Showing papers by "University of Mannheim published in 1981"
TL;DR: The authors examined what lay people mean when they judge the "risk" of activities that involve the potential for accidental fatalities (e.g., hang gliding, living near a nuclear reactor).
Abstract: This study examined what lay people mean when they judge the “risk” of activities that involve the potential for accidental fatalities (e.g., hang gliding, living near a nuclear reactor). A sample of German and American students rated the “overall risk” of 14 such activities and provided 3 fatality estimates: the number of fatalities in an “average year,” the individual yearly fatality probability (or odds), and the number of fatalities in a “disastrous accident.” Subjects' fatality estimates were reasonably accurate and only moderately influenced by attitudes towards nuclear energy. Individual fatality probability correlated most highly with intuitive risk ratings. Disaster estimates correlated positively with risk ratings for those activities that had a low fatality probability and a relatively high disaster potential. Annual average fatality rates did not correlate with risk ratings at all. These findings were interpreted in terms of a two-dimensional cognitive structure. Subjective notions of risk were determined primarily by the personal chance of death; for some activities, “disaster potential” played a secondary role in shaping risk perception.
95 citations
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that when social emotions arise as a consequence of disrupting social rules, this is because the actor in question is aware of a discrepancy between his or her self-image, which is assumed to be neutral, and the image which he or she assumes to have conveyed to those who witness the incident, in a role-playing experiment, subjects were presented with four situations depicting disruptions of routine activity, two of which involved rule disruption.
Abstract: The study reported in this paper is concerned with social emotions. These are defined as states which are experienced either exclusively or more intensively before a real or imagined audience. It is argued that when social emotions arise as a consequence of disrupting social rules, this is because the actor in question is aware of a discrepancy between his or her self-image, which is assumed to be neutral, and the image which he or she assumes to have conveyed to those who witness the incident, in a role-playing experiment, subjects were presented with four situations depicting disruptions of routine activity, two of which involved rule disruption. These situations were described from one of two perspectives (actor or observer) and set in one of two social contexts (public or private). Results confirmed the main predictions, which were (1) that in the case of rule disruptions, the emotionality attributed to the actor would be greater in public than in private; (2) that dispositional ratings of the actor would reveal a discrepancy between self image and public image, and that this discrepancy would covary with the actor's emotionality; and (3) that dispositional ratings of the actor would reveal a discrepancy between public image and subjective public image.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a salience approach is proposed for identifying causal effects when it is impossible to manipulate the independent variable of interest or to control confounded variables statistically. But the saliency approach does not consider the effect of the German job-ban policy on individuals' behaviors.
Abstract: A procedure is suggested for identifying causal effects when it is impossible to manipulate the independent variable of interest or to control confounded variables statistically If a variable has a causal influence, this influence should be more pronounced when the variable is salient than when it is not The applicability of this salience approach is illustrated in a study on the effects of the German job-ban policy on the politic al behaviors of individuals Applications and limitations of the approach are discussed
38 citations
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general argument about the conceptual overlap between implicit personality theory and "scientific" theories of personality is developed and tested in the case of the common-sense conception of extroversion and that of Eysenck.
Abstract: From research on the organization of implicit personality theory, and on the fakability of psychometrically sophisticated scales a general argument about the conceptual overlap between implicit personality theory and ‘scientific’ theories of personality is developed. This is tested in the case of the common-sense conception of extroversion—introversion, and that of Eysenck. The convergent validity of these two conceptions are found to be high enough to support the argument. The implications of the argument are discussed in relation to the correspondences between implicit personality theory and personality theory, and the functions of personality theory in psychology and implicit personality theory in everyday life.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical and empirical analysis of the labor supply of married women in the Federal Republic of Germany was carried out using a two-stage probit method, where both dimensions of labor supply (hours and participation) were estimated along with an implicit estimation of the reservation wage function.
Abstract: This paper contains a theoretical and empirical analysis of the labor supply of married women in the Federal Republic of Germany. The theoretical model is an intrafamily life cycle model. The empirical part uses individual census data of married women. The estimates are corrected for the selectivity bias using a two-stage probit method. Both dimensions of labor supply—hours and participation—are estimated along with an implicit estimation of the reservation wage function. The magnitude of the influence of economic variables and individual characteristics is evaluated and compared with other studies.
21 citations
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In the last decade resource economics has occupied the attention of cohorts of professional economists and by now a well established theory is available as discussed by the authors, which generalizes, extends and corrects the present theory of exhaustible resources.
Abstract: In economic textboot~s one cannot find much of use about the phenomenon of depletable resources. It was shortly before the time the economic editor of the leading German news magazine wrote this sentence 1 when two new and important books on natural resources, one by Murray C. K e m p and Ngo V. L o n g (KL), the other by Partha S. D a s g u p t a and Geoffrey M. H e a l (DH), appeared in the book stores. In the last decade resource economics has occupied the attention of cohorts of professional economists and by now a well established theory is available. DH have written an excellent text book reporting the state of the art and also adding some new results. KL have edited a collection of high-quality articles that generalize, extend and correct the present theory of exhaustible resources. DH's book is rather voluminous. On 500 pages a large number of interesting problems in resource economics is discussed z. The
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the classical result that simple random sampling without replacement is better than simple sampling with replacement holds in unequal probability sampling for the sampling procedure of Sampford was shown to be false.
Abstract: SUMMARY The classical result that simple random sampling without replacement is better than simple random sampling with replacement holds in unequal probability sampling for the sampling procedure of Sampford.
16 citations
TL;DR: The assumption that allocations based on the need principle of distributive justice are dependent upon characteristics of the allocation situation was examined in this paper, where 96 male subjects indicated how they would allocate money between two hypothetical persons who needed different sums of money.
Abstract: The assumption was examined that allocations based on the need principle of distributive justice are dependent upon characteristics of the allocation situation. In a questionnaire experiment, 96 male subjects indicated how they would allocate money between two hypothetical persons who needed different sums of money. Experimental variations included: The possibility/impossibility of entirely satisfying the recipients' needs with the available amount of money; and the interpersonal attraction between the recipients. It was found that the needier person received a larger share (a) when the available sum of money was sufficient to satisfy the persons' needs as opposed to when it was insufficient; (b) when the needier person contributed as much as his partner toward earning the money rather than less; and (c) when the recipients were close friends rather than superficial acquaintances.
15 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined how prototypes, as organizational principles of knowledge about persons, affect attribute inference judgments and found that only one or both prototypes of bipolar categories like extraversion-introversion are activated in making inference judgments, irrespective of whether the stimulus information is applicable or inapplicable to the target person.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the link between laymen's causal explanation of performance differences and allocation decisions, and found that 58% of Ss allocated gains unequally when performance differences were explainable by effort differences.
Abstract: Summary In the study of the link between laymen's causal explanation of performance differences and allocation decisions, 12 male and 12 female “Gymnasium” students were required to allocate a profit between two hypothetical persons, described as friends, who had produced that profit through joint work. In contrast to theoretical statements which predict equal allocations among friends, we predicted unequal allocations for cases in which the performance differences between producers were explainable through effort differences (as opposed to ability differences). Results confirm this hypothesis: 58% of Ss allocated gains unequally when performance differences were explainable by effort differences; allocations were significantly more unequal in this condition than when performance differences were explainable by differences in ability (p < .05). Results also show that in these cases (performance explained by effort) the extent of allocational inequality covaried with the extent to which the more diligent t...
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that incomplete deductibility of depreciation reinforces the distortions in the equilibrium growth path brought about by an ideal capital income tax, and that the tax law is able to drive wedges both between the rate of time preference and the market rate of interest, and between the latter and the marginal productivity of capital.
Abstract: The results indicated in Table 1 show that incomplete depreciation allowances reinforce the distortions in the equilibrium growth path brought about by an ideal capital income tax. A reduction in the deductible share of economic depreciation, like an increase in the tax rate, raises the current level of consumption, but reduces the steady state levels of consumption and capital per efficiency unit of labour. The reason for these distortions is that the tax law is able to drive wedges both between the rate of time preference and the market rate of interest, and between the latter and the marginal productivity of capital. The first wedge is created through capital income taxation as such and its size is directly related to the tax rate. The second wedge is created by the incomplete deductibility of depreciation. Its size is directly related to the tax rate and inversely to the deductible share of depreciation. For the distortion in the growth path of the economy it is the sum of the two wedges that counts. Therefore it is plausible that incomplete depreciation allowances reinforce the effects of capital income taxation. Knowing the determinants of the two wedges one can easily derive the influence of a tax reform on the marginal productivity of capital, the market rate of interest and the rate of time preference (cf. Table 2). In the short run, the system of these three interest rates is anchored by the marginal productivity of capital, and hence any measure that widens a wedge is translated into a reduction in the rate or those rates below the wedge. In the long run the system is anchored by the rate of time preference and an increase in the width of a wedge is translated into an increase in those rates or that rate above this wedge.
TL;DR: In this paper, a bibliography lists about four hundred references to published papers, theses, and books which deal with non-differentiable optimization problems or contribute to the field of non-convex non-smooth analysis useful for the study of such optimization problems.
01 Mar 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the fundamental elements of the Stegmuller/Sneed reconstruction of Kuhn's normal science concept were discussed, and it is argued that they are essential to Kuhn theory.
Abstract: This paper discusses critically the fundamental elements of the Stegmuller/Sneed-reconstruction of Kuhn's normal science concept. It is argued that
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the Radon-Nikodym derivative of a bounded additive set function with respect to a bounded countably additive function converges almost everywhere.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the mineralogical composition of these lithostratigraphic units by qualitative X-ray diffraction analyses of about five hundred samples from DSDP Sites 105, 106, 386, 387, and 391.
Abstract: Six sedimentary formations, and two separate members recently were described byJansa, et al. (1979) from the western North Atlantic Ocean basin. We have investigated the mineralogical composition of these lithostratigraphic units by qualitative X-ray diffraction analyses of about five hundred samples from DSDP Sites 105, 106, 386, 387, and 391. The sedimentary section studied, from bottom to top, consists of: argillaceous limestones (Cat Gap Formation); limestones (Blake-Bahama Formation); claystones and shales (Hatteras Formation); zeolitic claystones (Plantagenet Formation); nannofossil marls (Crescent Peaks Member); siliceous oozes, clays, and cherts (Bermuda Rise Formation), and hemipelagic muds (Blake Ridge Formation) that locally contain redeposited shallow-water carbonates (Great Abaco Member). The section ranges in age from Oxfordian at the base to Quaternary at the sea-floor. Most of the formations and members described byJansa, et al. (1979) have a characteristic mineralogical composition. Thus it is possible to recognize boundaries between formations and members by changes in mineral components, although these changes range from sharp to transitional. Within the same formation local differences in mineral spectra between sites can be explained by changing distance from terrigenous sources, lateral changes in surface paleoproductivity, and varying diagenetic conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the butterfly-shaped region Mn in the complex plane is defined as the set of all the roots of all normalized Cauchy polynomials of degree n. Besides the geometric structure, some results concerning the boundary of Mn are presented.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, a rollende planung is proposed, auf die wir im folgenden Abschnitt genauer eingehen wollen, wie bereits mehrfach erwahnt, die Reduktion der in der Realitat vorliegendem stochastischen Situation auf ein deterministisches Modell, woraus man dann durch weitere Vereinfachung die (deterministischen) Standard-Modelle erhalt Dieser Ubergang
Abstract: Bisher haben wir uns klargemacht, wie man die (deterministischen) Einprodukt-Standardmodelle an nichtquantitative Mehrprodukt-Modelle anpassen konnte bzw wie man deterministische Mehrprodukt-Modelle auf eine Gesamtheit von Einprodukt-Modellen zu reduzieren hatte Damit ist aber die Kluft zwischen den in der Realitat auftretenden Problemen und unseren Standard-Modellen noch nicht vollstandig uberbruckt Wesentlich ist noch, wie bereits mehrfach erwahnt, die Reduktion der in der Realitat vorliegenden stochastischen Situation auf ein deterministisches Modell, woraus man dann durch weitere Vereinfachung die (deterministischen) Standard-Modelle erhalt Dieser Ubergang wird durch eine rollende Planung bewerkstelligt, auf die wir im folgenden Abschnitt genauer eingehen wollen
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, typische Lagerhaltungsmodelle kennengelernt, ohne das die dort auftretenden Prognosen and Kostenparameter einer genaueren Analyse unterworfen wurden.
Abstract: Im vorhergehenden Kapitel haben wir typische Lagerhaltungsmodelle kennengelernt, ohne das die dort auftretenden Prognosen und Kostenparameter einer genaueren Analyse unterworfen wurden. Diese Untersuchung soll nun fur die Kostenparameter in diesem und fur die Prognosen im nachsten Kapitel geschehen.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model for a gesamtwirtlichen modell zusammengesetzt in the Kapiteln 3 and 4 of the Arbeitsmarkt, the Gutermarkt and the Geldmarkt.
Abstract: Die in den vorangegangenen drei Kapiteln im einzelnen behandelten drei Markte — der Arbeitsmarkt, der Guter- und der Geldmarkt — werden nun wieder (unter Einschlus des Marktes fur Schuldverschreibungen) zu einem gesamtwirtschaftlichen Modell zusammengesetzt. Die Darstellung konzentriert sich auf die theoretische Struktur des Systems. Die institutionellen sowie die zahlenmasigempirischen Verknupfungen sind in einer fur diesen Zweck ausreichenden Weise in den vorhergehenden Kapiteln abgehandelt worden — nicht nur fur die einzelnen Markte, sondern auch fur die Gesamtwirtschaft in den vorgeschalteten Kapiteln 3 und 4. Makrookonometrische Modelle kommen sowohl aus Raumgrunden als auch wegen der mit ihrer Schatzung verknupften tiefergehenden statistischen Voraussetzungen nicht zur Sprache.