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Showing papers by "University of Massachusetts Boston published in 1993"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1993-Urology
TL;DR: Estimates of complication and follow-up treatment rates are generally higher, and almost certainly more representative for older men, than estimates previously published.

583 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
14 Oct 1993-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report that deep-sea bivalves, gastropods and isopods show clear latitudinal diversity gradients in the North Atlantic, and strong interregional variation in the South Atlantic.
Abstract: LATITUDINAL gradients of species diversity are ubiquitous features of terrestrial and coastal marine biotas, and they have inspired the development of theoretical ecology1–3. Since the discovery of high species diversity in the deep-sea benthos4, much has been learned about local5,6and regional7–9patterns of diversity. Variation in diversity on larger scales remains poorly described. Latitudinal gradients of diversity were unexpected because it was assumed that the environmental gradients that cause large-scale patterns in surface environments could not affect communities living at great depths10. Here we report that deep-sea bivalves, gastropods and isopods show clear latitudinal diversity gradients in the North Atlantic, and strong interregional variation in the South Atlantic. Many seemingly incompatible mechanisms have been proposed to explain deep-sea species diversity11. The existence of regular global patterns suggests that these mechanisms operate at different spatial and temporal scales.

404 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present sampling protocols for rapid assessment as well as long term monitoring of populations of non-timber tropical forest products, and suggest that the monitoring protocols should be part of an overall management plan designed to extract and utilize non-Timber tropical forests on a long term basis.
Abstract: Thousands of plant and animal species in tropical regions provide a variety of non-timber products that are used by billions of people all over the world. Conservation and long term utilization of these species require that they be harvested on a sustainable basis. However, the extent to which non-timber forest products are exploited without adverse effects on natural populations is not known. There is in fact considerable evidence for non-sustainable harvest of non-timber products. We outline methods that may be used to assess the impact of harvest on population processes of the species that are being harvested. We present sampling protocols for rapid assessment as well as long term monitoring of populations. We briefly consider the limitations of these methods and suggest that the monitoring protocols we outline should be part of an overall management plan designed to extract and utilize non-timber tropical forest products on a long term basis.

312 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of procedures that can be used to assess progress in instructional programs designed to enhance cognitive skills, including knowledge acquisition, organization, and structure, depth of problem representation, mental models, and metacognitive skills.
Abstract: The intent of the article is to survey procedures that could be used to assess progress in instructional programs designed to enhance cognitive skills. The organizational framework is provided by J. R. Anderson’s (1982) theory of cognitive skill development and by Glaser, Lesgold, and Lajoie’s (1985) categorization of dimensions of cognitive skills. After describing Anderson’s theory, the article discusses the following types of measures of cognitive skills: (a) measures of knowledge acquisition, organization, and structure; (b) measures of depth of problem representation; (c) measures of mental models; (d) measures of metacognitive skills; (e) measures of the automaticity of performance; and (f) measures of efficiency of procedures. Each of the sections describing measurement procedures is followed by a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the procedures. The article closes with a general discussion of techniques for measuring cognitive skills.

234 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors formulated a set of untested assumptions about the effects of harvesting upon the forest and the economic value of non-timber forest products in both the marketplace and in the daily life of rural people.
Abstract: Recent studies of non-timber products from tropical rain forests have emphasized the economic value of these products and the sustainability of present harvests. Many of these studies rely upon a set of untested assumptions about the effects of harvesting upon the forest and the economic value of non-timber forest products in both the marketplace and in the daily life of rural people. These assumptions were formulated as a series of hypotheses during the workshop held in the Regional Community Forestry Training Center, Kesetsart University, Bangkok, in May 1992. The six hypotheses developed by workshop participants will be used to guide future research. As the hypotheses are tested, the data will be used to create a more realistic assessment of the sustainability and economic value of extraction of non-timber products from tropical forests.

233 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
24 Jun 1993-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that abundant diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats migrate vertically between surface waters and deep nitrate pools in the central North Pacific Ocean, and conclude that these mats may transport the equivalent of 50% of the new nitrogen requirements into the surface waters of the North Pacific gyre.
Abstract: PHYTOPLANKTON production in the surface waters of stratified oceans is fed mainly by nitrogen that has been recycled within the euphotic zone1. The nitrogen that is lost from surface waters as organic matter exported to the deep ocean must be balanced by inputs of new nitrogen to the upper ocean2,3. Sediment trap studies2 have shown that the 15N/14N ratio (δ15N) of the exported organic matter is higher than that of the suspended particulates, and suggest that the rich nitrate pool below the euphotic zone is the source of 'new' nitrogen for the upper ocean. Yet steep vertical concentration gradients suggest that diffusive upward transport of nitrate is extremely limited, raising the question of how the nitrate reaches the surface waters. Here we present evidence that abundant diatom (Rhizosolenia) mats migrate vertically between surface waters and deep nitrate pools in the central North Pacific Ocean. Rising mats contain significantly larger internal nitrate pools than sinking mats. Mat δ15N is similar to that of the sub-nitricline nitrate, and consistently heavier than that of near-surface particulate organic matter. We conclude that Rhizosolenia mats may transport the equivalent of 50% of the new nitrogen requirements into the surface waters of the North Pacific gyre.

201 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the last ten years, the greatest growth in integrated coastal zone management programs has been among developing nations as discussed by the authors, and the continual increase in the number of programs is making international communication, coordination and information exchange increasingly difficult.

149 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pipeline break in a remote area of north-central Minnesota has contaminated a shallow glacial outwash aquifer, and total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) concentrations in shallow groundwater collected in the oil spray area reach 16 mg/l.

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of U.K. manufacturing production that incorporates the inputs of public as well as private capital is specified and estimated, which is then used to measure the contribution of public capital to productivity growth over the period 1966 to 1990.
Abstract: A model of U.K. manufacturing production that incorporates the inputs of public as well as private capital is specified and estimated. The model is then used to measure the contribution of public capital to productivity growth over the period 1966 to 1990. It is found that, before 1980, the public and private capital contributions were of comparable magnitude. After 1980, the contribution of public capital declined significantly. Copyright 1993 by Royal Economic Society.

116 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of treatment-facilitated recovery from sexual trauma is presented, which integrates an ecological view of psychological trauma, the idea that recovery from interpersonal trauma generally unfolds in progressive stages, and a multifaceted definition of what constitutes recovery from psychological trauma.
Abstract: This article articulates a model of treatment-facilitated recovery from sexual trauma. The model integrates (a) an ecological view of psychological trauma, (b) the idea that recovery from interpersonal trauma generally unfolds in progressive stages, and (c) a multifaceted definition of what constitutes recovery from psychological trauma. Examples of the model's application are presented, and the implications for treatment and research are discussed.

90 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that even young 3-year-olds have the ability to attribute mental states that differ from their own, even though this ability has proved elusive and difficult to demonstrate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of the isolated yeasts, Trichosporon penicillatum exhibited the greatest capacity for phenanthrene transformation, and the ability to transform PAHs appears to be widespread among yeasts in coastal sediments.
Abstract: Yeast abundance in the sediments of 13 coastal sites in Massachusetts was quantified, and the potential of yeast isolates to biotransform polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined Plate counts of yeasts varied between 10(2) to 10(7) CFU g (dry weight) of sediment-1 The most abundant genera isolated and identified included Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, and Trichosporon More than 50% of the isolates from heavily contaminated sites transformed phenanthrene, as determined by spray-plate screening The plate counts of phenanthrene-transforming yeasts correlated significantly to the sediment concentrations of phenanthrene Transformation of [9-14C]phenanthrene and [12-14C]benz[a]anthracene by individual isolates varied greatly, ranging from 015 to 815 mumol of PAH g-1 in 120-h incubations Of the isolated yeasts, Trichosporon penicillatum exhibited the greatest capacity for phenanthrene transformation The ability to transform PAHs appears to be widespread among yeasts in coastal sediments


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A way computer simulations can be used to address the problem of teaching for conceptual change and understanding by embedding the relevant physical laws directly into the program code and allowing for genuine discoveries.
Abstract: In this paper, we consider a way computer simulations can be used to address the problem of teaching for conceptual change and understanding. After identifying three levels of understanding of a natural phenomenon (concrete, conceptual, and metaconceptual) that need to be addressed in school science, and classifying computer model systems and simulations more generally in terms of the design choices facing the programmer, we argue that there are ways to design computer simulations that can make them more powerful than laboratory models. In particular, computer simulations that provide an explicit representation for a set of interrelated concepts allow students to perceive what cannot be directly observed in laboratory experiments: representations for the concepts and ideas used for interpreting the experiment. Further, by embedding the relevant physical laws directly into the program code, these simulations allow for genuine discoveries. We describe how we applied these ideas in developing a computer simulation for a particular set of purposes: to help students grasp the distinction between mass and density and to understand the phenomenon of flotation in terms of these concepts. Finally, we reflect on the kinds of activities such conceptually enhanced simulations allow that may be important in bringing about the desired conceptual change.

Journal Article
TL;DR: It is argued that the malleability of traits is as much a social and political question as it is a biological one and that whether or not a trait is genetic has little relevance to questions concerning determinism, free will, and individual responsibility for actions.
Abstract: Recent advances in molecular genetics methods have provided new means of determining the genetic bases of human behavioral traits. The impetus for the use of these approaches for specific behaviors depends, in large part, on previous familial studies on inheritance of such traits. In the past, a finding of a genetic basis for a trait was often accompanied with the idea that that trait is unchangeable. We discuss the definition of "genetic trait" and heritability and examine the relationship between these concepts and the malleability of traits for both molecular and nonmolecular approaches to behavioral genetics. We argue that the malleability of traits is as much a social and political question as it is a biological one and that whether or not a trait is genetic has little relevance to questions concerning determinism, free will, and individual responsibility for actions. We conclude by noting that "scientific objectivity" should not be used to conceal the social perspectives that underlie proposals regarding social change.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evidence indicating that all glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient genotypes are relatively pro- tected against Plasmodium falciparum malaria is reviewed.
Abstract: Several recent reviews in the medical literature maintain that only heterozygous G6PD deficient females are relatively protected against falciparum malaria. However, a number of population studies pro-vide compelling evidence that both the hemizygous G6PD deficient male and homozygous G6PD deficient female are also relatively protected against falciparum parasitization. An epidemiologic critique of a sample of these field investigations points out the methodological problems that un-derlie some of the negative findings. In vitro studies also provide compelling evidence that erythrocytes from all G6PD deficient genotypes are relatively protected against falciparum infestation, and that this protection is en- hanced by oxidant substances derived from a number of food crops such as fava beans. It is suggested that "quinine" taste sensitivity reflects taste sensitivity to bitter-tasting, naturally occurring antimalarial substances of plant origin, and that the G6PD polymorphism and the genetic loci coding for "quinine" taste sensitivity have co-evolved in human populations. It appears that adaptation at the G6PD locus in human populations reflects an intricate web of interactions between a large number of different G6PD deficient alleles which have reached polymorphic frequencies and a variety of food crops from which oxidant substances may be derived. € 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The specific goal of this article is to review the evidence indicating that all glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient genotypes are relatively pro- tected against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A discussion of this issue is timely and necessary because several influential reviews of G6PD and G6PD deficiency in the medical literature over the past few years have reiterated the position that only G6PD deficient heterozygotes are protected against falciparum parasitization, while G6PD deficient hemizygotes and homozygotes are not (Luzzatto and Mehta, 1989; Luzzatto and Battistuzzi, 1985; Usanga and Luzzatto, 1985). However, this position is based on a single study (Bienzle et al., 1972), while a number of other field investigations support the view that all G6PD deficient genotypes are rela- tively protected against falciparum parasitization (Allison and Clyde, 1961; Gilles et al., 1967; Butler, 1973; Kar et al., 1992). The inaccuracy of the "heterozygote" position seriously obscures our understanding of how selection operates at the

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the stories told by the autistic children reflect reduced cognitive and communicative demand, and that their nongrammatical pausing was correlated with measures of story length and complexity.
Abstract: This study investigated the production of different types of speech pauses and repairs in the story narratives produced by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children, matched on verbal mental age. Ten children in each group were asked to tell the story depicted in a wordless picture book. The narratives were analyzed for frequency of grammatical (between phrase) and nongrammatical (within phrase) pauses, and for several measures of story length and complexity. The main results were that children with autism produced significantly fewer nongrammatical pauses, and that their nongrammatical pausing was correlated with measures of story length and complexity. These findings suggest that the stories told by the autistic children reflect reduced cognitive and communicative demand. The implications of this study for future research on the use of a variety of prosodic characteristics as measures of social cognitive deficit in autism are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings highlight the importance of assessing self-esteem, social support, and coping behavior of persons afflicted with multiple sclerosis and thus with the ever present potential for physical deterioration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of three retinoid compounds (retinol, all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin), and 13-cis retinoisotretin) with respect to effects on central nervous system malformations and postnatal death, growth reduction, and behavioral dysfunction were investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present four case examples that illustrate various strategies used by agency personnel to promote job supports for employees with disabilities while minimizing the intrusion of the intrusion from the outside.
Abstract: This article presents four case examples that illustrate various strategies used by agency personnel to promote job supports for employees with disabilities while minimizing the intrusion of suppor...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored an example of in-group variation in minority educational achievement by investigating the reasons why a disproportionately high number of young Khmer women drop out of school.
Abstract: This article explores an example of in-group variation in minority educational achievement by investigating the reasons whya disproportionately high number of young Khmer women drop out of school. Based on 30 months of ethnographic study among Khmer refugees in metropolitan Boston, the research demonstrates the importance of cultural and social-historical influences for understanding Khmer educational achievement and distinguishing it from that of other East and Southeast Asian immigrant groups. KHMER REFUGEES, MINORITY EDUCATION, GENDER ROLES, ETHNIC IDENTITY, GENERATIONAL CONFLICT Recent sociological and ethnographic research has significantly enhanced our understanding of the educational performance of minorities in the United States. This same research, however, has been characterized by serious disagreement about the precise social influences that shape minority educational achievement. Ethnographic studies have drawn attention to the influence of culture on school achievement. According to cultural compatibility theory, for example, if a child is socialized in a family setting with behavioral and cognitive routines compatible with those of the classroom, he or she is likely to do well in school. "When cultures provide some other set of social and psychological routines," however, "schools and pupils are mutually frustrated" (Tharp 1989:51). Other studies, like those of John Ogbu and Maria Matute-Bianchi (1986) and Margaret Gibson (1988), have tended to downplay the independent influence of culture, focusing instead on the macrosociological influences of history, politics, and social structure. Their research has taken note of immigrant minorities who, despite dramatic cultural and linguistic differences from their European-American counterparts, do significantly better in school than do indigenous minorities such as African- and Native-Americans. These studies have revealed that Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Sikh immigrants often surpass mainstream European-Americans in school performance. Educational theorists like Ogbu (1987) see these data as confirmation of the view that broad social,

Book
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: O'Connor, the dean of Boston historians, brings to this tale of transformation rich learning, intimate familiarity with his subject, and a lucid sometimes witty pen as mentioned in this paper, which is one of the great stories in American urban history told by a great historian.
Abstract: "Here is one of the great stories in American urban history told by a great historian. In 1949, Boston was 'a hopeless backwater' . . . by 1970, a 'New Boston' had been created . . . Thomas O'Connor, the dean of Boston historians, brings to this tale of transformation rich learning, intimate familiarity with his subject, and a lucid sometimes witty pen." -- Jack Beatty, Senior Editor, Atlantic Monthly

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the extent to which the existing US Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program represents Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) and conclude that the actions taken at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 as part of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) could eventually impact the policies of the US in such a way as to encourage better integration of US coastal and ocean management efforts.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This review addresses histories of occurrences, morphology, geographical distributions, seasonal patterns, growth requirements, domoic acid production, and trophic interactions, with emphasis on a comparison of Pseudonitzschia pungens f.
Abstract: In the past five years, awareness of domoic acid has increased from localized problems in Canada to outbreaks along both North American coasts. The phycotoxin domoic acid causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans and can be fatal. The known species of phytoplankton responsible for production of domoic acid include some pennate diatom species of the genus Nitzschia, sensu latu, which form stepped chains typical of the Pseudonitzschia. These diatoms are widely distributed, but their life histories and population dynamics are poorly understood. This review addresses histories of occurrences, morphology, geographical distributions, seasonal patterns, growth requirements, domoic acid production, and trophic interactions, with emphasis on a comparison of Pseudonitzschia pungens f. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle and Pseudonitzschia australis Frenguelli. Through continued research it will become possible to provide guidelines for regulatory agencies that protect both the consumer and the seafood industry.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, patients enrolled in a prospective study of patient treatment choices for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) completed a self-administered questionnaire that included a symptom index, two general measures of quality of life, and a condition-specific measure of the impact of BPH symptoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper explored some of the more "symbolic" aspects of recordmaking and recordkeeping, arguing that archivists should understand such issues as: the mixture of practical and symbolic values in records; the effects of symbolic meaning on the forms that records take; the occasions when the act of record making is more significant than the record itself; the ceremonial uses of records; and both the reverence for and the hatred of records as objects.
Abstract: Although most archival records are created to accomplish a practical, utilitarian purpose, this essay explores some of the more "symbolic" aspects of recordmaking and recordkeeping. It argues that archivists should understand such issues as: the mixture of practical and symbolic values in records; the effects of symbolic meaning on the forms that records take; the occasions when the act of recordmaking is more significant than the record itself; the ceremonial uses of records; and both the reverence for and the hatred of records as objects.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current empirical evidence for the Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse is synthesized, with special attention to the four psychosocial constructs inherent in the model: stress, social networks, social competence, and resources.
Abstract: The Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse builds upon and integrates knowledge from numerous psychosocial theories and models. According to this model, the likelihood of an individual engaging in drug abuse is a function of the stress level and the extent to which it is offset by stress modifiers such as social networks, social competence, and resources. This article synthesizes current empirical evidence for this model. Thirty-five primary research studies are described, with special attention to the four psychosocial constructs inherent in the model: stress, social networks, social competence, and resources. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the findings, a critique of key methodological issues, and suggestions for future research are provided. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple mathematical exposition of some of theorems regarding the treatment of inconsistency in AHP has been presented, and a rigorous mathematical proof that the largest eigenvalue reaches its global minimum when the input matrix is consistent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report an examination of presidential approval ratings during the Iran hostage crisis and find that the crisis precipitated a "rally-round-theflag" effect for President Carter.
Abstract: This research note reports an examination of presidential approval ratings during the Iran hostage crisis. Models of intervention and transfer function are estimated by way of Box-Jenkins and Box-Tiao analysis using Gallup opinion data from January 1976 to December 1979. Although it is fairly well accepted that the hostage crisis precipitated a "rally-round-the-flag" effect for President Carter, an examination of popularity dynamics reveals the unique influence of the crisis on Independents, a finding that suggests the need to revise the traditional view of the rally phenomenon.