Showing papers by "University of Louisville published in 1991"
TL;DR: Topical masoprocol appears to be useful in the treatment of actinic keratoses andIrritation, as manifested by erythema or flaking, occurred in 61.5% of topical masop rocol-treated patients versus 26.7% of those treated with vehicle and did not correlate with clinical response.
Abstract: This double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a new topical antineoplastic agent, masoprocol, in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the head and neck. Of the 113 patients who applied topical masoprocol twice a day for 14 to 28 days, there was a mean decrease in actinic keratoses from 15.0 to 5.4 and a median percent reduction from baseline actinic keratosis count of 71.4% at the 1-month follow-up visit. Comparable numbers for the vehicle-treated group were 13.4 to 11.1 actinic keratoses and 4.3% median percent reduction. Irritation, as manifested by erythema or flaking, occurred in 61.5% of topical masoprocol-treated patients versus 26.7% of those treated with vehicle and did not correlate with clinical response. Topical masoprocol appears to be useful in the treatment of actinic keratoses.
317 citations
TL;DR: A method was developed for the detection of the fecal coliform bacterium Escherichia coli, using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes, based on amplifying regions of the uid gene that code for beta-glucuronidase, expression of which forms the basis for fecalcoliform detection by the commercially available Colilert method.
Abstract: A method was developed for the detection of the fecal coliform bacterium Escherichia coli, using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes, based on amplifying regions of the uid gene that code for beta-glucuronidase, expression of which forms the basis for fecal coliform detection by the commercially available Colilert method. Amplification and gene probe detection of four different regions of uid specifically detected E. coli and Shigella species, including beta-glucuronidase-negative strains of E. coli; no amplification was observed for other coliform and nonenteric bacteria. Images
315 citations
TL;DR: Taxonomic and genetic diversities of microbial communities disturbed by chemical pollutants were lower than in undisturbed reference communities, but the dominant populations within the disturbed communities had enhanced physiological tolerances and substrate utilization capabilities, indicating that generalized physiological versatility is an adaptive characteristic of populations that successfully compete within disturbed communities.
Abstract: Taxonomic and genetic diversities of microbial communities disturbed by chemical pollutants were lower than in undisturbed reference communities. The dominant populations within the disturbed communities had enhanced physiological tolerances and substrate utilization capabilities, indicating that generalized physiological versatility is an adaptive characteristic of populations that successfully compete within disturbed communities.
248 citations
TL;DR: To detect low levels of microorganisms in environmental samples by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-gene probe detection, samples were concentrated by filtration.
Abstract: To detect low levels of microorganisms in environmental samples by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-gene probe detection, samples were concentrated by filtration Fluoropore (Millipore Corp) filters were compatible with PCR DNA amplification, whereas various other filters including nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate filters inhibited PCR amplification By concentrating cells on Fluoropore filters and releasing the DNA by freeze-thaw cycling, PCR DNA amplification could be performed without removing the filter Concentration with Fluoropore FHLP and FGLP filters permitted the detection of single cells of microorganisms in 100-ml samples by PCR-gene probes
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated customers' and employees' service quality expectations and perceptions from the example of a hospital environment and considered employees' responses in administrative and non-administrative categories.
Abstract: Evaluates customers′ and employees′ service quality expectations and perceptions from the example of a hospital environment. Considers employees′ responses in administrative and nonadministrative categories. Notes differences between the groups and discusses the managerial implications arising from the differences found. Includes a detailed description of the methodology involved in the study.
227 citations
TL;DR: To determine the factors pertinent to the etiology of pin tract infections, 214 pins in 42 patients were examined prospectively at the time of pin removal and it was demonstrated that most pins possess bacterial colonization.
Abstract: To determine the factors pertinent to the etiology of pin tract infections, 214 pins in 42 patients were examined prospectively at the time of pin removal. Eighty-nine (41.6%) pin tracts were inflamed, 49 (22.9%) pins had loose anchorages, and 160 (74.8%) pin tips cultured positive for bacteria. The predominant organism cultured was Staphylococcus epidermidis (90.6%), considered nonvirulent, followed by virulent Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%), and Escherichia coli (9.4%). There were 32 loose, inflamed pin tracts. This correlation was statistically significant (P less than .005). There were 40 loose pins whose pin tips had positive cultures. Loose pins correlated for infection with virulent species of bacteria at a highly significant level (P less than .005). Results demonstrate that most pins possess bacterial colonization. Clinically, this means that either inflamed pin tracts or pins with cultures positive for invasive organisms are probably loose and should be removed. Also, mechanical factors are the critical variable in determining the flora of external fixation pins.
223 citations
TL;DR: Methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene probes to detect viable Legionella pneumophila were investigated with cells exposed to biocide or elevated temperature, finding only viable culturable cells were detected, which corresponded with positive PCR amplification.
Abstract: Methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene probes to detect viable Legionella pneumophila were investigated with cells exposed to biocide or elevated temperature. Exposure to hypochlorite caused viable nonculturable cells to form. Culturable and viable nonculturable cells showed positive PCR amplification, whereas nonviable cells did not. Viable cells were also specifically detected with mip mRNA as the target, reverse transcription (to form cDNA), and PCR amplification. After exposure to elevated temperature, only viable culturable cells were detected, which corresponded with positive PCR amplification.
219 citations
TL;DR: The cell composition of human and bovine corpora lutea (CL) from various reproductive states was investigated by computerized video-based interactive Bioquant image analysis system IV and by light microscope immunocytochemistry.
Abstract: The cell composition of human and bovine corpora lutea (CL) from various reproductive states was investigated by computerized video-based interactive Bioquant image analysis system IV and by light microscope immunocytochemistry. Human and bovine CL contained more nonluteal cells than luteal cells. Human CL contained a lower number of luteal and a greater number of nonluteal cells than bovine CL. Regardless of the reproductive state, human CL contained more small luteal cells than large luteal cells. In all reproductive states except in the late luteal phase, the bovine CL also contained more small luteal cells than large luteal cells. The average sizes of all the cells in human CL were smaller than in bovine CL. Human CL contained more vascular space than bovine CL during mid and late luteal phases. The number of luteal cells increased and nonluteal cells decreased from early to mid luteal phase, and then luteal cells decreased and nonluteal cells increased in late luteal phase and in degenerating human and bovine CL. While the change of number of small and large luteal cells first occurred from early to mid luteal phase in human CL, it did not take place until the late luteal phase in bovine CL. The average size of large luteal cells in humans and of small luteal cells in cattle did not change, whereas size of the other cells changed in different reproductive states in both human and bovine CL. The cell composition of term pregnancy human CL was similar to mid or late luteal phase, whereas the cell composition of early pregnancy bovine CL was similar to mid luteal phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
214 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: The authors examined the problems of social control and the regulation of sexuality in a way that will be of interest to a broad readership, and used a comparative approach to show how the examination of such issues can deepen our understanding of classical Athens, particularly in regard to the role of law in society.
Abstract: Centering on the examination of the social and legal context of adultery, homosexuality, impiety, and the public-private dichotomy in Athenian society, this book attempts to examine the problems of social control and the regulation of sexuality in a way that will be of interest to a broad readership. It uses a comparative approach to show how the examination of such issues can deepen our understanding of classical Athens, particularly in regard to the role of law in society. Further, it argues that this historical investigation can, in turn, enrich our general appreciation of the relation of social and legal norms, and the roles they play in regulating complex social practices, such as those associated with sexuality, morals and the family.
204 citations
TL;DR: In tests of environmental water samples, the lacZ PCR method gave results statistically equivalent to those of the plate count and defined substrate methods accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water quality monitoring and the uidA PCR method was more sensitive than 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide-based defined substrate tests for specific detection of E. coli.
Abstract: Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene probe detection of target lacZ and uidA genes were used to detect total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli, respectively, for determining water quality. In tests of environmental water samples, the lacZ PCR method gave results statistically equivalent to those of the plate count and defined substrate methods accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for water quality monitoring and the uidA PCR method was more sensitive than 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide-based defined substrate tests for specific detection of E. coli.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated physical and psychological symptoms of battered women based on the theory that their ongoing victimization would produce stress-related symptoms, and they found that women who could predict abuse experienced more symptoms.
Abstract: Physical and psychological symptoms of battered women were investigated based on the theory that their ongoing victimization would produce stress-related symptoms. It was hypothesized that moderating variables (e.g., frequency and severity of abuse, predictability and controllability of abuse, social support networks) would influence the effects of abuse. Battered women (N = 234) were interviewed according to a structured format which allowed for behavioral indices of the data and categorization of the women's responses. Results indicated that frequency of abuse was a strong predictor of the number and severity of symptoms. Those women who could predict abuse experienced more symptoms. Severity of physical and psychological symptoms was predicted by a model including women with more injuries requiring medical attention, women adhering to traditional sex role values, and the presence of one type of emotional abuse. Battered women perceived their physical and emotional health as deteriorating during the relationship and during the abuse, but as getting healthier after the abuse ended. Future research needs to replicate these findings with a representative group of battered women who are still in the battering relationship.
TL;DR: This review examines PCR and other in vitro nucleic acid amplification methodologies--examining the critical parameters and variations and their widespread applications--giving the strengths and limitations of these methodologies.
Abstract: The in vitro replication of DNA, principally using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), permits the amplification of defined sequences of DNA. By exponentially amplifying a target sequence, PCR significantly enhances the probability of detecting target gene sequences in complex mixtures of DNA. It also facilitates the cloning and sequencing of genes. Amplification of DNA by PCR and other newly developed methods has been applied in many areas of biological research, including molecular biology, biotechnology, and medicine, per- mitting studies that were not possible before. Nucleic acid amplification has added a new and revolutionary dimension to molecular biology. This review examines PCR and other in vitro nucleic acid amplification methodologies - examining the critical parameters and variations and their widespread applications - giving the strengths and limitations of these methodologies.
TL;DR: Preliminary work shows that photorefractive keratectomy has promise in the reduction of moderate myopia.
Abstract: • Photorefractive keratectomy was performed at three centers using the 193-nm excimer laser on 31 sighted myopic eyes. Preoperative refractive errors (spherical equivalent) ranged from −12.00 to −4.00 diopters (D) (mean, −6.49 ± 1.75 D). Peribulbar anesthesia, a 5.2- to 6.0-mm beam diameter, and topical corticosteroids were used for up to 6 months after surgery. The epithelium healed within 3 to 4 days, and all patients returned to their best corrected visual acuity within 1 line of their preoperative acuity. There was minimal subepithelial reticular haze, peaking at 3 weeks and diminishing over the next 3 to 4 months, which was not felt to be visually significant. At 6 months, the average residual refractive error was 1.85 ± 2.5 D. Sixty-eight percent of eyes were corrected within 2 D and 55% within 1 D of attempted correction. There was no significant change in astigmatism, contrast sensitivity, corneal sensation, or endothelial cell counts. This preliminary work shows that photorefractive keratectomy has promise in the reduction of moderate myopia.
TL;DR: The importance of immigration, growth, and competition for nutrients and light in benthic diatom succession was studied in experimental channels in a low‐nutrient stream.
Abstract: The importance of immigration, growth, and competition for nutrients and light in benthic diatom succession was studied in experimental channels in a low-nutrient stream. Diatom accumulation was greater in channels enriched with nitrate and phosphate (NP) than in control channels, reaching about 5 × 106 and 2 × 106 cells-cm−2, respectively, after 30 d. Shading during late stages of community development reduced algal standing crop.
Synedra ulna (Nitz.) Ehr. and Achnanthes minutissima Kutz. were codominant during early stages of community development in both habitats, but succession to an A. minutissima-dominated community was much faster in NP-enriched than in control conditions. Species dominating early stages tended to immigrate quickly, whereas species that increased in relative abundance during community development had either fast growth rates or fast immigration and average growth rates.
Decreases in growth rates indicated resource supply became limiting during community development in control and enriched channels. Density-dependent competition was indicated because nutrient concentrations in the water column and light did not decrease during the 30-d study. Species autecologies were defined by effects of nutrient enrichment, shading, and community development on species growth rates. Differing autecologies of early and late succession species indicated that competition for nutrients was more important than competition for light.
Species autecologies also indicated ecological strategies. The species most stimulated by nutrient enrichment were least able to maintain growth rates as algal abundances on substrata increased. In addition, these species that best sustained their growth rates during succession tended to have the highest immigration rates, indicating that drift and immigration may have been an important mechanism of persistence for some populations when resources become limiting within thick benthic mats.
TL;DR: In this paper, the cyclic voltammetric behavior exhibited by selected analytes (glucose, glycine, lactic acid, ethylamine and ethanol) at each of these electrodes was used to determine the optimum potentials suitable for flow detection so that the capabilities of the different metal electrodes could be evaluated and systematically compared.
TL;DR: The bondage number b(G) of a graph G is defined to be the cardinality of a smallest set E of edges for which σ(G−E)>σ(G).
TL;DR: All patients at risk for VHL, should be evaluated using gadolinium-enhanced MRI after 10 years of age, although ophthalmic examination should be initiated within the 1st 2 years of life.
Abstract: Fifty individuals with Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) were studied with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the frequency and distribution of CNS lesions. The associated clinical features were also reviewed. Thirty-six (72%) of the 50 had 1 or more CNS tumors. The most frequently affected sites in the CNS excluding the retina were the cerebellum (52%), spinal cord (44%), and brainstem (18%). New regional predilections for the craniocervical junction and conus medullaris were demonstrated by this study. Forty-one percent of all VHL patients with CNS tumors were neurologically asymptomatic: cerebellar tumors (50%), spinal cord tumors (50%), and brainstem tumors (44%) were often without clinical signs or symptoms. Multiple lesions were common. The mean age of all VHL patients (34.5 years) was similar to the mean age of all CNS VHL patients (34.4 years), suggesting a lack of age association. CNS lesions commonly occurred in the 2nd decade of life. All patients at risk for VHL should be evaluated using gadolinium-enhanced MRI after 10 years of age, although ophthalmic examination should be initiated within the 1st 2 years of life. Enhanced MRI is particularly useful in the detection of CNS tumors in patients with the VHL gene.
TL;DR: Differences in growth strategies between early- and late-successional species indicated the importance of passive tolerance mechanisms of succession, and density-dependent interactions during community development were consistent with active tolerance mechanisms.
Abstract: Although seasonal patterns of algal succession have received considerable attention, few studies have attempted to elucidate the processes that contribute to short- term algal succession following disturbance. We framed the present study around four general mechanisms of succession in order to investigate the contribution of species-specific autecologies and interspecific interactions to observed short-term patterns of algal succes- sion in a productive third-order stream in Kentucky, USA. Observations in different current environments in the stream during two consecutive winters were used to classify dominant species as early or late successional based on changes in relative abundance through time on newly exposed substrates. Assemblages of the same age but differing in the relative abundance of early- and late-successional species were developed in streamside channels recreating both current environments to measure growth parameters (e.g., reproduction) of dominant species and to test for interspecific interactions. Of the five dominant species of algae in the winter assemblage, three species were consistently classified as early successional (i.e., decreased in relative abundance with in- creasing assemblage age) and two species as late successional. Early-successional species differed in their growth form and strategy for initially dominating the substrate, having high densities in the water column, high probabilities of attaching, or fast early reproductive rates. Late-successional species exhibited a more extended growth form and had the highest per capita reproductive rates during later growth. Late-successional species reduced the reproductive rate of early species as succession proceeded in both current environments but were not themselves inhibited by biovolume increases. While differences in growth strategies between early- and late-successional species indicated the importance of passive tolerance mechanisms of succession, density-dependent interactions during community development were consistent with active tolerance mechanisms. As in terrestrial plant communities, successional patterns in benthic algal assemblages appear to result from several processes that defy explanation by a single mechanistic model.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that topical treatment of chronic wounds with epidermal growth factor may stimulate healing in patients with adult-onset diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Abstract: We evaluated the effect of topical epidermal growth factor treatment on healing of chronic wounds in a prospective, open-label, crossover trial. Five males and four females who ranged in age from 40 to 72 years (average 57 +/- 9 years) were enrolled. Four patients had adult-onset diabetes mellitus, two had rheumatoid arthritis, two had old burn scars, and one had a failed abdominal incision. The average duration of the ulcers prior to treatment with epidermal growth factor was 12 +/- 5 months (range 1 to 48 months). Following failure of the wounds to heal with conventional therapies, including debridement, skin graphs, and vascular reconstruction, wounds were treated twice daily with Silvadene alone for periods ranging from 3 weeks to 6 months. No evidence of healing was observed in any of the patients' wounds during Silvadene treatment, and patients were crossed over to twice a day treatment with Silvadene containing 10 micrograms epidermal growth factor per gram. Wounds of eight patients healed completely with epidermal growth factor-Silvadene treatment in an average of 34 +/- 26 days (mean +/- SD, range 12 to 92 days) and did not reoccur for periods ranging from 1 to 4 years. One patient failed therapy. These results suggest that topical treatment of chronic wounds with epidermal growth factor may stimulate healing.
TL;DR: The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was recently developed to assess clinical anxiety as mentioned in this paper, with one subjective and four somatic factors accounting for approximately 60% of the variance in a non-clinical sample.
Abstract: The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was recently developed to assess clinical anxiety. Because one of its main features is a focus upon physiological sequelae of anxiety, the inventory may prove useful in nonclinical samples as well. The current paper provides initial psychometric properties with a nonclinical sample. Two studies are presented. The first presents scores and factor structure. A five factor solution was obtained, with one subjective and four somatic factors accounting for approximately 60% of the variance. The second study utilizes the total and factor scores to assess concordance with physiological responding. The total BAI correlated moderately with several physiological domains and with subjective distress. Factor scores were not consistently correlated with corresponding physiological domains. When subjects were divided into high- and low-anxiety groups, the relationships between self-report and physiological response increased in subjects with higher levels of anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of comparing clinical and nonclinical findings, use of the BAI in nonclinical samples, and future research.
TL;DR: Azathioprine is effective for some patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and chronic cutaneous LV, but it should be reserved for patients with severe disease in whom more conventional treatment fails.
Abstract: Azathioprine sodium has been reported to be effective therapy for chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) but rarely for chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV). We used azathioprine in the treatment of six patients with cutaneous LE, four of whom had subacute cutaneous (nonscarring) LE and two of whom had chronic cutaneous (scarring, discoid) LE, and six patients with chronic cutaneous LV. The conditions of all patients had been resistant to conventional therapy, and they required long-term oral corticosteroid therapy for control of their disease. Two of the patients with LE had prominent palmar and/or plantar involvement. Three patients with LE had an excellent response to azathioprine, with near complete clearing of the skin lesions, allowing a decrease in prednisone dosage. One patient with LE initially demonstrated significant improvement, but azathioprine therapy had to be discontinued because of pancreatitis. The treatment failed in two patients with LE; one had nausea and the other repeatedly developed a drug-induced fever. Five of the six patients with LV had improved conditions, with complete control of the disease occurring in two patients and partial control in three patients. Azathioprine is effective for some patients with cutaneous LE and chronic cutaneous LV, but it should be reserved for patients with severe disease in whom more conventional treatment fails.
TL;DR: Advanced-level general surgery residents were surveyed about their interest in providing trauma care upon completion of their residency training, and two thirds of the residents stated that trauma was a rewarding field, but only 18% want to provide trauma care.
Abstract: Advanced-level general surgery residents were surveyed about their interest in providing trauma care upon completion of their residency training. Questionnaires were sent to 1,795 residents and 886 (49%) replied. Two thirds of the residents stated that trauma was a rewarding field, but only 18% want
TL;DR: Results suggest that steps to reduce the salivary concentration of nicotine in smokeless tobacco users might diminish damaging effects of this product on alveolar bone.
Abstract: Use of smokeless tobacco is associated with various oral lesions including periodontal damage and alveolar bone loss. This study was performed to test the effects of nicotine on bone-forming cells at concentrations that occur in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users. Confluent cultures of osteoblast-like cells isolated from chick embryo calvariae were incubated for 2 days with nicotine added to the culture medium (25-600 micrograms/ml). Nicotine inhibited alkaline phosphatase in the cell layer and released to the medium, whereas glycolysis (as indexed by lactate production) was unaffected or slightly elevated. The effects on medium and cell layer alkaline phosphatase were concentration dependent with maximal inhibition occurring at 600 micrograms nicotine/ml. Nicotine essentially did not affect the noncollagenous protein content of the cell layer, but did inhibit collagen synthesis (hydroxylation of [3H]proline and collagenase-digestible protein) at 100, 300, and 600 micrograms/ml. Release of [3H]hydroxyproline to the medium was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner, as was the collagenase-digestible protein for both the medium and cell layer. In contrast, DNA synthesis (incorporation of [3H]thymidine) was more than doubled by the alkaloid, whereas total DNA content was slightly inhibited at 600 micrograms/ml, suggesting stimulated cell turnover. Morphologic changes occurred in nicotine-treated cells including rounding up, detachment, and the occurrence of numerous large vacuoles. These results suggest that steps to reduce the salivary concentration of nicotine in smokeless tobacco users might diminish damaging effects of this product on alveolar bone.
TL;DR: Mammalia, defined by Rowe as comprising the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes, marsupials, and placentals, was distinguished from its nearest extinct relatives by 37 osteological synapomorphies, including 24 characters of the cranium and dentition.
Abstract: In Rowe (1988), 158 characters of the skull and postcranial skeleton distributed among Placentalia, Marsupialia, Monotremata, Multituberculata, Morganucodontidae, Tritylodontidae, and Exaeretodon were analyzed with PAUP. Mammalia, defined by Rowe as comprising the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes, marsupials, and placentals, was distinguished from its nearest extinct relatives by 37 osteological synapomorphies, including 24 characters of the cranium and dentition. Within Mammalia, Multituberculata was identified as the sister taxon of Marsupialia plus Placentalia. The 91 craniodental characters employed by Rowe (1988) are reevaluated here and placed in one of five categories: characters needing no alteration (11); characters with a derived state occurring in an outgroup not considered by Rowe (8); characters for which the distribution given by Rowe is altered (16); characters for which the description given by Rowe is modified (30); and characters that are excluded from further an...
TL;DR: The most common psychiatric diagnosis was major depression with congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease being the most frequently noted physical ailments as mentioned in this paper, which is a major psychiatric problem in the elderly.
Abstract: Attempted suicide by the elderly is a major psychiatric problem. Ninety-five patients between 60 and 90 years of age were evaluated by a psychiatric consultation service after a suicide attempt. Characteristics of this group included (1) a high degree of premeditation, (2) a tendency toward firearm use and wounds to the head, (3) male sex, (4) coexisting medical problems, (5) serious intent that increased by decade, (6) solitary living arrangements, (7) presence or history of a major psychiatric illness, and (8) ill health reported as a precipitant to suicidality. Major depression was the most common psychiatric diagnosis, with congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the most frequently noted physical ailments. This elderly population of attempters resembled older persons who actually completed suicide and differed significantly from 1630 persons aged 16 to 59 years who attempted suicide. Heightened investigation of depressive features, treatment of alcohol abuse, early referral for psychiatric care, limited access to firearms, and strategies aimed at decreasing social isolation are recommended to decrease the likelihood of completed suicide in the elderly. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:141-144)
TL;DR: Recent trends in the use of chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) in electrochemical detection systems used in flow-injection analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography are reviewed, with the objective of indicating the most promising approaches for practical CME applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of 147 volunteers at a midwestern crisis and information telephone service found that demographic and motivational variables may be more predictive than attitudes toward their work of volunteer commitment and tenure.
Abstract: This article reports the findings of a study of 147 volunteers at a midwestern crisis and information telephone service. It was hypothesized that demographic and motivational variables may be more predictive than attitudes toward their work of volunteer commitment and tenure. Discriminant and multiple regression analyses were used to test the strength of attitudes, motivations such as need for a job or training, and demographic variables. Education, gender, viewing volunteer work as having value and desire to learn a new skill were significant discriminators between levels of involvement. But aspects of the volunteer experience, along with education played a more important role in predicting service duration.
TL;DR: The combination was significantly more effective than was either single agent in controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and appeared to decrease the frequency of dysphoric effects seen with the latter agent.