perfusion to the entire muscle is needed.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the potential-derived point charge least-squares fitting model for the electric potential (PD/LSF) model is introduced, and the first step is to calculate electric potential at point "r" in vicinity of the given molecule, and then the second step is calculating point charges from electric potential data by means of the least square fitting method, where the electric force acting on a unit positive charge at that point caused by the nuclei and the electrons of the molecule.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the potential-derived point charge least-squares fitting model for the electric potential (PD/LSF model) to persons who are interested in it in detail. To establish the PD/LSF point-charge model of a molecule, the first step is to calculate the electric potential at point “r” in vicinity of the given molecule, and the second step is to calculate point charges from the electric potential data by means of the least-squares fitting method. The electric potential at point “r” in the vicinity of the given molecule is the electric force acting on a unit positive charge at that point caused by the nuclei and the electrons of the molecule. The atomic orbital is always modeled by the Gaussian-type functions. In some cases, the programs have capability for obtaining an improved wave function including the effects of electron correlation. The electric potential may be evaluated from the wave function at points in space around the molecule.