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Showing papers by "University of Memphis published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a finite field method for the calculation of polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities is developed based on both an energy expansion and a dipole moment expansion, implemented in the MOPAC semiempirical program.
Abstract: : A finite field method for the calculation of polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities is developed based on both an energy expansion and a dipole moment expansion. This procedure is implemented in the MOPAC semiempirical program. Values and components of the dipole moment (mu), polarizability (alpha), first hyperpolarizability (beta), and second hyperpolarizability (gamma) are calculated as an extension of the usual MOPAC run. Applications to benzene and substituted benzenes are shown as test cases utilizing both MNDO and AM1 Hamiltonians.

729 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings from the review confirm that depressed clients benefit substantially from psychotherapy, and these gains appear comparable to those observed with pharmacotherapy.
Abstract: Previous quantitative reviews of research on the efficacy of psychotherapy for depression have included only a subset of the available research or limited their focus to a single outcome measure. The present review offers a more comprehensive quantitative integration of this literature. Using studies that compared psychotherapy with either no treatment or another form of treatment, this article assesses (a) the overall effectiveness of psychotherapy for depressed clients, (b) its effectiveness relative to pharmacotherapy, and (c) the clinical significance of treatment outcomes. Findings from the review confirm that depressed clients benefit substantially from psychotherapy, and these gains appear comparable to those observed with pharmacotherapy. Initial analysis suggested some differences in the efficacy of various types of treatment; however, once the influence of investigator allegiance was removed, there remained no evidence for the relative superiority of any 1 approach. In view of these results, the focus of future research should be less on differentiating among psychotherapies for depression than on identifying the factors responsible for improvement.

679 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This investigation determined the accuracy of self-reports of physical activity compared to observations obtained surreptitiously and indicated that subjects were moderately accurate in recalling their physical activity levels but underestimated sedentary activities and overestimated aerobic activities.
Abstract: This investigation determined the accuracy of self-reports of physical activity compared to observations obtained surreptitiously. Subjects were 44 adults engaged in 1 h of their preferred physical activity while actual activity levels were surreptitiously obtained and compared to immediate self-reported estimates of physical activity. Results indicated that subjects were moderately accurate in recalling their physical activity levels (R = 0.62) but underestimated sedentary activities and overestimated aerobic activities by over 300%. Males overestimated their activity relative to females, and obese subjects underestimated their activity levels compared to normal-weight subjects. Finally, a number of two-way interactions that moderated the accuracy of those subjects engaging in high chronic levels of physical activity were observed.

286 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using regression-modeling procedures, results revealed a significant relationship between a child's relative weight, parental weight status, and percentage of time spent outdoors (environment) and children's activity levels and Parental obesity was associated with lower levels of physical activity in children.
Abstract: Examined demographic, environmental, and parent-child interactional correlates of physical activity in a group of 222 preschoolers. Activity levels were assessed with a system that quantified directly observed physical activity in the natural environment. Using regression-modeling procedures, results revealed a significant relationship between (a) child's relative weight, parental weight status, and percentage of time spent outdoors (environment) and (b) children's activity levels. Parental obesity was associated with lower levels of physical activity in children, childhood relative weight was associated with slightly higher levels of physical activity, and more outdoor activity was associated with higher activity levels. Parental participation in children's activities also significantly interacted with levels of parental obesity in predicting activity levels. Those children with a 50% risk for obesity (as defined by both, one, or neither parent being overweight) had small changes in activity across levels of parent-child interaction, whereas those at higher risk for obesity responded with increased activity as parent-child interactions increased. Results are discussed, and the implications of these findings for future intervention efforts are examined.

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This quantitative review focuses on estimating the extent of neuroanatomical abnormalities detected via neuroimaging in schizophrenia and affective disorders, and on examining sample characteristics and methodological factors that may affect study outcome.
Abstract: The neuroimaging literature on structural brain abnormalities in the major psychoses is quantitatively reviewed. The mean effect size for studies of lateral ventriculomegaly in schizophrenia (d = .70) corresponded to 43% nonoverlap between the distributions of schizophrenics and control Ss. Planimetry yielded larger effects than linear methods of ventricular size estimation. Although enlargement of the third ventricle was comparable to that of lateral ventrieulomagaly (d = .66), it was found to be significantly greater after differences in measurement method were taken into account. The average cumulative length of hospitalization, adjusted for patients' age and duration of illness, predicted ventriculomegaly in schizophrenia. Studies on schizophrenia and affecfive disorder differed neither in the extent of reported ventriculomegaly nor in the amount of"cortical atrophy." The notion of schizophrenia as a brain disorder has generated great interest in the structural parameters of its substrate: the schizophrenic brain. Since the 1970s, a revolution in neuroradiology has eliminated many risks and limitations of older brain imaging procedures, thereby allowing systematic exploration of cerebral structure in psychiatric patients. Two radiological techniques--computer-assisted tomography (CAT, or CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)permit reliable in vivo structural imaging of the brain. Although based on different physical principles, both approaches provide an unprecedented opportunity for noninvasive visualization of gross brain anatomy. Hence, both are well suited for the investigation of putative cerebral abnormalities in psychiatric patients. In this quantitative review, we focus on estimating the extent of neuroanatomical abnormalities detected via neuroimaging in schizophrenia and affective disorders, and on examining sample characteristics and methodological factors that may affect study outcome. The bulk of the evidence is drawn from CT investigations ofcerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled cavities-that is, the ventricular system, cortical sulci and fissures, and pericerebellar spaces---in the major psychoses. Whereas CT has been applied to research in neuropsychiatry for more than a decade, since the pioneering study by Johnstone, Crow, Frith, Stevens, and Kreel (1976), the application of MRI to the investigation of gross neuroanatomy in psychotic patients is still in its exploratory phase. Unlike CT studies, MRI investigations--with their great variety of imaging approaches and considerable flexibility in manipulating scanning parame

208 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One of the important, but somewhat disturbing, conclusions is that maintenance problems are pretty much the same as during the 1970s (except for minor changes), despite advances made in structured methodologies and techniques.
Abstract: Compared to a decade ago, when the first comprehensive study was done in software maintenance, many changes have occurred in the practice of system development. Longitudinal data were obtained by using the same survey instrument, updated to reflect current practices, and sampling the same population. Comparing the current with 1977 results has helped to identify the persistent problems and issues as well as the emerging problems and issues. One of the important, but somewhat disturbing, conclusions is that maintenance problems are pretty much the same as during the 1970s (except for minor changes), despite advances made in structured methodologies and techniques. In terms of specific problems, personnel problems of maintenance programmers, i.e. turnover and availability, and programmer effectiveness problems, i.e. skills, motivation and productivity, have shown a rise, while problems associated with users' knowledge of computer systems have declined.

189 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The PHAP, a 66-item self-administered inventory that quantifies performance with a hearing aid in everyday life using both seven-score and four-score profiles, has been evaluated using groups consisting mainly of elderly hearing aid wearers having mild to moderate hearing impairments.
Abstract: This paper reports the development of the Profile of Hearing Aid Performance (PHAP), a 66-item self-administered inventory that quantifies performance with a hearing aid in everyday life using both...

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effect of homework assignment on therapy outcome by assigning 63 carefully diagnosed unipolar depressives to one of two otherwise identical 10-week cognitive therapy conditions, only one of which utilized weekly homework assignments.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors resolved the conflict between biological and cultural explanations of aesthetic behavior that is evident in the landscape aesthetics literature by resolving that conflict, and they proposed a method to resolve the conflict in the literature.
Abstract: This article resolves the conflict between biological and cultural explanations of aesthetic behavior that is evident in the landscape aesthetics literature. In resolving that conflict, the article...

142 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experiment supports the hypothesis of genetic differentiation in the propensity to metamorphose among the populations, but gave mixed evidence that pond‐drying regime is the selective force directing evolution of this trait.
Abstract: A "common garden" experiment using artifical ponds was performed to test if differences in frequency of paedomorphosis and metamorphosis among six natural populations of the salamander Ambystoma talpoideum resulted from the drying regime of the aquatic habitat acting as an agent of selection. Our experiment supports the hypothesis of genetic differentiation in the propensity to metamorphose among the populations, but gave mixed evidence that pond-drying regime is the selective force directing evolution of this trait. Some populations appear to have evolved phenotypic plasticity whereas others may have a genetic polymorphism in their propensity to metamorphose as ponds dry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the literature on exploratory and investigatory behavior, with special attention to aspects of behavior that are clearly part of exploration and about which little is known, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: This paper consists of a review of the literature on exploratory and investigatory behavior, with special attention to aspects of behavior that are clearly part of exploration and about which little is known. In accord with previous examinations of exploration, it is argued that exploration serves the function of information gathering. In addition, it is contended that the devlopment of comprehensive models of exploration would serve to benefit greatly both the study of basic processes in cognition and studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory. Most data available as of this writing focus on the spatial character of exploration, but the open-field test most commonly used has serious conceptual and methodological flaws, which are discussed. A larger problem lies in the scarcity of knowledge about other aspects of exploration—that is, investigation of objects. Finally, this paper argues the need for extensive descriptive information about the spontaneous exploratory behavior of rats. Such an account, if available, could be used as benchmark data for establishing the basic behavioral units in spontaneous investigation and for studying the effects of diverse central nervous system interventions on behaviors previously shown to be involved in the acquisition of new information—that is, learning.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1990-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, a planar, high-angle normal faulting of an elastic upper crust overlying an inviscid lower crust is modelled to quantify the role of flexural rigidity, density variations in the crust and erosion and deposition of sediment.
Abstract: Large localized uplift is commonly observed in continental regions undergoing extension. These observations can be modelled by planar, high-angle normal faulting of an elastic upper crust overlying an inviscid lower crust. Isostasy provides the necessary driving force. The model quantifies the role of flexural rigidity, density variations in the crust and erosion and deposition of sediment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results confirm the presence of lateralization in prosimians, and interpret the sex and age differences in relation to current theories of neural lateralization.
Abstract: A population of 194 lemurs (Lemur spp.), 116 males and 78 females, from 1 to 30 years of age, was assessed for lateralized hand use in simple food reaching with a minimum of 100 reaches per animal. A hand preference was present in 80% of the population with a bias for use of the left hand that was most characteristic of male lemurs and young lemurs. The results confirm the presence of lateralization in prosimians, and we interpret the sex and age differences in relation to current theories of neural lateralization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Six extracts from Chinese medicinal plants were tested for their inhibitory effect on selected food-borne bacteria by the well assay technique and two of them suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A in cabbage juice.
Abstract: Six extracts from Chinese medicinal plants: Tin Men Chu, Sey Lau Pai, Siu Mao Heung, Bak Tao Yung, Kam Chin Chiu and Liao Ya, were tested for their inhibitory effect on selected food-borne bacteria by the well assay technique. Among them, Tin Men Chu, Siu Mao Heung and Sey Lau Pai inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella paratyphi, Salm. enteritidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus vulgaris, Alcaligenes faecalis, and three strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Two of these three extracts, Tin Men Chu and Siu Mao Heung, suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes Scott A in cabbage juice. This inhibition was prevented by the addition of protein but not sodium chloride. Plant extracts show potential to control the growth of food-borne bacteria.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Results indicated that level of quantification affected decisions to hire the applicant in the predicted direction and both the diabetic and obese applicant were less likely to be hired, although they were rated similarly on personal appearance, attitude during the interview, and communication skills.
Abstract: The effects of having diabetes or obesity on simulated job decisions was evaluated in a two (qualifications, high v. marginal) by three (diabetes, mildly obese, or normal) design. Subjects were 295 adults, averaging 5.02 years of full-time employment in white-collar settings, recruited in advanced level graduate or undergraduate business classes. Each subject examined a job description and a resume of the 'applicant' and viewed a 5-minute videotape. The applicant's face was never seen and an off-camera voice, constant across all conditions, was dubbed in for the applicant's responses to the interviewer's questions. Subjects were then asked to rate the applicant's qualification level and demeanor during the interview and to recommend whether or not to hire the individual. Subjects were also asked to make ratings about the applicant's work habits, work reliability and absenteeism, and interpersonal skills (e.g. emotional problems, likeability). Results indicated that level of quantification affected decisions to hire the applicant in the predicted direction. However, the obese applicant was rated as less qualified for the job, and both the diabetic and obese applicant were less likely to be hired, although they were rated similarly on personal appearance, attitude during the interview, and communication skills. Additionally, both the obese and the diabetic applicant were viewed as having poorer work habits. The diabetic was rated as much more likely to have medically-related job absences, whereas the obese applicant was rated as more likely to have other absences (e.g. abusing company privileges by feigning illness) and to have emotional and interpersonal problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Temperature significantly affected plasma cortisol, glucose, chloride, and hematocrit but not osmolality in fish acclimated to 5, 10, 16, 21, 25 and 30°C in yearling striped bass.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using transactions data for all stocks traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange, the authors showed that returns and number of shares traded have a U-shaped pattern when plotted against time of the trading day.
Abstract: Using transactions data for all stocks traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange, this study shows that returns and number of shares traded have a U-shaped pattern when plotted against time of the trading day. These results confirm that the findings of Wood, Mclnish and Ord (1985), Harris (1986), Mclnish and Wood (1988) and Jain and Joh (1989) for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) also hold for both another exchange and another country and are not due to peculiarities of United States securities markets. Further, evidence is provided to support the view of Harris (1989) and Terry (1986) that these relatively high end-of-day returns are due, at least in part, to an increase in the proportion of trades at the ask relative to trades at the bid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that women scored higher than men on the affectively oriented Death Anxiety Scale, but not on the more cognitively oriented Threat Index, and this pattern of findings remained unchanged once they statistically controlled self-disclosure and social desirability.
Abstract: Several researchers have reported sex differences in death anxiety, but such differences have not been systematically investigated. This study attempts to test the generality of elevated death anxiety of women in a heterogeneous, racially mixed adult sample (h = 117). Moreover, we tested the viability of one explanation of this apparent gender difference. We statistically controlled for potential sex differences in self-disclosure or “social desirability” response bias. As predicted, women scored higher than men on the affectively oriented Death Anxiety Scale, but not on the more cognitively oriented Threat Index. However, in conflict with the emotional expressiveness hypothesis, this pattern of findings remained unchanged once we statistically controlled self-disclosure and social desirability. These findings suggest that sex differences in death attitudes are real rather than artifactual, and deserve more empirical study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of background information in the generation of spontaneous inferences regarding a target's behavior was examined, where background information was used to predict the target's behaviour.
Abstract: The role of background information in the generation of spontaneous inferences regarding a target's behavior was examined

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that smokers had lower estimated body fat as calculated by multiple skinfold thickness assessments, and the role of metabolism as a possible determinant of the body fat differences in smokers vs nonsmokers is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between experience and skill among 113 school-age children (grades 1 through 12) who played competitive chess was examined, and they found that improvement in skill is related to experience, and chess players score higher than average on the Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Abstract: This paper reports several studies of chess expertise in children who play competitive chess. The first study examines (1) the relationship between experience and skill among 113 school-age children (grades 1 through 12); and (2) the relationship between chess skill and scores on various spatial and logical abilities tests among the top 15 players. Improvement in skill is related to experience, and chess players score higher than average on the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Also, scores on a chess-specific test, the Knight's Tour, correlate with scores on the Raven's. The second study reports three experiments with 59 Ss involving chess-specific tasks in memory, perception, and similarity judgements. The first two experiments replicated and extended Chase and Simon (1973). The third experiment, which asked Ss to judge similarities of chess positions, demonstrated that similarity judgements become more global and abstract with increased skill. The final section describes qualitatively how children's chess expertise compares to that of adults. Drawing upon Anderson (1985), we focus on some distinctive features of children's chess play and on some successful techniques in coaching young players.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied whether major increases in firm size, achieved through acquisitions, result in greater chief executive officer (CEO) compensation, given manager versus owner control, and found that acquisitions, after allowing 1 year for the full impact of the merger to be felt, led to significant increases in CEO compensation for both owner and manager-controlled firms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that restraint status may vary as a function of individuals' demographic characteristics, and internal reliabilities of the total scale and the two subscales were similar and generally high within each of the categories surveyed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provided a preliminary test of two key predictions derived from a conceptual model refining the role of job performance as a direct impact on turnover, and a moderator of the job satisfaction-turnover relationship.
Abstract: The role of job performance in the turnover process has been a problematic issue for researchers and managers alike. The present study provides a preliminary test of two key predictions derived from a conceptual model refining the role of job performance as a direct impact on turnover, and a moderator of the job satisfaction-turnover relationship. The results support differing roles for intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction components in their relationship with turnover for retail store managers performing at low, average and high levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mechanism of sex determination in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was evaluated by hormonal and genetic methods and it is suggested that the YY equivalent genotype is viable.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a transfer function analysis indicates that the sensitivity comes with a one-quarter lag and that even sophisticated real estate investors seem slow to adjust to changes in business cycle and monetary conditions that cause quicker changes in the stock market.
Abstract: A national multifamily and nonresidential real estate capitalization rate shows sensitivity to the analogous earnings/price ratio aggregated from the stock market Both time series seen to have the same ARIMA characteristics However, a transfer function analysis indicates that the sensitivity comes with a one quarter lag Thus, even sophisticated real estate investors seem slow to adjust to changes in business cycle and monetary conditions that cause quicker changes in the stock market

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under reasonable assumptions, this paper shows that the optimal ordering policy can be described by a single equation, regardless of the sign of the covariance term, and hence provides a simple method for finding the solution.
Abstract: A recent article in this journal employs the capital-asset pricing model for the analysis of the newsboy problem and shows how the covariance risk affects the optimal inventory policy. The purpose of this paper is to sharpen the optimality conditions given by the article and hence to provide a simple method for finding the solution. Under reasonable assumptions, this paper shows that the optimal ordering policy can be described by a single equation, regardless of the sign of the covariance term.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: No consistent relationship was found between the various childhood physical activity factors and the cardiovascular risk factors of weight and blood pressure and individual (nonfactored) physical activity measures also failed to correlate with children's physical activity.