Institution
University of Marburg
Education•Marburg, Germany•
About: University of Marburg is a education organization based out in Marburg, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Virus. The organization has 23195 authors who have published 42907 publications receiving 1506069 citations. The organization is also known as: Philipps University of Marburg & Philipps-Universität.
Topics: Population, Virus, Gene, Exciton, Photoluminescence
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: This Perspective focuses on developments which have popularized enzymes as part of the toolkit of synthetic organic chemists and biotechnologists, including a discussion of the scope and limitation of cascade reactions using enzyme mixtures in vitro and of metabolic engineering of pathways in cells as factories for the production of simple compounds such as biofuels and complex natural products.
Abstract: Enzymes as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry gained importance in the latter half of the 20th century, but nevertheless suffered from two major limitations. First, many enzymes were not accessible in large enough quantities for practical applications. The advent of recombinant DNA technology changed this dramatically in the late 1970s. Second, many enzymes showed a narrow substrate scope, often poor stereo- and/or regioselectivity and/or insufficient stability under operating conditions. With the development of directed evolution beginning in the 1990s and continuing to the present day, all of these problems can be addressed and generally solved. The present Perspective focuses on these and other developments which have popularized enzymes as part of the toolkit of synthetic organic chemists and biotechnologists. Included is a discussion of the scope and limitation of cascade reactions using enzyme mixtures in vitro and of metabolic engineering of pathways in cells as factories for the production o...
594 citations
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TL;DR: The observed variations in prevalence and incidence rates may result from environmental or genetic factors, but might also be a consequence of differences in methodologies for case ascertainment, diagnostic criteria, or age distributions of the study populations.
590 citations
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TL;DR: The connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine pancreas was shown in the 1960s when insulin became measurable in plasma and the insulin response to oral glucose and intravenous glucose, resulting in neaemia, was shown.
Abstract: I. Introduction THE presence of intestinal factors regulating the function of endocrine secretion from the pancreas was first described in 1906 by Moore and colleagues (1). The idea that humoral factors secreted from the gut might act in this way arose after the recognition of “secretin” as a regulator of pancreatic secretion. Later it became evident that the hypoglycemic intestinal factor(s) is/are not “secretin” and the names “incretin” and “duodenin” were introduced in the 1920s and 1930s to describe these putative mediators (2–4). For several decades the nature of this/these factor(s) remained largely unknown (5–8) and before the first incretin hormone was chemically characterized, several other hormones produced in the gastrointestinal tract were discovered. The connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine pancreas was shown in the 1960s when insulin became measurable in plasma. In these classic studies, the insulin response to oral glucose and intravenous glucose, resulting in nea...
581 citations
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TL;DR: Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as enzymatic reactions, respiration, cofactor biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis, regulation of gene expression, and DNA-RNA metabolism.
Abstract: Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as enzymatic reactions, respiration, cofactor biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis, regulation of gene expression, and DNA-RNA metabolism. Assembly of Fe/S clusters, small inorganic cofactors, is assisted by complex proteinaceous machineries, which use cysteine as a source of sulfur, combine it with iron to synthesize an Fe/S cluster on scaffold proteins, and finally incorporate the cluster into recipient apoproteins. In eukaryotes, such as yeast and human cells, more than 20 components are known that facilitate the maturation of Fe/S proteins in mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. These biogenesis components also perform crucial roles in other cellular pathways, e.g., in the regulation of iron homeostasis or the modification of tRNA. Numerous diseases including several neurodegenerative and hematological disorders have been associated with defects in Fe/S protein biogenesis, underlining the central importance of this proce...
580 citations
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TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of MS are summarized, and an outlook on how to capitalize on this knowledge to develop new therapeutic approaches is concluded.
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a commonly occurring inflammatory and demyelinating neurological disease. It has been considered to be an autoimmune disorder mediated by CD4+ type 1 T helper cells, but recent studies have challenged this idea by indicating a role for other immune cells. So, T- and B-cell responses in the brain of patients with MS involve the clonal expansion of lymphocytes and the antigen-driven maturation of the B-cell receptors, indicating that the immune response in MS engages a broad range of immune cells that target a limited number of brain antigens. At variance with the classical view, axons are not spared during the inflammatory process. Indeed, axonal damage determines clinical outcome to a large extent. Studies of the mechanisms of axonal damage and neurodegeneration in MS are in their infancy. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, and conclude with an outlook on how to capitalize on this knowledge to develop new therapeutic approaches.
579 citations
Authors
Showing all 23488 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
John C. Morris | 183 | 1441 | 168413 |
Russel J. Reiter | 169 | 1646 | 121010 |
Martin J. Blaser | 147 | 820 | 104104 |
Christopher T. Walsh | 139 | 819 | 74314 |
Markus Cristinziani | 131 | 1140 | 84538 |
James C. Paulson | 126 | 443 | 52152 |
Markus F. Neurath | 124 | 934 | 62376 |
Nicholas W. Wood | 123 | 614 | 66270 |
Florian Lang | 116 | 1421 | 66496 |
Howard I. Maibach | 116 | 1821 | 60765 |
Thomas G. Ksiazek | 113 | 398 | 46108 |
Frank Glorius | 113 | 663 | 49305 |
Eberhard Ritz | 111 | 1109 | 61530 |
Manfred T. Reetz | 110 | 959 | 42941 |
Wolfgang H. Oertel | 110 | 653 | 51147 |