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Showing papers by "University of Massachusetts Boston published in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of data collection and analysis procedures for Communicative Events in early Linguistic development and present a set of categories of communication: Basic Terms, Concepts, and Issues, Code Switching and Style Shifting, Code Markers, and Formulaic Expressions.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction:. Scope and Focus. Method. Historical Background. Significance. Organization of the Book. 2. Basic Terms, Concepts, and Issues:. Patterns of Communication. Communicative Functions. Speech Community. Communicative Competence. The Competence of Incompetence. Units of Analysis. Categories of Talk. Language and Culture. Social Structure and Ideology. Routines and Rituals. Universals and Inequalities. 3. Varieties of Language:. Language Choice. Diglossia and Dinomia. Code--Switching and Style--Shifting. Code--Markers. Varieties Associated with Setting. Varieties Associated with Activity Domain. Varieties Associated with Region. Varieties Associated with Ethnicity. Varieties Associated with Social Class, Status, and Role. Varieties Associated with Role--Relationships. Varieties Associated with Sex. Varieties Associated with Age. Varieties Associated with Personality States and 'Abnormal' Speech. Non--Native Varieties. 4. The Analysis of Communicative Events:. Relationship of Ethnographer and Speech Community. Types o f Data. Survey of Data Collection and Analytic Procedures. Identification of Communicative Events. Components of Communication. Relationship among Components. Elicitation within a Frame. Analysis of Interaction. Sample Analyses of Communicative Events. Further Illustrations of Ethnographic Analysis. 5. Contrasts in Patterns of Communication:. Comparative Rhetoric. Historical Development. Ethnographic Perspective. Establishing Validity. Situated Event Analysis. Other Data Collection and Analytic Procedures. Cross--Cultural Communication. Concepts of 'Face' . Constructing an Unseen Face. 6. Attitudes toward Communicative Performance:. Methodology. Attitudes Toward Language and Language Skills. Attitudes Toward Languages and Varieties. Stereotyping. Appropriateness. Language and Identity. Language Maintenance, Shift, and Spread. Taboos and Euphemisms. 7. Acquisition of Communicative Competence:. Early Linguistic Development. Social Interaction. Language and Enculturation. Definition of Stages and Roles. Communicative Strategies. Formulaic Expressions. Nonverbal Communication. Peer Influence and Extended Acquisition. Speech Play. Formal Education. Multilingual Contexts. Children's Beliefs about Language. 8. Politeness, Power, and Politics:. Language and Politics. Language and Social Theories. Linguistic Signs of Power. Linguistic Performances of Power. Linguistic Resistance and Rebellion. Language Planning. Responsibilities and Limitations. 9. Conclusion:. References. Index of Languages. General Index.

347 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that stimulation from maternal licking contributes toward the development of a mechanism that underlies the timing of copulatory rate.
Abstract: Maternal licking was manipulated by lining the nasal passages of rat dams with polyethylene tubing to interfere with their olfactory competence. Olfactory cues from pups elicit maternal licking and handling, particularly of anogenital regions, and dams with olfactory deficits were observed to lick their pups less. Mature male and female offspring of these dams and their controls were gonadectomized, treated with testosterone propionate, and tested for masculine sexual behavior. The male offspring of dams that provided less maternal licking had longer ejaculatory latencies, longer post-ejaculatory intromission latencies, and longer inter-intromission intervals than controls. Female offspring of the intubed dams performed fewer mounts and intromissions, had longer intromission latencies, and longer inter-intromission intervals. It was concluded that stimulation from maternal licking contributes toward the development of a mechanism that underlies the timing of copulatory rate.

195 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appears that characteristic sets of environmental circumstances occur within a habitat with sufficient frequency to give a consistent direction to natural selection, producing the patterns observed in fish assemblages on two walls of Salt River Canyon.

36 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An energy budget was constructed for Calliopius laeviusculus (Kroyer), an opportunistic omnivore, suggesting catabolism of mixed substrates for energy utilization.

23 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of crowding on several groups of criminal offenders, including young black violent offenders and found that crowding was a stronger predictor of infraction than any other group of offenders.
Abstract: During the 1970s the prison populations grew at an alarming rate and researchers became interested in the effects of crowding on inmate behavior. Paulus, McCain, and Cox (1975; 1978) and D'Atri and Ostfeld (1975)found empirical evidence physiological changes occurring in crowded prison populations. Other researchers have also uncovered deleterious effects due to crowded prison conditions.Unfortunately, the work in crowding has lagged behind other areas in corrections and there are few accepted paradigms.This research attempts to expand the current studies and, in doing so, examine the effects of crowding upon several groups ofcriminal offenders. The research is based upon a sample of 21,500 inmates, plus a subsample of 1,300 teenage prisoners. Ananalysis of variance and covariancefound no crowding effectsfor the prison population as a whole. However, strong crowdingeffects were found among young black violent offenders. For this group, crowding was a stronger predictor of infraction ratesthan any of our c...

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three decades of development in MS/OR have produced an extensive literature on issues in the field itself, such as, theory versus application, education, career paths, research, research topics, application guidelines and teamwork as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Three decades of development in MS/OR have produced an extensive literature on issues in the field itself, such as, theory versus application, education, career paths, research, research topics, application guidelines and teamwork.

15 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend previous research by "planting" biased items in the realistic context of math word problems, which are those in which the reading level is too high for a group of stu dents so that the items are unable to assess the stu dent's math knowledge.
Abstract: Item bias research has compared methods empiri cally using both computer simulation with known amounts of bias and real data with unknown amounts of bias. This study extends previous research by "planting" biased items in the realistic context of math word problems. "Biased" items are those in which the reading level is too high for a group of stu dents so that the items are unable to assess the stu dents' math knowledge. Of the three methods assessed (Angoff's transformed difficulty, Camilli's full chi- square, and Linn and Harnisch's item response theory, IRT, approach), only the IRT approach performed well. Removing the biased items had a minor effect on the validity for the minority group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Hammett correlation for ratios of intensities of collision induced fragments of [C4R4]-· ions from tetraphenylcyclopentadienones is predicted on the basis of statistical theory and observed in practice.
Abstract: A Hammett correlation for ratios of intensities of collision induced fragments of [C4R4]+· ions from tetraphenylcyclopentadienones is predicted on the basis of statistical theory and observed in practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Malvaviscus arboreus is a self-compatible shrub or small tree native to Costa Rica as discussed by the authors, and the primary pollinator was the cinnamon hummingbird (Amazilia rutila).
Abstract: Malvaviscus arboreus is a self-compatible shrub or small tree native to Costa Rica. Floral morphology, nectar flow pattern, and observations of visitor behaviour, all indicate that flowers are specialised for hummingbird pollination. The principal pollinator in Guanacaste Province during the dry season was the cinnamon hummingbird (Amazilia rutila); numerous other flower visitors removed nectar and pollen but only hummingbirds effected pollination. Anthers have dehisced and stigmas are receptive by dawn, and flowers function for a single day, although the corolla may persist for two days before abscission. Peak nectar production occurs in the early morning coinciding with highest visitation rates of pollinators. Pollen grains are large and linked by viscin threads which probably aid in pollen transport. About 50% of flowers set fruit; the fleshy fruit usually contain three or four seeds and are probably dispersed by birds. Dispersal of pollen and fruit by birds gives a large neighbourhood size co...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the contribution of interview scores to the total evaluation of male and female applicants for admission to one medical school in the United States and found that interveiw scores are counted more heavily for females than males in arriving at a final ranking for admission.
Abstract: Medical schools place considerable emphasis on admissions interviews in the selection of students. Interviews, with unwritten performance criteria and subjective evaluation, contain the potential for unconscious discrimination against certain groups of applicants. This study investigates the contribution of interview scores to the total evaluation of male and female applicants for admission to one medical school in the United States. Findings reveal that interveiw scores are counted more heavily for females than males in arriving at a final ranking for admission. Further, females were rated lower in general than males on interview evaluations. While the magnitude of the associations is small, the combined effect points to a potential for discrimination, however unintended, against women applicants in the present case study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role-taking ability of adults was assessed in relation to an interpersonal capacity for intimacy in friendship relations, and the results revealed a strong positive association between role taking and level of intimacy in relations with same-sex peers.
Abstract: Summary Social cognition of adults, unlike children's social understanding, has rarely been addressed from a developmental viewpoint. The present research extends the developmental perspective and assesses relationships between adults' social cognitive abilities and their skills in various other domains. Fifty-two college students were compared in role-taking performance and nonsocial cognitive performance. In addition, Ss' role-taking ability was assessed in relation to an interpersonal capacity for intimacy in friendship relations. As expected, the results revealed a weak and nonsignificant correlation between adults' role-taking skills and their nonsocial cognitive abilities. The results also revealed a strong positive association between role taking and level of intimacy in relations with same-sex peers. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for theories of social cognition, especially for those emphasizing interpersonal and affective factors in social cognitive growth.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that career counseling practices that look suspiciously like trait-and-factor derivatives are found in many career development approaches, and that these practices can be traced back to the Parsons Age of vocational guidance.
Abstract: Trait-and-factor theory occupies a less than exalted position among theories of career development. It is frequently dismissed by critics as a relic of the Parsons Age of vocational guidance. It is common for career development theorists to begin their writings with a short description of trait-and-factor theory and techniques as a point of departure for their ‘different’ approaches. Yet, when one examines these so-called different approaches, one sees career counseling practices that look suspiciously like trait-and-factor derivatives.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the hypothesis that the degree of synchronization of movements of output in the advanced capitalist countries increased in the 1970s relative to earlier years, and they also provided some insights on possible causes of increased synchronization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A collection of articles on testing for communicative competence, edited by Palmer, Groot and Trosper as mentioned in this paper, is an important addition to TESOL's list of publications.
Abstract: U This collection of articles on testing for communicative competence, edited by Palmer, Groot and Trosper, is an important addition to TESOL's list of publications. It is primarily a report of a colloquium held at the 1979 TESOL Convention in Boston, but it also includes one paper presented in the follow-up colloquium in 1980 in San Francisco. While the volume might be criticized for what it fails to include, it is basically a milestone work, indicating both the need for the development of oral tests of communicative competence and ways in which this might be done. The purpose of the colloquia was to identify ways in which communicative competence might be tested, that is, to identify methods which might be developed to ascertain construct validity. Once general agreement had been reached at the first colloquium in Boston, a pilot project was developed, and its results (along with other issues) became the focus of the San Francisco meeting. This volume contains the papers presented in Boston and the report of the pilot project presented in San Francisco. No other papers from the second colloquium or from the 1981 TESOL Convention in Detroit are included. The volume does not provide any quick and easy solutions for developing new tests for local programs, as it is "directed essentially to the language professional and others with research interests" (v). The book contains three sections: an introduction by Palmer and Groot, which explains the purposes and concepts of the book; five articles under the heading of "General Topics," which lay the foundation for the approaches ultimately undertaken by the colloquium project; and six articles presenting "Empirical Research,"

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical method of inverting plasma emissions using the Radon transform is discussed, where the model of plasma considered has a constant coefficient of absorption and a displaced Gaussian as the spatial distribution of its emission coefficients.
Abstract: An analytical method of inverting plasma emissions using the Radon transform is discussed. The model plasma considered has a constant coefficient of absorption and a displaced Gaussian as the spatial distribution of its emission coefficients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the suite particuliere de la somme de Riemann Bn=(1/n)Σ k=1 n f(k/n), n=1, 2, …, converge.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors carried out a resonance Raman study to copper pheophytinate in the red region and compared the results with what is already known about the reso...
Abstract: In recent years there has been considerable interest in the spectroscopic properties of chlorophyll molecules. Among the techniques employed is resonance Raman spectroscopy which can provide vibrational spectra with high selectivity, from chlorophyll a present in intact chloroplasts or cells.1 However, detecting resonance Raman scattering from chlorophyll a is hindered when excitation in the red region is used, owing to the strong fluorescence of the molecule near 670 nm. Copper pheophytinate, on the other hand, is largely non-fluorescent and thus lends itself to resonance Raman study in the red region. (The mechanism for fluorescence quenching in copper pheophytinate is believed to involve charge transfer from the porpnyrin ring to the Cu2+ ion upon excitation, although direct experimental evidence is still lacking.) we felt that it would be of interest to carry out a resonance Raman study to copper pheophytinate in the red region and compare the results with what is already known about the reso...


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1984-Dialogue


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that the reported prevalence of identity explanations on the conservation training tasks is a function of the standard conservation inquiry, or is it an indication that the identity explanation is a primitive cognitive precursor of concrete operational reversibility.
Abstract: This study addresses three questions: (a) Are the cognitive skills that underlie games of make-believe play-specific or are they of a more general cognitive order? (b) Is the reported prevalence of identity explanations on the conservation training tasks a function of the standard conservation inquiry, or is it an indication that the identity explanation is a more primitive cognitive precursor of concrete operational reversibility? (c) Does SES affect the ability to formulate the logical explanations required for the conservation task? Following conservation pretests, 64 nonconserving 4 and 5 year olds were assigned to four different conditions: Group 1 participated in pretense play, Group 2 was exposed to a correct conserving judgment of quantity, Groups 3 and 4 received only conservation posttests. The conservation posttests administered to Groups 1, 2, and 3 deviated from the usual standard procedures by providing the subjects with a correct judgment and a set of specific questions designed to...