Institution
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Education•Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States•
About: University of Massachusetts Amherst is a education organization based out in Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Galaxy. The organization has 37274 authors who have published 83965 publications receiving 3834996 citations. The organization is also known as: UMass Amherst & Massachusetts State College.
Papers published on a yearly basis
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National Institutes of Health1, University of Cambridge2, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute3, Rockefeller University4, University of California, Davis5, Leibniz Association6, Seoul National University7, University of Southern California8, European Bioinformatics Institute9, Max Planck Society10, Dresden University of Technology11, University of St Andrews12, Radboud University Nijmegen13, University of Massachusetts Amherst14, University of Adelaide15, University of Missouri16, East Carolina University17, University of Queensland18, Clemson University19, University of Otago20, University of Arizona21, Natural History Museum22, Bangor University23, University of Konstanz24, Harvard University25, Northeastern University26, University of Antwerp27, National Museum of Natural History28, University of Graz29, University of Florida30, University of Basel31, University of California, Santa Cruz32, Zoological Society of San Diego33, Pacific Biosciences34, Pompeu Fabra University35, University of Maryland, College Park36, Harbin Institute of Technology37, University of Chicago38, Oregon Health & Science University39, Qatar Airways40, Monash University Malaysia Campus41, University of Milan42, Goethe University Frankfurt43, Pennsylvania State University44, University of Los Andes45, Norwegian University of Science and Technology46, University of Copenhagen47, Agency for Science, Technology and Research48, Royal Ontario Museum49, Smithsonian Institution50, Howard Hughes Medical Institute51, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research52, University of East Anglia53, University College Dublin54, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign55, La Trobe University56, University of California, San Diego57, Nova Southeastern University58
TL;DR: The Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP) as mentioned in this paper is an international effort to generate high quality, complete reference genomes for all of the roughly 70,000 extant vertebrate species and to help to enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
Abstract: High-quality and complete reference genome assemblies are fundamental for the application of genomics to biology, disease, and biodiversity conservation. However, such assemblies are available for only a few non-microbial species1-4. To address this issue, the international Genome 10K (G10K) consortium5,6 has worked over a five-year period to evaluate and develop cost-effective methods for assembling highly accurate and nearly complete reference genomes. Here we present lessons learned from generating assemblies for 16 species that represent six major vertebrate lineages. We confirm that long-read sequencing technologies are essential for maximizing genome quality, and that unresolved complex repeats and haplotype heterozygosity are major sources of assembly error when not handled correctly. Our assemblies correct substantial errors, add missing sequence in some of the best historical reference genomes, and reveal biological discoveries. These include the identification of many false gene duplications, increases in gene sizes, chromosome rearrangements that are specific to lineages, a repeated independent chromosome breakpoint in bat genomes, and a canonical GC-rich pattern in protein-coding genes and their regulatory regions. Adopting these lessons, we have embarked on the Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP), an international effort to generate high-quality, complete reference genomes for all of the roughly 70,000 extant vertebrate species and to help to enable a new era of discovery across the life sciences.
647 citations
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TL;DR: This paper examined the extent to which fixation duration and probability of fixating the target word was influenced by contextual constraint and the misspelling and found that when subjects did fixate the target, the fixation duration was shorter in the high-constraint passages.
643 citations
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Harvard University1, Texas A&M University2, South East Physics Network3, University of Portsmouth4, California Institute of Technology5, Microsoft6, University College London7, Stanford University8, University of Southern California9, University of Massachusetts Amherst10, University of Virginia11, McKinsey & Company12
TL;DR: The 2MASS XSC as mentioned in this paper contains nearly a million galaxies with K_s ≤ 13.5 mag and is essentially complete and mostly unaffected by interstellar extinction and stellar confusion down to a galactic latitude of |b| = 5° for bright galaxies.
Abstract: We present the results of the 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS), a ten-year project to map the full three-dimensional distribution of galaxies in the nearby universe. The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) was completed in 2003 and its final data products, including an extended source catalog (XSC), are available online. The 2MASS XSC contains nearly a million galaxies with K_s ≤ 13.5 mag and is essentially complete and mostly unaffected by interstellar extinction and stellar confusion down to a galactic latitude of |b| = 5° for bright galaxies. Near-infrared wavelengths are sensitive to the old stellar populations that dominate galaxy masses, making 2MASS an excellent starting point to study the distribution of matter in the nearby universe. We selected a sample of 44,599 2MASS galaxies with K_s ≤ 11.75 mag and |b| ≥ 5° (≥8° toward the Galactic bulge) as the input catalog for our survey. We obtained spectroscopic observations for 11,000 galaxies and used previously obtained velocities for the remainder of the sample to generate a redshift catalog that is 97.6% complete to well-defined limits and covers 91% of the sky. This provides an unprecedented census of galaxy (baryonic mass) concentrations within 300 Mpc. Earlier versions of our survey have been used in a number of publications that have studied the bulk motion of the Local Group, mapped the density and peculiar velocity fields out to 50 h^(–1) Mpc, detected galaxy groups, and estimated the values of several cosmological parameters. Additionally, we present morphological types for a nearly complete sub-sample of 20,860 galaxies with K_s ≤ 11.25 mag and |b| ≥ 10°.
643 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated factors controlling the concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas in anaerobic sedimentary environments and found that only microorganisms catalyze the oxidation of H 2 coupled to the reduction of nitrate, Mn(IV), Fe(III), sulfate, or carbon dioxide.
642 citations
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TL;DR: The SORs and three very different types of SOD enzymes are redox-active metalloenzymes that have evolved entirely independently from one another for the purpose of lowering superoxide concentrations, suggesting that, from the start of the rise of O2 on Earth, the chemistry of superoxide has been an important factor during evolution.
Abstract: Superoxide, O2•–, is formed in all living organisms that come in contact with air, and, depending upon its biological context, it may act as a signaling agent, a toxic species, or a harmless intermediate that decomposes spontaneously Its levels are limited in vivo by two different types of enzymes, superoxide reductase (SOR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) Although superoxide has long been an important factor in evolution, it was not so when life first emerged on Earth at least 35 billion years ago At that time, the early biosphere was highly reducing and lacking in any significant concentrations of dioxygen (O2), very different from what it is today Consequently, there was little or no O2•– and therefore no reason for SOR or SOD enzymes to evolve Instead, the history of biological O2•– probably commences somewhere around 24 billion years ago, when the biosphere started to experience what has been termed the “Great Oxidation Event”, a transformation driven by the increase in O2 levels, formed by cyanobacteria as a product of oxygenic photosynthesis1 The rise of O2 on Earth caused a reshaping of existing metabolic pathways, and it triggered the development of new ones2 Its appearance led to the formation of the so-called “reactive oxygen species” (ROS), for example, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, and to a need for antioxidant enzymes and other antioxidant systems to protect against the growing levels of oxidative damage to living systems
Dioxygen is a powerful four-electron oxidizing agent, and the product of this reduction is water
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When O2 is reduced in four sequential one-electron steps, the intermediates formed are the three major ROS, that is, O2•–, H2O2, and HO•
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Each of these intermediates is a potent oxidizing agent The consequences of their presence to early life must have been an enormous evolutionary challenge In the case of superoxide, we find the SOD and SOR enzymes to be widely distributed throughout current living organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic, suggesting that, from the start of the rise of O2 on Earth, the chemistry of superoxide has been an important factor during evolution
The SORs and three very different types of SOD enzymes are redox-active metalloenzymes that have evolved entirely independently from one another for the purpose of lowering superoxide concentrations SORs catalyze the one-electron reduction of O2•– to give H2O2, a reaction requiring two protons per superoxide reacted as well as an external reductant to provide the electron (eq 6) SODs catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide to give O2 and H2O2, a reaction requiring one proton per superoxide reacted, but no external reductant (eq 7)
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All of the SOR enzymes contain only iron, while the three types of SODs are the nickel-containing SODs (NiSOD), the iron- or manganese-containing SODs (FeSOD and MnSOD), and the copper- and zinc-containing SODs (CuZnSOD) Although the structures and other properties of these four types of metalloenzymes are quite different, they all share several characteristics, including the ability to react rapidly and selectively with the small anionic substrate O2•– Consequently, there are some striking similarities between these otherwise dissimilar enzymes, many of which can be explained by considering the nature of the chemical reactivity of O2•– (see below)
Numerous valuable reviews describing the SOD and SOR enzymes have appeared over the years, but few have covered and compared all four classes of these enzymes, as we attempt to do here Thus, the purpose of this Review is to describe, compare, and contrast the properties of the SOR and the four SOD enzymes; to summarize what is known about their evolutionary pathways; and to analyze the properties of these enzymes in light of what is known of the inherent chemical reactivity of superoxide
641 citations
Authors
Showing all 37601 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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George M. Whitesides | 240 | 1739 | 269833 |
Joan Massagué | 189 | 408 | 149951 |
David H. Weinberg | 183 | 700 | 171424 |
David L. Kaplan | 177 | 1944 | 146082 |
Michael I. Jordan | 176 | 1016 | 216204 |
James F. Sallis | 169 | 825 | 144836 |
Bradley T. Hyman | 169 | 765 | 136098 |
Anton M. Koekemoer | 168 | 1127 | 106796 |
Derek R. Lovley | 168 | 582 | 95315 |
Michel C. Nussenzweig | 165 | 516 | 87665 |
Alfred L. Goldberg | 156 | 474 | 88296 |
Donna Spiegelman | 152 | 804 | 85428 |
Susan E. Hankinson | 151 | 789 | 88297 |
Bernard Moss | 147 | 830 | 76991 |
Roger J. Davis | 147 | 498 | 103478 |