Showing papers by "University of Mannheim published in 1978"
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the reaction to success and failure differs when it is communicated publicly or privately and when the reaction is measured privately or publicly, and that the test was evaluated more positively under public than under private success and negatively under private failure.
95 citations
TL;DR: This paper proposed that the difficulties in selective exposure paradigms have resulted from inadequate designs, and more particularly, it is likely that many of the previous findings are due to confoundings.
70 citations
TL;DR: This is a report of 1,403 patients who underwent endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) in 9 endoscopic centers in West Germany from 1973 up to April 1, 1977, which eliminates the need for laparotomy and represents an alternative for the aged patient in poor general condition.
Abstract: This is a report of 1,403 patients who underwent endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) in 9 endoscopic centers in West Germany from 1973 up to April 1, 1977. The main indication for EPT was stones in the bile ducts causing obstructive jaundice. In 79.5% of the patients, a previous surgical operation on the bile ducts had been done, and in 20.5%, the gallbladder was still present. Other indications for EPT were benign and malignant stenosis of the duodenal papilla, and cholangitis in the blind sack syndrome associated with an existing choledochoduodenostomy. The complication rate of EPT was 7.3%. The main complications were pancreatitis, cholangitis, hemorrhage, and perforation. Incarceration of stones or instruments was rare. Most complications could be treated conservatively. The mortality rate at 1.5% was low, and less than that of transduodenal papillotomy. Late complications that occur after transduodenal papillotomy were not found and should not occur after EPT. EPT eliminates the need for laparotomy and represents an alternative for the aged patient in poor general condition.
56 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that men expressed more hopes/fears in the public sphere (economy, politics, environment) and fewer in the private sphere (family, occupation, personal development).
Abstract: This study was designed to test hypotheses concerning the influence of sex roles and social status onfuture orientation (FO). The latter was measured in various categories (spheres of life), on the dimensions of density (number of hopes andfears cited by the subject), extension, and optimism-pessimism. Also included was a measure of 'internal vs. external control' (the subject's assessment as to whether the realization of his hopes and fears is dependent more on himself or more on external factors). Subjects were 100 employed men and women of the lower and middle class. It was found that, in comparison with women, men voiced more hopes/fears in the public sphere (economy, politics, environment) and fewer in the private sphere (family, occupation, personal development). Men had a more extended FO in the occupational and economic spheres; women, in contrast, in the private sphere. (These results contradicted the assumption of earlier studies that FO is a general orientation, not varying across different domains of life.) Middle-class (in comparison to lowerclass) persons manifested a more extended FO, envisioned the distant future more optimistically, and believed more markedly that the realization of their hopes and fears depended on themselves.
39 citations
34 citations
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, critical rationalism exhibits three basic characteristics which are intimately connected with one another: a consistent fallibilism, a methodical rationalism and a critical realism.
Abstract: As I see it, critical rationalism exhibits three basic characteristics which are intimately connected with one another: a consistent fallibilism, a methodical rationalism and a critical realism. Each of these components plays a role in the solution of the problems we are concerned with. I should also like to emphasize that this philosophical conception has consequences that are of importance for problems of all kinds, not merely for problems pertaining to knowledge.
23 citations
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the applicability of multiattribute utility theory to the improvement of medical therapy decisions by showing that among the multiattribute methods the simpler rating procedure yielded the more reliable results.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show how network theory may be applied to gain new and better insights into basic economic problems, starting with a precise definition of what is meant by acting and in particular by economic acting, and direct the line of argumentation toward solving the problem of how to aggregate economic decisions.
Abstract: The article attempts to show how network theory may be applied to gain new and better insights into basic economic problems. Starting with a precise definition of what is meant by acting and, in particular, by economic acting, we direct the line of argumentation toward solving the problem of how to aggregate economic decisions. Results indicate that network theory might well prove itself to be a powerful instrument in developing a theory of human behavior much more comprehensive than currently used models.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a systematic analysis of various types of behavior changes induced by insurance, which all tend to increase the insured losses and the welfare implications of these changes as well as the means to improve the working of insurance markets are studied.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Huang's (1971a) theory of expected risk was tested in empirical risk orders over 31 two-outcome money gambles elicited from 20 subjects, and the single peakedness assumption of Coombs' portfolio theory was tested with preference orders over a subset of 15 of these gambles with equal expected values.
9 citations
01 Mar 1978
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend this interpolation property to a class of analytic functions, which includes (z−a)−m, ln(z−m) (∣a∣ > 1, m∈N).
Abstract: For the case of best Tschebyscheff approximation to a real continuous function on an interval [a,b] by polynomials of degree ≤ n it is well known that the error function has at least n + 1 zeros on (a,b). In general no analogous result holds for the case of Tschebyscheff approximation to an analytic function on the disk S ≔ {z∣ ∣z∣ ≤ 1} in the complex plane. However Saff [4] exhibits a class of entire function with the property that for each n sufficiently large the polynomial of degree ≤ n of best Tschebyscheff approximation to f on S interpolates to f in precisely n + 1 points in S. The purpose of this paper is to extend this interpolation property to a class of analytic, not necessarily entire functions, which includes (z−a)−m, ln(z−a) (∣a∣ > 1, m∈N).
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the pseudomonotone variational inequalities (i.e., variational problems on convex sets, monotone as well as pseudo-monotone operator equations) are studied.
Abstract: In this contribution we deal with pseudomonotone variational inequalities, a class of problems that includes as special cases: variational problems on convex sets, monotone as well as pseudomonotone operator equations and inequalities on convex sets. At first we derive the basic existence theorem for solutions of this class of variational inequalities. Then we investigate the approximation of these solutions by a family of variational inequalities. Thus we also study the stability of the solution set under certain perturbations of data. Moreover, this approximation method is strongly related to a penalty method for constrained problems. Finally we sketch the application of our results in control theory of distributed parameter systems.
TL;DR: In this article, the notion of true separation for n(n ≥ 2) convex sets was introduced, and three first statements forn convex cones were extended to n convex cone sets.
Abstract: In this note we generalize two theorems of Klee [9] and a result of Bair-Jongmans [7] about the true separation of two convex cones; afterwards, we introduce the notion of true separation forn(n≧2) convex sets and we extend our three first statements forn convex cones.
TL;DR: In this paper, a hinreichendes Kriterium for the geometrische Konvergenz der Minimalabweichungen, das alle bisher bekannten direkten Kriterien als Spezialfalle enthalt, is presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the hypothesis that an additional ambition motivation would increase the effectiveness of scoring rules for training probability assessors, and they found that the flat maximum might become an advantage if several persons estimate in a competitive situation, since the flat maximal would result in small differences between total scores, thus giving the impression that the superior competitors would be easy to reach if one just tries harder.
01 Sep 1978
TL;DR: The methodological rules of critical rationalism in empirical sciences seem out of the question as mentioned in this paper, either they are trivial or not applicable or even untenable or they refer to problems which do not exist.
Abstract: In his “Logic of Scientific Discovery” and also in “Conjectures and Refutations” Karl Popper laid down methodological rules. They were to secure severe tests of our theories so that we might at least prove our false theories to be false, if we cannot prove our true theories to be true. But falsification turned out to be as impossible as verification. What is more, the rules, which are here examined, do not even advance criticism of theories. Either they are trivial or not applicable or even untenable or they refer to problems, which do not exist. There is no reason to expect that those rules, which we could not here examine, are essentially different. Hence applying the methodological rules of critical rationalism in empirical sciences seems out of the question.
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the vergangenen Jahre dynamischen Aufbaus und stetiger wirtschaftlicher Prosperitat waren fur the betriebliche Personalarbeit besonders durch das Bemuhen gekennzeichnet, den knappen und in seinem Niveau sehr verschieden ausgestatteten Produktionsfaktor Arbeit quantitativ, qualitative and zeitlich ausreichend der w
Abstract: Die vergangenen Jahre dynamischen Aufbaus und stetiger wirtschaftlicher Prosperitat waren fur die betriebliche Personalarbeit besonders durch das Bemuhen gekennzeichnet, den knappen und in seinem Niveau sehr verschieden ausgestatteten Produktionsfaktor Arbeit quantitativ, qualitativ und zeitlich ausreichend der wirtschaftlichen Leistungserstellung zuzufuhren. Die betriebliche Arbeitsmarktpolitik war eindeutig auf die Beschaffung sowie die Erhaltung und qualitative Verbesserung des vorhandenen menschlichen Leistungspotentials ausgerichtet. Der externe Arbeitsmarkt, insbesondere der organisierte Arbeitsmarkt, konnte hierbei nur in begrenztem Umfange (z. B. auslandische Arbeitskrafte, Teilzeitbeschaftigung, Umschulung) Hilfe anbieten. Die wirtschaftlichen Gegebenheiten veranlasten und zwangen die Unternehmen zu eigenstandigem Handeln.
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The hitherto existing common procedure consisting of modifying defined parameters and structures, dependent on the results of actual system behavior analysis to adapt the system behavior to desired conditions is satisfactory with models of less complexity.
Abstract: A model is confronted with respect to its structure and its behavior by minimum requirements which it should meet in order to be acceptable. In most of the cases, these specifications grow out of experience of practical applications. The hitherto existing common procedure consists of modifying defined parameters and structures, dependent on the results of actual system behavior analysis to adapt the system behavior to desired conditions. This method is satisfactory with models of less complexity [1].
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a lange history of substitutions of menschlichen Arbeit in the Wirtschaft is discussed. But the main focus is on the transformation and modifikation.
Abstract: Seit den Anfangen der Industrialisierung im vergangenen Jahrhundert hat im Zuge der Technisierung eine permanente Substitution der menschlichen Arbeit in der Wirtschaft stattgefunden. Diese Entwicklung, die mancherlei Motive gesteuert haben, scheint in den letzten zwei bis drei Jahrzehnten eine besondere Intensitat angenommen zu haben. Vor allem der Zwang zur Kostenwirtschaftlichkeit und das Streben nach Verbesserung der menschlichen Arbeitsbedingungen im betrieblichen Leistungsprozes haben in der Nachkriegszeit bis zur Gegenwart masgeblich dazu beigetragen, das sich die Einsatzbedingungen fur den Faktor Arbeit in zahlreichen Bereichen der Wirtschaft stark und tiefgreifend verandert haben. Diese lange Geschichte der Substitution, der Transformation und Modifikation der menschlichen Arbeit im Wirtschaftsprozes gibt dem Thema,das nach dem Wandel der Leistungs- und Kostenstruktur im Personalbereich unserer Wirtschaftsunternehmen in der Bundesrepublik fragt, eine weit ausgreifende Perspektive. Fur den Wirtschafts- und Sozialhistoriker ist diese Komponente der Industrialisierungsgeschichte ein reizvoller und — wie die historische Fachliteraturl zeigt — auch ein vielfaltig bearbeiteter Aspekt; fur den Betriebswirt, der sich mit den aktuellen Problemen dieses Themas zu beschaftigen hat, steht derjenige Wandel im Einsatz des Faktors Arbeit in der Wirtschaft im Vordergrund, den wir personlich in unserer jungsten, uns selbst uberschaubaren Vergangenheit erlebt, ja vielfach mitgestaltet haben, ferner, jener Wandel, der die Fuhrungskrafte in der Unternehmensleitung — und nicht nur sie allein — in der Gegenwart vor besonders schwierige und verantwortungsschwere Aufgaben stellt, sowie jene Wandlungen und Veranderungen, mit denen die Wirtschaft hinsichtlich der Leistungs- und Kostenstruktur im Personalbereich mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit in der prognostizierbaren Zukunft zu rechnen hat.
TL;DR: The stylistic development of the painted pottery from the excavations of Akrotiri evidences that the great Late-Minoan eruption of the Thera volcano must be dated around 1500 B.C, meaning that the decline of the Minoan civilization was neither caused nor influenced by this volcanic event as suggested by the Marinatos theory.
Abstract: The stylistic development of the painted pottery from the excavations of Akrotiri on Thera evidences that the great Late-Minoan eruption of the Thera volcano must be dated around 1500 BC The eruption had only minor effects on Crete which were not nearly so serious as has been supposed The rate of ash fall and the height of the tsunamis did not play a significant role After the Thera eruption Minoan trade and culture flourished as before This means that the decline of the Minoan civilization was neither caused nor influenced by this volcanic event as suggested by the Marinatos theory The Minoan decline was substantially initiated by great devastations in Crete which occurred, according to the ceramic chronology, around 1450 BC These destructions were the result of one or several violent regional tectonic earthquake(s) in combination with severe internal revolts