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Showing papers by "University of Melbourne published in 2000"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this study, consumers recognized differences in size and reputation among Internet stores, and those differences influenced their assessments of store trustworthiness and their perception of risk, as well as their willingness to patronize the store.
Abstract: The study reported here raises some questions about the conventional wisdom that the Internet creates a “level playing field” for large and small retailers and for retailers with and without an established reputation. In our study, consumers recognized differences in size and reputation among Internet stores, and those differences influenced their assessments of store trustworthiness and their perception of risk, as well as their willingness to patronize the store. After describing our research methods and results, we draw some implications for Internet merchants.

2,751 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Gaia methodology is both general, in that it is applicable to a wide range of multi-agent systems, and comprehensive, in the that it deals with both the macro-level and the micro-level aspects of systems.
Abstract: This article presents Gaia: a methodology for agent-oriented analysis and design. The Gaia methodology is both general, in that it is applicable to a wide range of multi-agent systems, and comprehensive, in that it deals with both the macro-level (societal) and the micro-level (agent) aspects of systems. Gaia is founded on the view of a multi-agent system as a computational organisation consisting of various interacting roles. We illustrate Gaia through a case study (an agent-based business process management system).

2,144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggested that this questionnaire derives the two predicted factors (cognitively based credibility and relatively more affectively based expectancy) and that these factors are stable across different populations.

1,621 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of general organizational climate on safety climate and safety performance and found that safety climate was related to self-reports of compliance with safety regulations and procedures as well as participation in safety-related activities within the workplace.

1,513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of mineral properties on the compressive strength of the synthesized geopolymer was investigated, and it was shown that a wide range of natural Al-Si minerals could serve as potential source materials for the synthesis of geopolymers.

1,424 citations


Book
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the history of the enterprise university from policy to governance, from the academy to global business, and from policy-to-governance, policy-making to governance.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. Roots of the enterprise university (1): from policy to governance 3. Roots of enterprise university (2): from academy to global business 4. Territories and strategies: executive power in the enterprise university 5. College and corporation: institutional power in the enterprise university 6. Economics of invention: research power in the enterprise university 7. Many paths, one purpose: diversity in the enterprise university 8. Conclusion.

1,411 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Plants respond to heavy metal toxicity in a variety of different ways, including immobilization, exclusion, chelation and compartmentalization of the metal ions, and the expression of more general stress response mechanisms such as ethylene and stress proteins.
Abstract: Plants respond to heavy metal toxicity in a variety of different ways. Such responses include immobilization, exclusion, chelation and compartmentalization of the metal ions, and the expression of more general stress response mechanisms such as ethylene and stress proteins. These mechanisms have

1,350 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
09 Dec 2000-BMJ
TL;DR: Cadesartan 16 mg once daily is as effective as lisinopril 20 mgonce daily in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and combination treatment is well tolerated and more effective in reducingBlood pressure.
Abstract: Objectives: To assess and compare the effects of candesartan or lisinopril, or both, on blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in patients with microalbuminuria, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Design: Prospective, randomised, parallel group, double blind study with four week placebo run in period and 12 weeks9 monotherapy with candesartan or lisinopril followed by 12 weeks9 monotherapy or combination treatment. Setting: Tertiary hospitals and primary care centres in four countries (37 centres). Participants: 199 patients aged 30-75 years. Interventions: Candesartan 16 mg once daily, lisinopril 20 mg once daily. Main outcome measures: Blood pressure and urinary albumin:creatinine ratio. Results: At 12 weeks mean (95% confidence interval) reductions in diastolic blood pressure were 9.5 mm Hg (7.7 mm Hg to 11.2 mm Hg, P Conclusion: Candesartan 16 mg once daily is as effective as lisinopril 20 mg once daily in reducing blood pressure and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Combination treatment is well tolerated and more effective in reducing blood pressure.

1,027 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of consumers' attitudes about a sports event, their perceptions of sponsor-event fit, and their attitudes about the sponsor on a multidimensional measure of sponsorship response are examined.
Abstract: Despite the growing role of sponsorship in the marketing activities of firms worldwide, academic research in this area has been limited. Adopting a classical conditioning framework, this research examines the effects of consumers’ attitudes about a sports event, their perceptions of sponsor-event fit, and their attitudes about the sponsor on a multidimensional measure of sponsorship response. The results suggest that sponsor-event fit, perceived sincerity of the sponsor, perceived ubiquity of the sponsor, and attitude toward the sponsor are key factors in generating a favorable response from sponsorship. Liking of the event and perceived status of the event have differing significance depending on how response is measured. Sponsorevent fit also has interaction effects with perceived status of the event and personal interest in the event. The implications of these findings for sponsors and event managers are examined, and future research directions are outlined.

922 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although middle-aged women are highly symptomatic, the symptoms that appear to be specifically related to hormonal changes of menopausal transition are vasomotor symptoms, vaginal dryness, and breast tenderness.

831 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the alternative, labour process conceptualization, which expects performance gains from new management practices to arise instead from work intensification, offloading of task controls, and increased job strain.
Abstract: Most work on high-performance work systems has examined only the direct relationship between a set of management practices and performance outcomes. This presumes that any connection operates through the incentive and motivational effects captured as ‘high-commitment’ or ‘high-involvement’ employee outcomes. No attempt has been made to examine the alternative, Labour Process conceptualization, which expects performance gains from new management practices to arise instead from work intensification, offloading of task controls, and increased job strain. Using data from WERS98, we tested models based on high-performance work systems and labour process approaches. Both were found wanting, and we consider the possible implications of these failures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the relationship between two focal constructs in the debate: market orientation and product innovation, and they show that product innovation varies with market orientation, namely, customer orientation increases the introduction of new-to-the-world products and reduces the launching of me-too products, competitor orientation increased the introducing of me -too products and reduced the launch of line extensions and new to the world products.
Abstract: Numerous scholars have debated whether marketing fosters or stifles innovation. The discussions, however, have been inconclusive due to limited empirical evidence. The authors investigate the relationship between two focal constructs in the debate: market orientation and product innovation. On the basis of a sample of U.S. manufacturing companies, the authors’ analysis shows that product innovation varies with market orientation. Specifically, (1) customer orientation increases the introduction of new-to-the-world products and reduces the launching of me-too products, (2) competitor orientation increases the introduction of me-too products and reduces the launching of line extensions and new-to-the-world products, and (3) interfunctional coordination increases the launching of line extensions and reduces the introduction of me-too products.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that study methodology may influence reported surgical outcome and practical guidelines for improving study design are suggested, as improved study design would provide clinicians with a more rigorous evidence‐base for treating patients who have recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy.
Abstract: Patellar tendinopathy is often treated surgically after failure of conservative treatment but clinical experience suggests that results are not uniformly excellent. The aim of this review was to (i) identify the different surgical techniques that have been reported and compare their success rates, and (ii) critically assess the methodology of studies that have reported surgical outcomes. Twenty-three papers and two abstracts were included in the review. Surgical procedures were categorized and outcomes summarized. Using ten criteria, an overall methodology score was derived for each paper. Criteria for which scores were generally low (indicating methodological deficiency) concerned the type of study, subject selection process and outcome measures. We found a negative correlation between papers’ reported success rates and overall methodology scores (r=−0.57, P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between year of publication and overall methodology score (r=0.68, P<0.001). We conclude that study methodology may influence reported surgical outcome. We suggest practical guidelines for improving study design in this area of clinical research, as improved study design would provide clinicians with a more rigorous evidence-base for treating patients who have recalcitrant patellar tendinopathy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All the types of neurons in the enteric nervous system of the small intestine of the guinea-pig have now been identified in terms of their morphologies, projections, primary neurotransmitters and physiological identification.
Abstract: This paper, written for the symposium in honour of more than 40 years' contribution to autonomic research by Professor Geoffrey Burnstock, highlights the progress made in understanding the organisation of the enteric nervous system over this time. Forty years ago, the prevailing view was that the neurons within the gut wall were post-ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic pathways. This view was replaced as evidence accrued that the neurons are part of the enteric nervous system and are involved in reflex and integrative activities that can occur even in the absence of neuronal influence from extrinsic sources. Work in Burnstock's laboratory led to the discovery of intrinsic inhibitory neurons with then novel pharmacology of transmission, and precipitated investigation of neuron types in the enteric nervous system. All the types of neurons in the enteric nervous system of the small intestine of the guinea-pig have now been identified in terms of their morphologies, projections, primary neurotransmitters and physiological identification. In this region there are 14 functionally defined neuron types, each with a characteristic combination of morphological, neurochemical and biophysical properties. The nerve circuits underlying effects on motility, blood flow and secretion that are mediated through the enteric nervous system are constructed from these neurons. The circuits for simple motility reflexes are now known, and progress has been made in analysing those involved in local control of blood flow and transmucosal fluid movement in the small intestine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that torsional failure, which may be caused by using too much apical force during instrumentation, occurred more frequently than flexural fatigue, which might result from use in curved canals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An important role for estrogen in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in both males and females is demonstrated, reflected in increased adipocyte volume at gonadal and infrarenal sites.
Abstract: The aromatase-knockout (ArKO) mouse provides a useful model to examine the role that estrogens play in development and homeostasis in mammals. Lacking a functional Cyp19 gene, which encodes aromatase, the ArKO mouse cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens. We examined the adipose depots of male and female ArKO mice, observing that these animals progressively accumulate significantly more intraabdominal adipose tissue than their wild-type (WT) littermates, reflected in increased adipocyte volume at gonadal and infrarenal sites. This increased adiposity was not due to hyperphagia or reduced resting energy expenditure, but was associated with reduced spontaneous physical activity levels, reduced glucose oxidation, and a decrease in lean body mass. Elevated circulating levels of leptin and cholesterol were present in 1-year-old ArKO mice compared with WT controls, as were elevated insulin levels, although blood glucose levels were unchanged. Associated with these changes, a striking accumulation of lipid droplets was observed in the livers of ArKO animals. Our findings demonstrate an important role for estrogen in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis in both males and females.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of credit spread changes were investigated using straight industrial bonds with quoted prices, and the residuals from this first-pass regression were highly cross-correlated and principal components analysis strongly suggests they are driven by a single common factor.
Abstract: Using straight industrial bonds with quoted prices, we investigate the determinants of credit spread changes. We find the variables that should in theory determine credit spread changes in fact have limited explanatory power. Further, the residuals from this first-pass regression are highly cross-correlated, and principal components analysis strongly suggests they are driven by a single common factor. We investigate several macro-economic and financial variables as candidate proxies for this factor. We cannot, however, find any set of variables which explain this common systematic factor. Our results suggest the corporate bond market is a segmented market driven by corporate bond specific supply/demand shocks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is proposed that carefully designed connecting ligands capable of binding metal centres strongly and predictably at chelating sites may afford improved structural control in network assembly and more robust network structures.
Abstract: True crystal engineering of coordination polymers with useful structure-based properties by design remains a distant prospect. The exploratory, experimental net-based approach to the construction of coordination polymers described in this article has provided a few examples of structures obtained by design, but also serendipitously revealed numbers of unprecedented and interesting structures that were totally unexpected. Further work with coordination polymers can confidently be expected to provide many similar surprises. It is proposed that carefully designed connecting ligands capable of binding metal centres strongly and predictably at chelating sites may afford improved structural control in network assembly and more robust network structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Global Transformational Leadership Scale (GTL) as mentioned in this paper is a short measure of transformational leadership, which measures a single construct of leadership and has satisfactory reliability, and has a number of potential uses as an assessment and selection tool.
Abstract: This study reports the development of a short measure of transformational leadership: the Global Transformational Leadership scale (GTL). The study sample was 1,440 subordinates who assessed the leader behaviour of 695 branch managers in a large Australian financial organisation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the GTL measured a single construct of leadership and had satisfactory reliability. Evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity is presented. We conclude that the GTL has a number of potential uses as an assessment and selection tool and in leadership research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The PPM, together with associated CSFs, provides guidance for practitioners when planning ERP implementation projects and also provides researchers with a foundation for further empirical research.
Abstract: Problems with the implementation of ERP systems are well documented. Although companies spend millions on ERP packages and the implementation process, there is extensive evidence that they experien...

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Mar 2000-Nature
TL;DR: It is found that PVA predictions were surprisingly accurate, the risk of population decline closely matched observed outcomes, there was no significant bias, and population size projections did not differ significantly from reality.
Abstract: Population viability analysis (PVA) is widely applied in conservation biology to predict extinction risks for threatened species and to compare alternative options for their management. It can also be used as a basis for listing species as endangered under World Conservation Union criteria. However, there is considerable scepticism regarding the predictive accuracy of PVA, mainly because of a lack of validation in real systems. Here we conducted a retrospective test of PVA based on 21 long-term ecological studies--the first comprehensive and replicated evaluation of the predictive powers of PVA. Parameters were estimated from the first half of each data set and the second half was used to evaluate the performance of the model. Contrary to recent criticisms, we found that PVA predictions were surprisingly accurate. The risk of population decline closely matched observed outcomes, there was no significant bias, and population size projections did not differ significantly from reality. Furthermore, the predictions of the five PVA software packages were highly concordant. We conclude that PVA is a valid and sufficiently accurate tool for categorizing and managing endangered species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the G1-to-S phase transition requires an adequate level of GSH, which suggests the existence of a GSH-dependent developmental pathway essential for initiation and maintenance of cell division during postembryonic root development.
Abstract: Activation of cell division in the root apical meristem after germination is essential for postembryonic root development. Arabidopsis plants homozygous for a mutation in the ROOT MERISTEMLESS1 (RML1) gene are unable to establish an active postembryonic meristem in the root apex. This mutation abolishes cell division in the root but not in the shoot. We report the molecular cloning of the RML1 gene, which encodes the first enzyme of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and which is allelic to CADMIUM SENSITIVE2. The phenotype of the rml1 mutant, which was also evident in the roots of wild-type Arabidopsis and tobacco treated with an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, could be relieved by applying GSH to rml1 seedlings. By using a synchronized tobacco cell suspension culture, we showed that the G1-to-S phase transition requires an adequate level of GSH. These observations suggest the existence of a GSH-dependent developmental pathway essential for initiation and maintenance of cell division during postembryonic root development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Virus-induced IgM must be secreted in the presence of natural IgM for efficient induction of specific IgG and for immune protection, identifying B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM antibodies as nonredundant components of the antiviral response.
Abstract: We have studied the role of secreted immunoglobulin (Ig)M in protection from infection with influenza virus and delineated the relative contributions of B-1 versus B-2 cell–derived IgM in this process. Mice deficient in secreted IgM but capable of expressing surface IgM and secreting other Ig classes show significantly reduced virus clearance and survival rates compared with wild-type controls. Irradiation chimeras in which only either B-1 or B-2 cells lack the ability to secrete IgM show mortality rates similar to those of mice in which neither B-1 nor B-2 cells secrete IgM. Dependence on both sources of IgM for survival is partially explained by findings in allotype chimeras that broadly cross-reactive B-1 cell–derived natural IgM is present before infection, whereas virus strain–specific, B-2 cell–derived IgM appears only after infection. Furthermore, lack of IgM secreted from one or both sources significantly impairs the antiviral IgG response. Reconstitution of chimeras lacking B-1 cell–derived IgM only with IgM-containing serum from noninfected mice improved both survival rates and serum levels of virus-specific IgG. Thus, virus-induced IgM must be secreted in the presence of natural IgM for efficient induction of specific IgG and for immune protection, identifying B-1 and B-2 cell–derived IgM antibodies as nonredundant components of the antiviral response.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper considered conditions under which government bureaucracy can better obtain PSM motivated effort from employees than a standard profit maximizing firm and provided an efficiency rationale for low-powered incentives in both bureaucracies and other organizations producing social services.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growing self-organizing map (GSOM) is presented in detail and the effect of a spread factor, which can be used to measure and control the spread of the GSOM, is investigated.
Abstract: The growing self-organizing map (GSOM) algorithm is presented in detail and the effect of a spread factor, which can be used to measure and control the spread of the GSOM, is investigated. The spread factor is independent of the dimensionality of the data and as such can be used as a controlling measure for generating maps with different dimensionality, which can then be compared and analyzed with better accuracy. The spread factor is also presented as a method of achieving hierarchical clustering of a data set with the GSOM. Such hierarchical clustering allows the data analyst to identify significant and interesting clusters at a higher level of the hierarchy, and continue with finer clustering of the interesting clusters only. Therefore, only a small map is created in the beginning with a low spread factor, which can be generated for even a very large data set. Further analysis is conducted on selected sections of the data and of smaller volume. Therefore, this method facilitates the analysis of even very large data sets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that protein targeting to the apicoplast is at least a two‐step process mediated by bipartite N‐terminal pre‐sequences that consist of a signal peptide for entry into the secretory pathway and a plant‐like transit peptides for subsequent import into the apioplast.
Abstract: The plastid of Plasmodium falciparum (or ‘apicoplast’) is the evolutionary homolog of the plant chloroplast and represents a vestige of a photosynthetic past. Apicoplast indispensability indicates that it still provides essential functions to parasites. Similar to plant chloroplasts, the apicoplast is dependent on many nucleus-encoded genes to provide these functions. The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes, two more than plant chloroplasts. Thus, protein targeting to the apicoplast must overcome additional membrane barriers. In P.falciparum we have analyzed apicoplast targeting using green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrate that protein targeting is at least a two-step process mediated by bipartite N-terminal pre-sequences that consist of a signal peptide for entry into the secretory pathway and a plant-like transit peptide for subsequent import into the apicoplast. The P.falciparum transit peptide is exceptional compared with other known plastid transit peptides in not requiring serine or threonine residues. The pre-sequence components are removed stepwise during apicoplast targeting. Targeting GFP to the apicoplast has also provided the first opportunity to examine apicoplast morphology in live P.falciparum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If BDNF is an autocrine/paracrine factor for SNpc dopaminergic neurons, loss of BDNF-expressing neurons may compromise the well-being of their surviving neighbors and neurons expressing particularly low levels ofBDNF mRNA may be those at greatest risk of injury in PD and possibly the trigger for the degeneration itself.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present Caliciviridae Study Group, including the division of the family into 4 new genera designated Lagovirus, Vesivirus, "Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs), and "Sapporo- like viruses (SLVs).
Abstract: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present Caliciviridae Study Group. These proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated Lagovirus, Vesivirus, "Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs), and "Sapporo-like viruses (SLVs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. The genera have been further divided into the following species: Feline calicivirus and Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (genus Vesivirus), Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European brown hare syndrome virus (genus Lagovirus), Norwalk virus (genus NLV), and Sapporo virus (genus SLV). In addition, the ICTV approved a proposal to remove the hepatitis E virus from the Caliciviridae into an "unassigned classification status.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that SHBG and FAI levels change at the time of the menopause, at least partially due to the decline in E2.
Abstract: The aims of this study were to describe, in relation to date of final menses, the average androgen levels of women in the years before and after this date, and to determine the extent to which these average levels were dependent on age and body mass index (BMI) and the degree of tracking in residual androgen levels, or the extent to which individuals above (below) the mean for their age or time relative to final menstrual period (FMP) and BMI remain above (below) the mean as time progresses. Serial levels of serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone (T), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were measured annually in 172 women from the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project who experienced a natural menopause during 7 yr of follow-up. Fasting blood samples were drawn between days 4-8 if women were still menstruating or after 3 months of amenorrhea. The free androgen index (FAI) was calculated as the ratio ofT to SHBG x 100. Means of the log-transformed androgen levels were analyzed as a double logistic function of time relative to FMP as well as age and BMI, and correlations between repeated androgen levels were measured. Mean SHBG levels decreased by 43% from 4 yr before to 2 yr after the FMP. The time of most change was 2 yr before FMP [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-3.2]. SHBG levels were, on the average, 5% lower for each halving of estradiol (E2) levels and 4% lower for each kilogram per m2 of BMI (P < 0.0001). About one third of the decline in SHBG was explained by E2 and BMI. After adjusting for all variables, SHBG showed strong tracking. Mean T levels did not vary with time relative to FMP and were independent of age and BMI. Residual values of T showed weak tracking. The FAI increased by 80% from 4 yr before FMP to 2 yr after FMP, and changed maximally 2.2 yr before FMP (95% CI, 1.2-3.2). The FAI was not related to age or E2, but was, on the average, 4% higher for each kilogram per m2 of BMI (P < 0.0001). Residual values of FAI showed moderate tracking. Mean DHEAS levels were not related to the FMP, but were 1.5% lower for each year of age (P < 0.01) and 3.8% lower for each kilogram per m2 of BMI (P < 0.0001). Residual values of DHEAS showed strong tracking. It is concluded that SHBG and FAI levels change at the time of the menopause, at least partially due to the decline in E2. DHEAS decreases as a function of age, not time relative to FMP, and T remains unchanged during the menopausal years. SHBG and DHEAS show a high degree of stability within an individual over time.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Unexpectedly, genes with similar sequences to those encoding phytochelatin synthase have been identified in some animal species, and these genes have been isolated from plant and yeast species.