Showing papers by "University of Memphis published in 1989"
TL;DR: The integrated model combines both cognitive-affect and social-learning theory to produce a more complete perspective of the ethical decision process.
Abstract: The contributions of current models of ethical decision making are described and evaluated on a comparative basis. From the synthesis of these frameworks an integrated model is derived. The integrated model combines both cognitive-affect and social-learning theory to produce a more complete perspective of the ethical decision process. This perspective acknowledges that ethical decision making is affected by both external (environment, peers, situation) as well as internal (moral value structure) constructs.
570 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that smoking and body weight relationships are closely related and pose significant challenges for smoking researchers.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on smoking and body weight. The relationships between smoking and body weight are evaluated in 70 cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations. The mechanisms responsible for differences in body weight are discussed, the weight-related issues that promote smoking behavior are reviewed, methods for reducing postcessation weight gain are summarized, and future research directions are proposed. A proposed working research model for studying the relationship between smoking, energy balance, and weight gain is offered. It is concluded that smoking and body weight relationships are closely related and pose significant challenges for smoking researchers.
503 citations
TL;DR: Les conditions dans lesquelles un enonce est reconnu comme sarcastique varient selon que l'enonce est positif ou negatif as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Les conditions dans lesquelles un enonce est reconnu comme sarcastique varient selon que l'enonce est positif ou negatif. Il est rendu compte de cette asymetrie a l'aide de la theorie «du rappel en echo» (un sarcasme fait alusion a une situation antecedente) dans un cas et aux normes et attentes sociales dans l'autre cas (enonce positif) ― 3 experiences avec des scenaris contenant ou non des «victimes» testent cette hypothese
416 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the issue of adult attachment style in relation to conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction and found significant differences among the groups on three styles of conflict resolution (compromising, obliging, and integrating) and on relationship satisfaction.
Abstract: This study considers the issue of adult attachment style in relation to conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction. Subjects selected into one of three styles: secure, anxious/ambivalent, or avoidant. Analyses revealed significant differences among the groups on three styles of conflict resolution (compromising, obliging, and integrating) and on relationship satisfaction. The results are interpreted with regard to attachment theory.
302 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the behavior of experienced business executives in the construction contract industry with that of naive student subjects in a sealed-bid, common value offer auction, where bidders compete for the right to supply an item of unknown cost.
Abstract: Laboratory economics experiments typically use financially motivated students as subjects. An ongoing issue is whether this is an appropriate subject pool since the students are typically inexperienced in the types of decision-making required of them in the lab. This paper addresses this issue in the context of common value offer auctions as we compare the -behaviour of experienced business executives in the construction contract industry ('experts') with that of ('naive') student subjects. Results of previous research of this sort have been equivocal; in some cases experts make the same errors as novices, in other cases they do not (Hogarth and Reder, I987). A series of sealed-bid, common value offer auctions in which bidders compete for the right to supply an item of unknown cost were conducted. Inherent to common value auctions (CVAs) is an adverse selection problem which may result in below normal or negative profits (the winner's curse). Experimental studies have documented the presence of the winner's curse with financially motivated student subjects in high price demand-side auctions (Kagel et al., I986; Kagel and Levin, I986). The experiments reported here generalise these earlier studies from bid to offer auctions. Also, in employing offer auctions we establish a setting with which our 'experts' are familiar, thus allowing their experience the best chance to manifest itself.'
249 citations
TL;DR: In this article, DNA mass in cells from 45 selected species, representing each of the major vertebrate classes, has been obtained values of from 1.5 to 110.0 pg of DNA.
Abstract: Nuclear DNA mass in cells from a reference species can be used to obtain high-resolution estimates of DNA mass from a target species. In our study of DNA mass in cells from 45 selected species, representing each of the major vertebrate classes, we have obtained values of from 1.5 to 110.0 pg of DNA. Because values in or near this range would be expected in the study of nuclear DNA mass in vertebrates and other organisms, the species in this report can provide a useful catalogue of references for comparative studies of DNA.
247 citations
TL;DR: A new method is introduced, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), with which error in judging the relative importance of factors in site suitability analysis can be both detected and corrected and can aid in decision making involving multiple criteria, factor diversity, and conditions of uncertainty.
Abstract: A critical shortcoming of methods that are reliant upon the judgment of experts to determine site suitability is noted. The article introduces a new method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with which error in judging the relative importance of factors in site suitability analysis can be both detected and corrected. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example to show how the AHP frames the site evaluation problem and can aid in decision making involving multiple criteria, factor diversity, and conditions of uncertainty. The article concludes by suggesting the potential application of the AHP in public choice decisions involving complex, controversial, and conflictual site selection processes.
191 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the consensus recall produced a better estimate of the observed intake from one meal than did recalls obtained from mother or father.
Abstract: Although the accuracy of dietary intake information for children has previously been studied, methodological issues make the results of those studies difficult to interpret. In order to address one of the major methodological issues, unobtrusive observations were performed on the lunch meal of 34 children. These children ranged in age from 4.0 to 9.5 years (mean = 5.8 years, standard deviation = 1.6 years). Each child was accompanied by both parents. Dietary recalls were obtained the following day from (a) the mother alone, (b) the father alone, and (c) the mother, father, and child reporting as a group (consensus recall). Recalls were analyzed with nutrition software that yields information on energy, protein, carbohydrate, sugar, total fat, cholesterol, sodium, iron, and calcium. Strong correlations were seen between each recall and the observation (mean r=.86). However, the group accuracy in correctly reporting different types of foods varied from the fathers’ under-reporting of breads (-27%) to fathers’ over-reporting of fruit (+ 50%). When regression analyses were used, only the consensus recall resulted in a regression line not significantly different from 1.0 for the majority of the nutrients analyzed. Thus, it appears that the consensus recall produced a better estimate of the observed intake from one meal than did recalls obtained from mother or father. J Am Diet Assoc 89:784-789, 1989.
155 citations
TL;DR: Results suggested that both the IT and process group formats were more effective than the wait list condition in reducing depression and in alleviating distress.
Abstract: We randomly assigned 65 women who had been sexually abused by a father, stepfather, or other close relative to 1 of 3 treatment conditions: a 10-week interpersonal transaction (IT) group, a 10-week process group, or a wait list condition. Subjects were evaluated at pretreatment, posttreatment, and (if assigned to a group) a 6-month follow-up on measures of social adjustment, depression, fearfulness, and general distress. Results suggested that both the IT and process group formats were more effective than the wait list condition in reducing depression and in alleviating distress; changes were maintained at follow-up. Subjects in the process group format exhibited improvement in social adjustment, whereas subjects in the wait list condition actually deteriorated. Language: en
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors advocated the external validity of studies to increase the relevance of findings to applied technologies, usage of media replications to test the generalizability of findings obtained with individual media and to demonstrate delivery applications; and learner control as a potentially effective and practical means of adapting validated instructional strategies to individuals.
Abstract: Due in part to the diverse characteristics and training of its researchers, the field of instructional technology is currently plagued by much uncertainty regarding meaningful research questions and accepted paradigms for investigating them. Major areas in which these uncertainties are manifested concern the degree of emphasis to be placed on basic versus developmental research and considerations involving the separation of media from methods in research designs. To help researchers achieve a “happier medium” in balancing instructional technology goals with the performance of well-designed and scientifically sound studies, greater attention to three concerns is advocated: the external validity of studies to increase the relevance of findings to applied technologies; usage of media replications to test the generalizability of findings obtained with individual media and to demonstrate delivery applications; and learner control as a potentially effective and practical means of adapting validated instructional strategies to individuals. Each of these issues is discussed in relation to research conducted by the authors and to suggested designs for future studies.
126 citations
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In terms of seismic moment or seismic strain release, the deep ocean basins and the ancient cores of the continents are the deadest places on earth as discussed by the authors, which translates into ~600 plate boundary events of M w ≥ 6.0 for every one that occurs in stable continental crust.
Abstract: In terms of seismic moment or seismic strain release, the deep ocean basins and the ancient cores—the Stable continental interiors’—of the continents are the deadest places on earth. Averaged over the past 200 years, stable continental crust has generated only ~0.3% of the earth’s annual seismic moment release. This translates into ~600 plate boundary events of M w ≥ 6.0 for every one that occurs in stable continental crust. Moreover, in the last 200 years the largest earthquakes to occur in the stable interiors or at the passive continental margins have been the 1819 Kutch, India, event and the 1812 (Feb 7) New Madrid, North America, event. With estimated seismic moments in the range of M0 = 0.7–2.5×1028 dyne-cm, these are great earthquakes (M w =7.S-8.2) yet their moments are nearly two orders of magnitude less than those of maximum plate margin events. Virtually all of the largest stable continental earthquakes (M w ≥ 7.0) occur in crust that has been stretched and extended in a rifting process that leads to either failed rifts imbedded in the continents or to passive margin formation, whereas the largest plate margin events occur in convergent tectonic settings. These are just a few of a number of the fundamental seismological differences between stable continental interiors and plate boundaries that are explored and quantified in this paper.
TL;DR: The strongest predictor of illness risk was the number of otherChildren in the room, and the mean monthly cost of medical care was $32.94 for children in the highest risk settings compared with $19.78 for those in other settings.
Abstract: We studied 843 children under 36 months of age enrolled in a prepaid health plan from September 1985 through March 1986, to identify characteristics of day care which might be risk factors for infection and to describe the resulting economic costs. Children cared for in their own home had a mean of 2.03 infections diagnosed during the study period. Adjusted rates of excess infection (95 per cent CI) for children cared for in other settings were: -.09 (-.73, .54) in relatives' homes; .10 (-.51, .71) in day care homes; .79 (.13, 1.45) in day care centers; .60 (-.24, 1.46) in mother's day out programs; and .66 (-.01, 1.34) in multiple settings. Children in day care centers were 4.5 times more likely to be hospitalized than those in other settings (95 per cent CI = 1.55, 13.00), primarily due to an increased rate of tympanostomy tube placement (relative risk 3.79, 95 per cent CI = 1.04, 13.36). The strongest predictor of illness risk was the number of other children in the room. The mean monthly cost of medical care was $32.94 for children in the highest risk settings compared with $19.78 for those in other settings. Illness in a child in our study accounted for 40 per cent of parental absenteeism from work; the mean number of days lost per month was 0.52 for parents of children in day care centers compared with 0.37 for those of children in other forms of full time care outside the home.
TL;DR: It is shown that bipartite graphs of maximum degree d without an induced (k + I)-matching have at most kd2 edges and the extremal graph is unique (each vertex of a five cycle is multiplied by d/2).
TL;DR: The generation of recorded test materials and their investigation using normally hearing listeners are described and a critical difference of about 2 scale intervals is recommended.
Abstract: The Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) Test has been developed for use in clinical comparisons of hearing aid conditions. After listening to a short passage of connected speech, subjects generate a rating proportional to its intelligibility using an equal-appearing interval scale from 0 to 10. Before test passages are presented, the signal-to-babble ratio (SBR) is adjusted to a level that elicits intelligibility ratings of 7-8 for a "setup" passage. Then, with SBR held constant, three or more test passages are rated and the results averaged for each aided condition. This paper describes the generation of recorded test materials and their investigation using normally hearing listeners. Based on these data, a critical difference of about 2 scale intervals is recommended. A future paper will deal with results for hearing-impaired subjects.
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation was conducted to investigate the effects of both linear and parabolic tooth profile modification on the dynamic response of low contact-ratio spur gears, and the effect of the total amount of modification and the length of the modification zone were studied at various loads and speeds to find the optimal profile modification for minimal dynamic loading.
Abstract: A computer simulation was conducted to investigate the effects of both linear and parabolic tooth profile modification on the dynamic response of low-contact-ratio spur gears. The effect of the total amount of modification and the length of the modification zone were studied at various loads and speeds to find the optimal profile modification for minimal dynamic loading. Design charts consisting of normalized maximum dynamic load curves were generated for gear systems operated at various loads and with different tooth profile modification. An optimum profile modification can be determined from these design charts to minimize the dynamic loads of spur gear systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the discounted cash-flow approach for the analysis of the optimal inventory policy in the presence of the trade credit, which permits a proper recognition of the financial implication of the opportunity cost and out-of-pocket costs in inventory analysis.
Abstract: This paper presents the discounted cash-flows (DCF) approach for the analysis of the optimal inventory policy in the presence of the trade credit. The DCF approach permits a proper recognition of the financial implication of the opportunity cost and out-of-pocket costs in inventory analysis. This approach also permits an explicit recognition of the exact timing of cash flows associated with an inventory system. As a result, the effect of the delayed payment is appropriately reflected in determining the optimal order size.
TL;DR: The results of the antisera injections suggest that endogenous steroid hormones may have a natural role in gonadal differentiation of reptiles with environmental sex determination as mentioned in this paper, and that estrogen is the female-inducing hormone and that androgens may feminize gonads via aromatization to estrogen.
TL;DR: It is less clear that deinstitutionalization is still the best way to characterize current mental health long-term care, or the best policy for the future, but some reasons why this is so are explored.
Abstract: Deinstitutionalization is perhaps the most widely recognized term in mental health policy. It has dominated our thinking about policy, especially about mental health long-term care policy, for nearly 30 years. But it is less clear that it is still the best way to characterize current mental health long-term care, or the best policy for the future. In this article, we explore some reasons why this is so, and we present a new picture of current mental health long-term care policy.
TL;DR: High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cytokinin nucleosides showed peaks corresponding to the retention times of trans-ribosylzeatin, methylthioribosylZEatin, isopentenyladenosine, and methylthioisopentylammonium bromide precipitation.
Abstract: Although there is considerable circumstantial evidence for the involvement of cytokinins in legume nodulation, the cytokinins produced by rhizobia have not been well characterized. Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A68, a bacterium which nodulates soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), was grown in defined medium. Cytokinins were purified from the culture medium by Amberlite XAD-2 chromatography and fractionated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 in 35% ethanol. Pooled fractions from the Sephadex column were analyzed for cytokinin activity with the tobacco callus bioassay. Cytokinin activity was observed in fractions corresponding to the elution volumes of zeatin, ribosylzeatin, and methylthiozeatin. No activity corresponding to the elution volumes of isopentenyladenine or its riboside was found. Total cytokinin activity in the B. japonicum culture filtrate was equivalent to approximately 1 microgram of kinetin per liter. Transfer RNA was isolated from B. japonicum cells by phenol extraction, followed by potassium acetate extraction, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitation, and DEAE cellulose chromatography. Transfer RNA was enzymically hydrolyzed to nucleosides. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cytokinin nucleosides showed peaks corresponding to the retention times of trans-ribosylzeatin, methylthioribosylzeatin, isopentenyladenosine, and methylthioisopentenyladenosine. Analysis of the tRNA hydrolysate by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and tobacco bioassay showed cytokinin activity in fractions corresponding to ribosylzeatin, methylthioribosylzeatin, and isopentenyladenosine. The presence of the trans isomer of ribosylzeatin was also determined by enzyme immunoassay.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalized upper and lower solution method for the solvability of first-order ordinary differential equations was introduced to cover the case when the function satisfies Caratheodory conditions, and this method is then applied to get multiplicity results when the nonlinearity interacts with the real eigenvalue of the linearized problem.
TL;DR: Spectrophotometric analyses of lumen contents and midgut cells, sampled after detachment from the host, showed that concentrations of protein and hemoglobin at day 1 post-detachment decreased by one-half at the beginning of oviposition, while hematin increased about twofold by the end of ovIPosition, which supported the idea of the presence of a second continuous-digestion phase.
Abstract: Digestive cells in the midgut of male and femaleDermacentor variabilis (Say) took up the blood meal in coated vesicles and smooth flask-shaped vesicles, and deposited it in endosomes which were digested via heterophagy. Iron was concentrated in residual bodies.
TL;DR: It is shown that if G is 2-connected, of order p ≥ 3 and if for every pair of nonadjacent vertices x and y: 1, G is traceable, then G is hamiltonian-connected.
TL;DR: Azotobacter vinelandii OP was grown to stationary phase in defined medium and three cytokinin-active fractions were detected and tentatively identified as trans-zeatin, isopentenyladenosine, and isopENTenyladenine.
Abstract: Azotobacter vinelandii OP was grown to stationary phase in defined medium. The cell-free culture medium was analyzed for cytokinin content by XAD-2 and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, tobacco callus bioassay, and enzyme immunoassay. Three cytokinin-active fractions were detected and tentatively identified as trans-zeatin, isopentenyladenosine, and isopentenyladenine. The total cytokinin activity was equivalent to 0.75 μg of kinetin per liter.
TL;DR: Estimating the relative contributions of present and future components to total indirect fitness gained by non-breeding helpers in three species of cooperatively breeding birds suggests that the future component of indirect fitness may comprise 29–49% of the total gain in indirect fitness accruing to helpers.
TL;DR: This study reports on initial item development, initial concurrent validity, factor structure, initial item refinement, and internal consistency of the Anorectic Cognitions Questionnaire (MAC).
TL;DR: This paper studies the concept of regular or nearly regular graphs and derives a relationship to integer matrices with distinct row and column sums and considers the parameter, s(G), the irregularity strength of a graph G, which is the smallest maximum weight over all irregular networks with underlying graph G.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the Stanford Physical Activity Recall may be the self-report measure of choice for large studies due to its high reliability and convergent validity with a more time-consuming daily log, as well as its cost- and time-efficiency.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the long-term cognitive deficits in autism are more in symbolic thinking, which does not emerge until the end of the sensorimotor period.
Abstract: Piagetian sensorimotor functioning of 10 autistic, 10 retarded, and 10 normal children, closely matched on mental age, was assessed with the Dunst revision of the Uzgiris and Hunt scales of infant psychological development. The three groups showed no significant differences in overall performance or specific subtest performance as revealed by estimated developmental ages, number of failed items, and Piagetian stage levels. These findings, which are contrary to previous reports of early sensorimotor deficits specific to autism, suggest that the long-term cognitive deficits in autism are more in symbolic thinking, which does not emerge until the end of the sensorimotor period.
TL;DR: Findings showed that learners who received preferred contexts (i.e., learner-control-context subjects) selected a greater number of examples than those who received prescribed contexts.
Abstract: The present study examines uses and effects of learner-control of the context or theme of practice examples on a statistics lesson in combination with learner control of the number of examples examined. Subjects were 227 undergraduate students assigned to 15 treatments formed by crossing five context conditions (learner control, education, business, sports, no-context) with three instructional support conditions (learner-control, maximum, minimum). No differences in achievement were attained as a function of either treatment variable. Findings showed, however, that learners who received preferred contexts (i.e., learner-control-context subjects) selected a greater number of examples than those who received prescribed contexts. In addition, achievement was positively related to the frequency with which subjects varied the number of examples selected across lessons. Despite the absence of achievement benefits, the learner-control-context strategy elicited highly favorable student reactions as a learning orientation.