Showing papers by "University of Memphis published in 1976"
TL;DR: This article found that teachers who participated in the training were significantly less prejudiced than were a random sample of non-institute participants selected from the same schools, and that the training was more effective in lessening white prejudice toward blacks than in reducing black prejudice toward whites.
Abstract: Recent research on equal-status interracial contact suggests that such contact lessens prejudice. The present study extends research on equal-status contact into a situation designed to elicit favorable contact, namely faculty desegregation in public schools. Black and white teachers were interviewed with regard to their levels of prejudice both before and after participating in an in-service training institute on problems of school desegregation in Houston, Texas. In addition, a follow-up survey was administered sixteen months after the conclusion of institute training. The conclusions were: (1) after completion of institute training white respondents scored significantly lower on all measures of prejudice while black scores remained relatively stable; (2) teachers who participated in institute training were significantly less prejudiced than were a random sample of non-institute participants selected from the same schools; and (3) institute training was more effective in lessening white prejudice toward blacks than in reducing black prejudice toward whites. In relating these findings to recent research by Cohen and Roper and W. Scott Ford, we conclude that many interracial contact situations that are perceived as being of equal status by whites are not perceived in the same manner by blacks, a conclusion which suggests a modification of the traditional equal-status contact hypothesis as well as having direct implications for policymaking in the area of school desegregation. Studies of the effects of equal-status interracial contact on attitudes and behavior of majority and minority group members have generally yielded consistent results. Most such research has concluded that social contact between participants of equal status reduces prejudice (Amir; Brophy; Gundlach; Mann; Meer and Friedman; Yarrow et al.). Research has also found reduction of prejudice in situations where contact is between majority group members and high-status representatives of the minority group (Amir; Irish; Mannheimer and Williams; Watson). The concept "contact" has been applied to a wide spectrum of situations with a variety of subjects. Contact situations studied include the armed services, residential areas, recreational activities, occupational endeavors, and various types of classroom situations. Subjects include children and various categories of adults, frequently segregated by sex. Activities studied as examples of contact can be viewed as existing on a continuum ranging from extreme forms of cooperation (e.g., white and black groups in combat together) to competitive and conflict situations (e.g., invasion of a white residential area by blacks). The most appropriate generali*This research was conducted under grant no. MH14622 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors are indebted to Lynn Weber Cannon for her helpful critique and suggestions for revision.
89 citations
67 citations
TL;DR: Autoradiographic and anterograde degeneration tracing methods were used to study and compare the organization of retinofugal pathways in two marsupial opossums.
Abstract: Autoradiographic and anterograde degeneration tracing methods were used to study and compare the organization of retinofugal pathways in two marsupial opossums, Didelphis virginiana and Marmosa mitis. Seven identical retinal targets were demonstrated for each opossum. These include: (1) the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, (2) the dorsal and (3) ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, (4) the lateral posterior nucleus, (5) the pretectal complex, (6) the superior colliculus and (7) the accessory optic nuclei. While the pattern of retinal input to six of the seven targets was quite similar in the two species, the organization of the retinogeniculate pathways exhibited striking differences. In particular, our autoradiographs reveal no separation of ocular inputs within the lateral geniculate nucleus of Didelphis, i.e. the ipsilateral input is overlapped completely by the more extensive contralateral projection. In contrast, there is considerable separation, as well as overlap, of the occular inputs within the lateral geniculate nucleus of Marmosa. Our autoradiographs reveal several distinct bands of label within each geniculate nucleus, and upon superimposing the nuclei, ipsilateral and contralateral to the placement it is apparent that two of the bands overlap, while five do not (three ipsi, two contra).
51 citations
TL;DR: Language samples were obtained from 40 children in order to examine semantic relations reflected in language usage as a function of chronological age and linguistic status (normal and language disordered).
Abstract: Language samples were obtained from 40 children in order to examine semantic relations reflected in language usage as a function of chronological age (three and five years) and linguistic status (normal and language disordered). Normal-disordered comparisons were made under both matched utterance length and matched age conditions. Results are interpreted as supporting the notion that the disordered-language usage reflected semantic relations consistent with an earlier level of development.
45 citations
TL;DR: Scanning electron microscopy of the antennal clubs of the clover head weevil revealed a dense receptor field composed of sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, and sensilla styloconica, suggesting that these sensilla are utilized in host reception during weevil antenNal tapping.
Abstract: Scanning electron microscopy of the antennal clubs of the clover head weevil, Hypera meles (F.), revealed a dense receptor field composed of sensilla trichodea (Types I and II), sensilla basiconica (Types I, II, and III), and sensilla styloconica. Club circumference is divided equally by 6 trichodea Type I, arranged radially around the perimeter of each segment. Trichodea Type II and basiconica Type I occur on the entire receptor field of each club segment, while basiconica Type II and styloconica occur in bands along the distal edges of the dorsal surface of segments II and III, respectively. Basiconica Type III were found only at the extreme distal tip of the antennal club on segment IV. Significantly greater ( p = 0.05) numbers of sensilla trichodea Type II and basiconica Type II, found on the ventral surfaces of male and female antennal clubs, suggest that these sensilla are utilized in host reception during weevil antennal tapping.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the generalized Ramsey number r(G1, Gk) was studied for graphs G 1, G 2, Gk consisting of complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, paths, and cycles.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 60 pre-operational and 60 concrete operational kindergarten children received stimulus differentiation training either with feedback (experimental groups) or without (control groups), prior to a series of discrimination learning problems in which a blank-trial probe, used to detect the child's hypothesis, followed each feedback trial.
33 citations
TL;DR: The porous surface present on basiconica type I sensilla indicates a possible olfactory function and a significant difference in number exists between the sexes for trichodea type I and for dorsal/ventral surfaces on the female.
Abstract: Scanning electron microscopy revealed 2 types of sensilla trichodea, 4 types of sensilla basiconica, and one type of sensilla styloconica on the antennal club of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae. All receptor types are found on both male and female weevils and their distribution is similar. The total number of sensilla on the antennal club of the male is estimated to be 1467 and on the female 1491. Significant differences in numbers of basiconica type I exist for dorsal and ventral surfaces on the male but not on the female. A significant difference in number exists between the sexes for trichodea type I and for dorsal/ventral surfaces on the female. Significant differences exist in length between the sexes for trichodea type I on segments 2 and 3 and trichodea type II on all 3 segments. The porous surface present on basiconica type I sensilla indicates a possible olfactory function.
28 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the social significance of small-scale entrepreneurship in the cities of developing countries and found that small entrepreneurship provides occupational niches to marginal migrant workers as well as an alternative to the bureaucratic channel of upward social mobility for a significant proportion of urban residents.
Abstract: Observing a plethora of small entrepreneurial activities in the cities of developing countries, this paper examines the social significance of these occupational activities. The data gathered from a Korean city suggest that small entrepreneurship provides occupational niches to marginal migrant workers as well as an alternative to the bureaucratic channel of upward social mobility for a significant proportion of urban residents. These findings are interpreted by using the conception of occupational situs, which promises greater analytical utility in the study of developing societies than the unidimensional conception of occupational structure. One of the most striking changes associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries is the burgeoning of small-scale entrepreneurship. So pervasive are entrepreneurial activities in the cities of many developing societies that one can get the impression that almost everything can be purchased on the streets and almost everyone is a small entrepreneur incessantly seeking a chance to make money. Probably the most familiar faces in these crowded cities are hawkers, market traders, taxi-drivers, barbers, repairmen, restaurant workers, owners of a variety of small shops, and the like. In fact, one recent source (Friedmann and Sullivan) estimates that the \"individual\" and \"family-enterprise\" sectors in developing countries employ well over half of the urban labor force. Scholarly observation (see also Bauer and Yamey; Geertz; Morse; Myrdal; Tax) tends to confirm casual impression: the proliferation of small-scale urban enterprise is quantitatively more significant than the growth of industrial and bureaucratic occupations in developing countries. Many students of developing societies attribute this peculiar change of occupational structure to rapid urbanization taking place in developing areas. It is well-known that most developing countries experience a spectacular rate of urbanization, which normally exceeds the rate of industrialization. This phenomenon is often referred to as \"overurbanization\" (Breese; Davis and Golden; Hauser). With large influxes of labor from rural hinterlands and with slowly growing industry, cities of developing countries face the thorny problem of absorbing their overabundant labor into gainful economic activities. No doubt, a high rate of unemployment is an unavoidable result of such situations. But what is especially interesting is that superfluous labor in these cities *This paper is a revised version of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, 1975. I wish to thank Allan Schnaiberg and John Walton for their helpful comments and suggestions on a previous draft and my colleagues at Memphis State University for their editorial help.
28 citations
26 citations
TL;DR: A graph is strongly path connected if between each pair of distinct vertices there exist paths of all lengths greater than or equal to the distance between the vertices as discussed by the authors, i.e., there exists a path of length greater than and equal to
TL;DR: In this paper, a compactT2 spaceX which is separable, scattered and uncountable, but still so that Xα−Xα+1is countable for all α∈[1, ω] is constructed.
Abstract: A compactT2 spaceX which is separable, scattered and uncountable, but still so thatXα−Xα+1is countable for all α∈[1, ω) is constructed. This answers one of the problems presented by M. E. Rudin in a conference as an open problem and attributed by her to Telgarsky.
TL;DR: Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis.
Abstract: Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Hemoglobin, plasma general proteins, and plasma isoenzymes were studied by electrophoresis to determine inheritance patterns. Electrophoretic bands indicated that gynogenetic white amur had no paternal inheritance from carp and that adrogenetic white amur also were pure white amur. Gynogeneiss in carp was confirmed by the absence of paternal inheritance. Hemoglobins, general proteins, and esterases distinguished the two species. Within a species there were no differences in proteins between gynogenetic, adrogenetic and normal fish. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) differed between carp and white amur and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis because expression of LDH alleles from white amur was inhibited by the carp genome. Alkaline phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility in the two species.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended the results of Mrowka, M. Rajagopalan and T. Soundararajan about compact dispersed spaces and solved several problems for such spaces raised by them.
Abstract: This investigation consolidates and extends known results concerning classes of spaces in which sequential compactness is equivalent to countable compactness. At the same time results of S. Mrowka, M. Rajagopalan and T. Soundararajan about compact dispersed spaces are extended. Several problems for such spaces raised by them are solved. A convecture of Tironi and Isler is dispress.
TL;DR: A simple, accurate technique has been devised to sex externally channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, regardless of body size or state of gonadal maturation.
Abstract: A simple, accurate technique has been devised to sex externally channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, regardless of body size or state of gonadal maturation. Male catfish have a single urogenital opening; females have two openings partitioned by a septum—an anterior genital pore, and a posterior urinary pore. In male fish, a single probe can be inserted into the urinary bladder through the urogenital pore. Female fish are differentiated from males by the insertion of two probes, one into the urinary bladder through the urinary pore and the second into the oviduct through the genital pore.
TL;DR: It is shown that r(L 1,L 2 ) = max n 1 ·(n 2 −j 2 )/2 − 1, n 2 + (n 1 − j 1 )/ 2 − 1}.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce an additional dimension of incompleteness or inaccuracy of information held by the decision maker, and introduce two notions relating to a decision maker's knowledge of states of affairs which may develop.
Abstract: This paper introduces an additional dimension of incompleteness or inaccuracy of information held by the decision maker. Up to this time decision theory, applicable to any level of living system, most usually the organism, has looked at situations in which there were varying degrees of ignorance about the connections between actions selected by the decision maker and the occurrence of states of affairs which the decision maker values to varying degrees. Here are introduced two notions relating to the decision maker's knowledge of states of affairs which may develop. The first is ignorance. A decision maker is ignorant if there are states of affairs which may come about as a consequence of actions open to him, but about whose possibility he is ignorant. The second is error. A decision maker commits error if he makes decisions in the belief that there is a set of outcomes which may occur, but which, in fact, includes some states of affairs which can not occur. The effects of these two types of divergence between the actual and perceived state of the world are examined under some reasonable assumptions. Under conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty, the probability of making mistakes and the expected cost of these mistakes are investigated. The notion of irrationality, it is suggested, can be replaced by the behavioral notion of being in a state of error or ignorance.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study focused on a study which identified personnel practices among management faculty in American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business schools which may influence faculty research and academic research.
Abstract: The article focuses on a study which identified personnel practices among management faculty in American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business schools which may influence faculty research and ...
TL;DR: The results suggest that the acyl carrier protein prosthetic group exchange phenomenon bears no direct regulatory role in those events of the cell cycle which are discontinuous or oscillatory, and lends further support to the hypothesis that bacterial membrane lipids are made continuously and at a constant rate as a function of time.
TL;DR: The history of sociological research on delinquency indicates that if any variable has been significantly related to delinquency it is social class as discussed by the authors, and that it is more likely that official crime statistics are better indicators of police behavior and law enforcement agency policies than of the behavior of delinquents.
Abstract: The history of sociological research on delinquency indicates that if any variable has been significantly related to delinquency it is social class. The anomie theorists (Merton, 1938; Cohen, 1 9 5 9 , cultural transmission theorists (Shaw and hlcKay, 1942) and even the differential association proponents (Sutherland and Cressey, 1960) have all emphasized that social class is a very important variable. Yet, in recent years, some research has pointed to evidence that delinquency is present in all strata of our society and that these early works made an erroneous assumption that crime statistics are necessarily indicative of crimiml behavior patterns. The works of Empey and Erickson ( 1 966), Gold (1966), and Clark and Wenninger (1962), for example, indicate that whether or not crime statistics are accurate depictions of criminal behavior patterns is, at the very least, an empirical question. Further, it is more likely that official crime statistics are better indicators of police behavior and law enforcement agency policies than of the behavior of delinquents.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the analyses of 61Ni nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) absorption spectra in Ni[P(OC2H5)3]4, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NiCl2, and NiCl 2·6h2O are presented.
TL;DR: The Feasibility of obtaining biochemical data on large numbers of insects as a means of quality control is verified, but the utility of this approach requires the long-term accumulation of such information prior to its application.
TL;DR: The cross-modal transfer of a specific rate discrimination was preserved in the absence of posterior intersensory neocortex and the results are discussed in terms of a hypothetical subcortical system capable of the amodal coding of simple stimulus dimensions.
Abstract: The effect of lesions of posterior neocortex was assessed, using a test method that permits the demonstration of cross-modal transfer in intact bushbabies. Eight bushbabies were trained to discriminate light flashes of 18/sec and 3/sec in a go-no-go shock-avoidance task. On completion of training, four bushbabies received lesions of posterior neocortex by aspiration. After 6 wk both lesion and intact animals were returned to training in the visual discrimination. On the day following criterion performance on the visual tests, auditory clicks off the same rate and contingencies were substituted and maintained to criterion. All eight bushbabies demonstrated rapid transfer and the lesion animals were not retarded as compared with intact subjects. The cross-modal transfer of a specific rate discrimination was thus preserved in the absence of posterior intersensory neocortex. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothetical subcortical system capable of the amodal coding of simple stimulus dimensions.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the stability theory for non-autonomous systems and present results that improve two of the classical Liapunov theorems, the LaSalle-Yoshizawa theorem and the Marachkoff stability theorem.
Abstract: This chapter describes the stability theory for nonautonomous systems. The nonautonomous system of differential equations x′ = ƒ ( t, x ), where ƒ: [0 , ∞ ) × R n → R n is continuous. The Liapunov theory is employed to determine behavior of solutions relative to some closed set H ⊆ R n . In general, no invariance principle is readily available. The chapter presents results that improve two of the classical Liapunov theorems. It also presents an improvement of the LaSalle–Yoshizawa theorem for nonautonomous systems for solutions approaching a set and also an improvement of the Marachkoff asymptotic stability theorem. It is evident that one relies heavily on a close relationship between the derivative of a Liapunov function and the norm of the right-hand side equation. It is found that all bounded solutions tend to H or all solutions in the stability region tend to zero.
TL;DR: In this article, the metal ion binding of optically active β-(2-pyridyl)-α-alanine, NH 2 CH(CH 2 C 5 H 3 NCH 3 )CO 2 H, Mepyala, and other pyridine analogs of histidine were resolved; absolute configurations were determined for the isolated enatiomers.
TL;DR: In this article, the likelihood ratio statistic is derived and is shown to be distributed under the null hypothesis as the product of three independent U statistics as defined in Anderson (1958).
Abstract: Fitting the growth curves by polynomials, this paper is intended to test whether or not there is any correlation between two characters. The likelihood ratio statistic is derived and is shown to be distributed under the null hypothesis as the product of three independent U statistics as defined in Anderson (1958). Box's procedure is then applied to approximate the critical region. A numerical example is given to illustrate the procedure.
TL;DR: A bis(trifluoromethyl) phosphinous acid ester 2-cyano-2[μ-oxobis(trifi-oromethsyl) phospine]hexafluropropane (I, II, and IV) have been characterized according to their physical and spectral properties in this article, where the influence of the halogen bonded to the phosphorus and the cation of the salt on product formation has been studied.