Showing papers by "University of Manchester published in 1981"
Book•
01 Jan 1981TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a taxonomy of the United Kingdom's International Direct Investment Position in the mid-1970s and present a toolkit approach to evaluate the costs and benefits of Multinational Enterprises to host countries.
Abstract: Part 1: 1. The Distinctive Nature of the Multinational Enterprise. 2. Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the Multinational Enterprise: A Search for an Eclectic Approach. 3. Trade, Location of Economic Activity and the Multinational Enterprise: Some Empirical Tests. 4. Explaining Changing Patterns of International Production: In Support of the Eclectic Theory. 5. Explaining the International Direct Investment Position of Countries: Towards a Dynamic or Developmental Approach. 6. The UK's International Direct Investment Position in the Mid-1970s. Part 2: 7. Multinational Enterprises, Market Structure, Economic Power and Industrial Policy. 8. Multinational Enterprises and Domestic Capital Formation. 9. Multinational Enterprises, Locational Strategies and Regional Development. 10. Employee Compensation in US Multinationals and Indigenous Firms: An Exploratory Micro/Macro Analysis. 11. Multinational Enterprises and Trade Flows of Developing Countries. 12. The Consequences of International Transfer of Technology by Multinational Enterprises. Some Home Country Implications. Part 3: 13. Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Multinational Enterprises to Host Countries: A 'Tool Kit' Approach. 14. Alternative Policy Prescriptions and the Multinational Enterprise. 15. Multinational Enterprises and the Challenge of the 1980s. Index.
1,424 citations
TL;DR: A new ion source for molecular structure determination of thermolabile and involatile compounds by mass spectrometry is presented in this article, together with some preliminary results from peptides, glycoside antibiotics, organometallics and vitamin B12 its coenzyme.
Abstract: A new ion source for molecular structure determination of thermolabile and involatile compounds by mass spectrometry is presented together with some preliminary results from peptides, glycoside antibiotics, organometallics and vitamin B12 its coenzyme.
564 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the likely variations in the local field strengths across the barrier layers can explain the steady-state anodizing behavior observed in different acids in constant voltage conditions.
Abstract: The development of porous anodic films on aluminium in the major forming acids has been established1–5 However, little information has been provided to explain the markedly different rates of steady-state film growth for anodizing in constant voltage conditions in these acids, with the anodic film cell parameters dependent on the cell voltage1 The regular cellular morphology of the steady-state films and the substructure developed in the forming acids are revealed in Fig 1 The characteristic parallel-sided pores, at the centres of approximately hexagonal cells, pass normal to the macroscopic metal surface but are separated from it by the barrier layer Here, from considerations of the film material substructure and the distribution of species within the film derived from the forming acid, it is postulated that the likely variations in the local field strengths across the barrier layers can explain the steady-state anodizing behaviour observed in the different acids in constant voltage conditions
454 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored a possible consequence of a convergence between two closely-related but distinctive environments for talk about a 'trouble', the Troubles-Telling and the Service Encounter, and suggested that the rejection of advice in a Troublestelling may constitute an attempt to counteract the environmental shift, and the attendant shift of activities and relationships.
440 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a discrete time series model is introduced, which may be demonstrated to have properties similar to those of nonlinear random vibrations, and the model is fitted to the Canadian lynx data and demonstrates that it may be possible to regard the periodic behaviour of this series as being generated by some underlying self-exciting mechanism.
Abstract: SUMMARY The behaviour of nonlinear deterministic vibrations has been studied by many authors, and may typically include such features as jump phenomena and limit cycles. Nonlinear random vibrations in continuous time have also been studied and these may commonly give rise to the phenomenon of amplitude-dependent frequency. A discrete time series model is introduced, which may be demonstrated to have properties similar to those of nonlinear random vibrations. This model is of autoregressive form with amplitudedependent coefficients and may be estimated using an extension of a method for estimating linear time series models. The model is fitted to the Canadian lynx data and demonstrates that it may be possible to regard the periodic behaviour of this series as being generated by some underlying self-exciting mechanism.
434 citations
TL;DR: The anatomical location and fibre characteristics of the levator ani muscle suggest that these fibres actively assist in urethral closure, particularly during events which cause elevation of intra-abdominal pressure.
Abstract: Specimens from the human male and female external urethral sphincter and the periurethral levator ani muscle have been examined using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. In both sexes the external sphincter consists of a single population of type I (slow twitch) fibres with a mean diameter of 17.47 +/- 0.7 micrometers in the absence of muscle spindles. In contrast, the periurethral levator ani possesses muscle spindles and the constituent fibres form a heterogeneous population of type I and type II (fast twitch) fibres, with mean diameters of 45.5 +/- 0.8 micrometer and 59.5 +/- 3.4 micrometers respectively. These findings indicate that the external urethral sphincter is functionally adapted to maintain tone over prolonged periods and may be of considerable importance in producing active urethral closure during continence. The anatomical location and fibre characteristics of the levator ani muscle suggest that these fibres actively assist in urethral closure, particularly during events which cause elevation of intra-abdominal pressure. In view of the differences in fibre characteristics between the external urethral sphincter and the levator ani, EMG activity recorded from a single site in the levator ani may not be representative of the functional status either of other levator ani muscle fibres or of the external urethral sphincter.
410 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a new method for obtaining a probabilistic load flow solution using a discrete frequency domain convolution technique that has greater accuracy while providing a breakthrough in computational speed.
Abstract: This paper presents a new method for obtaining a probabilistic load flow solution using a discrete frequency domain convolution technique. It is shown that this method has greater accuracy while providing a breakthrough in computational speed. A detailed example compares the numerical results with a Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of nonlinearity in the network equations are discussed.
373 citations
359 citations
TL;DR: The present study shows that the dyslexics' erratic EM's are present not only in reading but also in the simple sequential task of trying to follow light sources each of which is illuminated sequentially.
290 citations
TL;DR: The fragmentation pathways observed are defined and the utility in sequence analysis is commented on and a simple acetylation experiment is shown to aid rapid sequence assignment.
262 citations
TL;DR: The theory of bilinear time series models is considered in this article, and the sufficient conditions for asymptotic stationarity of the time-series models are derived, and the expressions for the variance and covariance are obtained.
Abstract: SUMMARY The theory of bilinear time series models is considered in this paper The sufficient conditions for asymptotic stationarity of the bilinear time series models are derived, and the expressions for the variance and covariance are obtained The conditions for the invertibility of the model are also included The estimation of the parameters of the scalar bilinear time series model is considered The bilinear models are fitted to sunspot numbers and also to a P-wave of a nuclear explosion The forecasting of sunspot numbers is also considered
TL;DR: The observed variation in optical quality contrasts with the published peripheral acuity data in that their quite different gradients suggest that mid-peripheral image quality is markedly more than adequate for the visual acuity, despite the substantial oblique astigmatism.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured self-generated electrochemical potential fluctuations on electrodes undergoing either pitting or crevice corrosion and found that these forms of localized attack have quite distinct noise signatures.
TL;DR: In this paper, a common model of innovation diffusion is extended to incorporate the interaction of demand growth and capacity growth, building in part on work by Kuznets and Burns on industrial growth and retardation.
TL;DR: The possibility that a "mucus-bicarbonate" barrier might exist in the stomach in vivo is investigated using an antimony microelectrode and a pH gradient was demonstrated across the mucus layer on the fundic mucosa of the rat stomach in vitro.
TL;DR: Observation of the impact of the disease revealed how medicine can be seen as ambiguous in a double sense: the more it appears to control, the more threatening is the domain where knowledge is still lacking and the more alienated the layman himself from control over its effects.
TL;DR: Cross correlation flowmeters as discussed by the authors are based on measuring the transit time of a tagging signal (turbulence, clumps of particles, etc.) in the flow between two axially separated sensors.
Abstract: The basic principles are briefly explained, showing how cross correlation can be used to identify dynamic characteristics of a wide range of telecommunication, structural and process systems. The main emphasis of the paper is on cross correlation flowmeters, which are developing to a stage where they can successfully solve industrial and environmental measurement problems, ranging from the flow of highly polluted liquids in pipes to the flow of gas from volcanic jets. Cross correlation flowmeters are based on measuring the transit time of a tagging signal (turbulence, clumps of particles, etc.) in the flow between two axially separated sensors. The transit time is measured by a cross correlator. The design of the various subsystems is discussed in some detail and the various sensing techniques required for specific applications are described. Cross correlation flowmeters have become a realistic proposition because of the reducing cost of large scale integrated circuits and microprocessors from which the correlator may be realised, a number of different designs of cross correlator are described and their relative merits discussed.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Recovery in a series of 135 patients with fresh stroke treated by traditional methods of rehabilitation is principally in the first 3 months - but also continues in the second 3 months, except for muscle power.
Abstract: A battery of tests to measure improvement over time in physical recovery of stroke patients - and to compare this with varying levels of disability at onset, is described. Recovery in a series of 135 patients with fresh stroke treated by traditional methods of rehabilitation is principally in the first 3 months - but also continues in the second 3 months, except for muscle power. Recovery after 6 months is least in muscle power and is limited mainly to walking and mobility (e.g. getting out of the house) which in some cases may be due to altered environmental factors. At onset only 62 per cent showed moderate or severe impairment of muscle power compared to 88 per cent with similar impairment in mobility and dependency. By 1 year 30 per cent of survivors remained dependent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the dependence of the configuration of the vortices on various end constructions and found that the three-dimensional structure of the wake depends strongly on the flow configuration at each end of the cylinder.
Abstract: At low Reynolds numbers, three-dimensional features are frequently observed in the vortices shed behind a basically two-dimensional circular cylinder. This paper deals with the dependence of the configuration of the vortices on various end constructions. The cylinder is towed at a uniform speed in a water tank and simple flow visualization is used. It is found that the three-dimensional structure of the wake depends strongly on the flow configuration at each end of the cylinder. The boundary condition imposed on the nascent vortex lines determines the subsequent behaviour of the shed vortices. Consequently, the vortex street can be rendered more nearly two-dimensional by allowing the vortices to link outside the boundary as they approach that boundary normally. This is the case for the water–air interface when the water surface is clean. In the case of a contaminated water surface or of a solid surface acting as a boundary to the vortex street, the vortices link between themselves underneath the water surface and a strong interaction takes place behind the end of the cylinder. The subsequent effect is a bowing of the vortices towards the end of the cylinder. The free-end effect at the bottom end of the cylinder induces a strong bowing of the vortices towards that end and causes the wake to contract. It follows from the effect of surface contamination that the study of vortex wakes by the spreading of some surface contaminants might not necessarily show the true behaviour of the wake below the surface. It is postulated that slantwise shedding arises from a difference in the two end effects.
TL;DR: The first evidence for a magnetic sense of direction in a mammal other than man, the European woodmouse is presented, and it is presented the first clear evidence that both route-based and location-based mechanisms can be involved in goal orientation following displacement.
Abstract: Orientation to the Earth's magnetic field has been shown for bacteria, planarians, molluscs, insects, elasmobranch fish, salamanders and birds1,2. Recent work indicates that humans may also have a magnetic sense of direction3,4. We present here the first evidence for such a sense in a mammal other than man, the European woodmouse. In addition, by manipulation of the magnetic information available during the outward journey (an approach used previously with pigeons5,6), we present the first clear evidence that both route-based and location-based mechanisms can be involved in goal orientation following displacement.
TL;DR: X-ray diffraction has been used to measure the preferred orientation of the collagen fibrils, and their angular distribution within the tissue, as a function of depth from the articular surface in patellar cartilage.
Abstract: X-ray diffraction has been used to measure the preferred orientation of the collagen fibrils, and their angular distribution within the tissue, as a function of depth from the articular surface in patellar cartilage. Measurements have been made at four different sites chosen to represent differing surface curvatures and regimes of wear. The orientation of fibrils in the surface layer allows it to oppose the swelling pressure exerted by the gel of hydrated glycosaminoglycans within the cartilage. An intermediate layer (where a bimodal distribution of fibrils is sometimes resolved) allows the orientation of the fibrils to change, with increasing depth, until they are roughly perpendicular to the articular surface. In this deep layer the fibrils can tie into the underlying calcified tissue so as to firmly anchor the cartilage. In the plane of the surface the fibrils tend to be aligned in the direction of stress caused by motion.
TL;DR: The afferent projections to the peribrachial region in the rat were studied using retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase to pay attention to descending projections from the basal ganglia and related nuclei to the region of nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus.
TL;DR: The authors argue that intonation operates with its own set of meanings which are of higher abstraction than those of grammar, attitude or discourse; and that it is only at a lower level that these meanings of higher abstractions become relevant to one or more of these functions (in so far as the functions can in any case be clearly separated).
Abstract: The study of intonation has gone through phases in which it has been fashionable to ascribe the meaning of intonation to one particular sort of function.1 Most traditionally that function has been grammatical (see, e.g., the earliest British attempts at intonation analysis (e.g. Butler, 1634) and many recent textbooks on English language teaching). More recently (i.e. since the second world war), speakers' attitude has often been taken as most important (e.g. Pike, 1945; Kingdon, 1958). In the light of current fashion, the discourse function is often seen as most important (e.g. Brazil,, 1975, 1978; Pilch, 1977).I argue in this article that intonation operates with its own set of meanings which are of higher abstraction than those of grammar, attitude or discourse; and that it is only at a lower level that these meanings of higher abstraction become relevant to one or more of these functions (in so far as the functions can in any case be clearly separated). Such a hypothesis is relevant to the question of how intonation is acquired by children (where the real problem for investigators has always been WHAT exactly is being acquired). It is also important to questions of cross-dialectal intonational translation (whether across social or regional boundaries) and also to possible intonation universals.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the vast majority of stroke survivors are living in the community and that their chief carers could be afforded more support by mobile “stroke teams” at an early stage, more involvement of relatives in rehabilitation and the continued development of stroke clubs.
TL;DR: It is suggested that arthritic rats had greater reactivity to native type II collagen and were less able to control the humoral response to collagen than were nonarthritic rats.
Abstract: Antibodies to native bovine type II collagen may be important in initiating arthritis in rats immunized with this antigen. The cross-reactivity of these antibodies with native rat type II collagen was higher in rats that developed arthritis than in those that did not. Depletion of serum C3 levels by cobra venom factor delayed the onset of arthritis until C3 levels were returning to normal; therefore, complement may be involved in initiation of the arthritis, and this arthritis may be an example of an immune complex--mediated disease.
TL;DR: Examples of eight different kinds of somatosensory receptor were identified in the skin of the cat, and the existence of some cross-tachyphylaxis suggests that these irritants have similar sites or mechanisms of action.
DOI•
01 Sep 1981TL;DR: In this paper, a completely new algorithm for the probabilistic load flow is proposed which accounts for the nonlinear effects of nonlinearity in the network equations and that the assumption of a normal distribution for the output random variables is completely unreliable.
Abstract: Probabilistic load flow is a technique which recognises the probabilistic nature of the input parameters and takes account of the uncertainties and random variations of generation and load within one computer run. Many formulations have been presented to implement this technique. The majority have assumed either, a linear model to represent the load flow equations, or the output random variables to be normally distributed, or a combination of both of these concepts. This paper, first, uses Monte Carlo simulation to show the effects of nonlinearity in the network equations and that the assumption of a normal distribution for the output random variables is completely unreliable. A completely new algorithm for the probabilistic load flow is then proposed which accounts for the nonlinear effects. This new technique is shown to give a new impetus to probabilistic load flow analysis