Showing papers by "University of Michigan published in 1974"
TL;DR: The Health Belief Model (HBM) as mentioned in this paper is a well-known theory in the field of epidemiology that has been the subject of considerable direct study and has directly or indirectly spawned a good deal of additional research.
Abstract: I t is always difficult to trace the historical development of a theory that has been the subject of considerable direct study and has directly or indirectly spawned a good deal of additional research. This is certainly true of the Health Belief Model, perhaps even more than usual because the Model grew out of a set of independent, applied research problems with which a group of investigators in the Public Health Service were confronted between 1950 and 1960. Thus, the theory and development of the Model grew simultaneously with the solution of practical problems. Two classes of circumstances should be described which were largely responsible for the type of model that ultimately emerged. These concern the settings in which research was required and the training and background experiences of those who participated in the development of the Model.
4,844 citations
TL;DR: A new minimal medium for enterobacteria is developed that supports growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium at rates comparable to those of any of the traditional media that have high phosphate concentrations, but each of the macronutrients is present at a sufficiently low level to permit isotopic labeling.
Abstract: A new minimal medium for enterobacteria has been developed. It supports growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium at rates comparable to those of any of the traditional media that have high phosphate concentrations, but each of the macronutrients (phosphate, sulfate, and nitrogen) is present at a sufficiently low level to permit isotopic labeling. Buffering capacity is provided by an organic dipolar ion, morpholinopropane sulfonate, which has a desirable pK (7.2) and no apparent inhibitory effect on growth. The medium has been developed with the objectives of (i) providing reproducibility of chemical composition, (ii) meeting the experimentally determined nutritional needs of the cell, (iii) avoiding an unnecessary excess of the major ionic species, (iv) facilitating the adjustment of the levels of individual ionic species, both for isotopic labeling and for nutritional studies, (v) supplying a complete array of micronutrients, (vi) setting a particular ion as the crop-limiting factor when the carbon and energy source is in excess, and (vii) providing maximal convenience in the manufacture and storage of the medium.
2,930 citations
TL;DR: The present paper is confined to the first of these areas health behavior, where hardly anyone can be found who, upon intensive questioning, would report himself free of all symptoms.
Abstract: The Health Belief Model was originally formulated to explain (preventive) health behavior. As defined by Kasl and Cobb,’ health behavior is “any activity undertaken by a person who believes himself to be healthy for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in a n asymptomatic stage.” This is in contrast with illness behavior, defined as “any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill, for the purpose of defining the state of his health and of discovering suitable remedy,” and sick-role behavior, “the activity undertaken by those who consider themselves ill for the purpose of getting well.” The present paper is confined to the first of these areas health behavior. I t should first be noted that the three modes of behavior are not discontinuous. Hardly anyone can be found who, upon intensive questioning, would report himself free of all symptoms. Similarly, the edges between illness behavior and sick-role behavior are blurred. Nevertheless, the distinctions are valuable because they refer to modal mental states which help to account for behavior.
2,562 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that the increased distrust in government, or cynicism, was associated with reactions to the issues of racial integration and U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war, and a curvilinear relationship was found between policy preference on these and other contemporary social issues and political cynicism.
Abstract: National survey data demonstrate that support of the federal government decreased substantially between 1964 and 1970. Policy preference, a lack of perceived difference between the parties, and policy dissatisfaction were hypothesized as correlates of trust and alternative explanations of this decrease. Analysis revealed that the increased distrust in government, or cynicism, was associated with reactions to the issues of racial integration and U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war. A curvilinear relationship was found between policy preference on these and other contemporary social issues and political cynicism. The minority favoring centrist policies was more likely to trust the government than the large proportion who preferred noncentrist policy alternatives. This complex relationship between trust and policy preference is explained by dissatisfaction with the policies of both political parties. The dissatisfied noncentrists formed highly polarized and distinct types: “cynics of the left,” who preferred policies providing social change, and “cynics of the right,” who favored policies of social control.
1,110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is presented which assumes a subject simultaneously accesses memory from all concepts in a probe proposition and serially searches through all study propositions involving each concept, which terminates as soon as one search process from a concept finds the probe proposition or exhausts the study propositions attached to that concept.
611 citations
TL;DR: By means of agarose-gel electrophoresis, endonuclease R.EcoRI-generated fragments of DNA from various viruses were separated, their molecular weights were determined, and complete or partial fragment maps for lambda, phi80, and hybrid phages were constructed.
Abstract: By means of agarose-gel electrophoresis, endonuclease R.EcoRI-generated fragments of DNA from various viruses were separated, their molecular weights were determined, and complete or partial fragment maps for lambda, phi80, and hybrid phages were constructed.
603 citations
567 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that each presentation of a to-be-remembered item in a free-recall list was both preceded and followed by a distracting activity and recall was delayed by an additional period of distracting activity.
539 citations
TL;DR: The reconstituted enzyme system was active in the hydroxylation of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, drugs, drugs (benzphetamine, hexobarbital, and ethylmorphine), and aniline and the presence of both phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate was necessary for maximal activity.
494 citations
485 citations
TL;DR: Lower bounds on the degree of a Chevalley group over a field of characteristic other than p have been obtained by Landazuri et al. as mentioned in this paper, who showed that for most types of groups and for most primes p it is not difficult to obtain reasonable lower bounds for the complex irreducible characters of G = G(q), using the existence of certain p-subgroups of G resembling extraspecial groups.
TL;DR: It is apparent that, in addition to regulating the transcription of defined genome loci, the nonhistone chromosomal proteins include enzymes that have a general function, proteins that are involved in determining the structure of chromatin, as well as proteins that serve as recognition sites for binding of regulatory macromolecules.
Abstract: Evidence from several model systems suggests that nonhistone chromosomal proteins may regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells. The data indicate that the synthesis of new species of nonhistone chromosomal proteins as well as modifications of preexisting nonhistone chromosomal proteins are involved in the control of transcription. However, from the vast number of proteins included in this class, it is apparent that, in addition to regulating the transcription of defined genome loci, the nonhistone chromosomal proteins include enzymes that have a general function, proteins that are involved in determining the structure of chromatin, as well as proteins that serve as recognition sites for binding of regulatory macromolecules. The presence of a nucleoplasmic pool of nonhistone chromosomal proteins which may exchange with the chromatin has also been reported (89). While it is clear that the nonhistone chromosomal proteins play a key role in the regulation of gene expression, the exact manner in which they interact with the genome to initiate, modify, or augment the transcription of specific RNA molecules remains to be resolved.
TL;DR: A survey of 621 female nurse-anesthetists in Michigan was performed to determine the incidence of birth defects among the offspring of this group, and three neoplasms were reported in two children whose mothers worked during pregnancy.
Abstract: A survey of 621 female nurse-anesthetists in Michigan was performed to determine the incidence of birth defects among the offspring of this group. Two separate mailings and telephone interviews resulted in a response rate of 84.5 per cent. Of children whose mothers worked during pregnancy, 16.4 per
TL;DR: In children less than 3 years of age, males experienced more illnesses than females; in those older than that, the reverse was true; highest rates were observed in more educated families with low income.
Abstract: Approximately 14,600 cases of respiratory illness in 4,905 residents of Tecumseh, Mich, were studied during a six-year period. The annual incidence of respiratory illness for each individual was calculated. Rates decreased with age except during the 20- to 29-year decade. In children less than 3 years of age, males experienced more illnesses than females; in those older than that, the reverse was true. Frequency of physician consultation varied with illness type. Rhinoviruses were the most frequently isolated pathogen from all illnesses. From those associated with physician consultation, group A hemolytic streptococci were nearly as frequently isolated. More illnesses started on Monday than on any other day of the week. Illness frequency increased with education of head of household, but decreased with family income. Therefore, highest rates were observed in more educated families with low income.
TL;DR: In this article, Dror has proposed several criteria for selecting subjects for social policy studies that give us yet another view of the dimensions of social policy and its relevance for health education.
Abstract: Most of us will agree that social policy involves the provision of social services. Titmuss argues that all social service activities that serve a common purpose can be grouped together, so that all forms of collective intervention that contribute to the general welfare are acts of social policy. He extends this concept to include not only the provision of social services, but also the social purposes for which these services are provided in the areas of agriculture, economics, manpower development, natural resources development, and social welfare. In effect, Titmuss’ concept suggests that any institutional activities intended for the social well-being of the population are matters of social policy.’ The Joint Economic Committee has similarly stated that any activities that contribute to human resources development are the concerns of social policy.2 Boulding has taken the approach that “by and large it is the objective of social policy to build the identity of a person around some community with which he is associated.” He notes that “the institutions with which social policy is especially concerned, such as the school, family, or church; or at the other end, the public assistance office, court or prison, all reflect degrees of integration of persons and community.” Thus, Boulding’s ideas suggest that any activities that decrease the gaps between human needs and the institutional providers of society are matters of social policy:’ Dror has proposed several criteria for selecting subjects for policy studies that give us yet another view of the dimensions of social policy and its relevance for health education. According to Dror, to be considered for study as social policy, the subject must be relevant to important problems and issues faced by the country; i t must be useful, in the sense of having some possible beneficial impacts on the actual
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the current status of a series of studies oriented toward the assessment of perceived life quality and propose a conceptual model that a person's overall sense of life quality is understandable as a combination of affective responses to life "domains" which are of two types: role situations and values.
Abstract: This report presents the current status of a series of studies oriented toward the assessment of perceived life quality. The conceptual model proposes that a person’s overall sense of life quality is understandable as a combination of affective responses to life ‘domains’, which are of two types — role situations and values. Over 100 items used to measure a wide variety of domains and 28 items assessing perceived overall life quality are presented. Various subsets of these items were used in interviews with several representative samples of American adults. Based on these data the domain items were grouped into a smaller number of semi-independent clusters which were internally stable across 10 different subgroups of the respondents and whose interrelationships were highly replicable in independent national samples. A series of analyses, some replicated in more than one survey showed: (1) an additive combination of 12 selected domains explained 50–60 % of the variance in an index of overall life quality, (2) neither other domains nor several social characteristic variables contributed additional explanatory power, (3) this level of explanation was achieved in each of 22 subgroups of the population, and (4) additive combinations of domains worked as well as more complicated combinations.
TL;DR: It is suggested that Bandeirae simplicifolia lectin, the first α-d-galactopyranosyl binding lectin (anti-B lectin) to be purified and characterized, will be valuable not only as a serological reagent, but in studies of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and cell membrane structure.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the eigenvalues of a graph are computed by searching for p orthogonal eigenvectors, determining the first p moments by counting closed walks and then finding the spectrum from the moments, or using certain subgraphs to determine the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial.
Abstract: How can one actually compute the eigenvalues of a graph? In principal, there are three methods. Namely, (1) we can search for p orthogonal eigenvectors, (2) we can determine the first p moments by counting closed walks and then find the spectrum from the moments, or (3) we can use certain subgraphs to determine the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial and then find its roots.
TL;DR: Patients with the diagnosis of Klippel-Feil syndrome were at risk of having other serious, but less apparent, anomalies, including Sprengel's deformity, impairment of hearing, synkinesia, and congenital heart disease, so the discovery of one of these lesions should be stimulated.
Abstract: Of fifty patients with the diagnosis of Klippel-Feil syndrome, less than half had the classic clinical triad of findings, while more than half had scoliosis, and a third had renal anomalies All patients were at risk of having other serious, but less apparent, anomalies, including: Sprengel's deformity (twenty-one patients), impairment of hearing (fifteen patients), synkinesia (nine patients), and congenital heart disease (seven patients) The discovery of one of these lesions should, therefore, stimulate a careful search for associated anomalies
TL;DR: Three plasmids designated alpha, beta, and gamma, distinguishable by their molecular weights, were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS-5 (ATCC 14508).
Abstract: Three plasmids designated α, β, and γ, distinguishable by their molecular weights (6, 17, and 34 million, respectively) were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS-5 (ATCC 14508). Derivatives of this strain “cured” for erythromycin resistance lacked the β-plasmid. In the parent strain the β-plasmid was estimated to be present to the extent of one to two copies per chromosomal genome equivalent whereas the α- and γ-plasmids were about nine and five copies, respectively. Images
TL;DR: In this paper, a new computational model has been created to describe the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere, which is used to compute energy spectrums, ionization rates, backscatter ratios, and optical emissions associated with different incident electron spectrums.
Abstract: A new computational model has been created to describe the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere. For electrons of energy greater than 500 eV, continuous energy losses and small angle deflections are combined in a Fokker-Planck diffusion equation that computes energy spectrums over all pitch angles throughout the atmosphere. These fluxes are then used to determine the rates of secondary electron and degraded (E < 500 eV) primary electron production at all heights. This information is used to compute upward and downward hemispherical fluxes in the energy range 0–500 eV, taking into account discrete energy losses, large angle scattering, and particle transport along magnetic field lines. The model has been used to compute energy spectrums, ionization rates, backscatter ratios, and optical emissions associated with different incident electron spectrums. For monoenergetic electrons of energy 2 keV and above the results obtained agree well with the work of Rees (1969) and Rees and Maeda (1973). At lower energies the effects of transport and elastic collisions become progressively more important, and the present results differ significantly both from the Rees and Maeda results and from those obtained from the ideas of energy degradation. Finally, spectrums typical of the nighttime auroral oval and daytime polar cusp are used to obtain the altitude dependent fluxes, ionization rates, and optical emissions.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the iron-sulfur centers act as an electron reservoir functioning to maintain molybdenum as Mo(VI) (for efficient reduction) and flavin as FADH2 ( for efficient oxidation).
TL;DR: The drug-resistance plasmid-dependent host range of PRD1 extends beyond the P incompatibility group and includes gram-negative bacteria containing plasmids of incompatibility groups N and W.
Abstract: Several distinctive properties of PRD1, an icosahedral plasmid-dependent phage, are described. The drug-resistance plasmid-dependent host range of PRD1 extends beyond the P incompatibility group and includes gram-negative bacteria containing plasmids of incompatibility groups N and W. PRD1 phage will infect pseudomonads and Enterobacteriaceae containing either a P or W incompatibility group plasmid. PRD1 adsorbs to the cell wall of R(+) bacteria and thus its infectivity indicates cell wall alterations by these drug-resistance plasmid groups. PRD1 nucleic acid is duplex DNA with an estimated molecular weight of 24 x 10(6). The appearance of PRD1 in electron micrographs is suggestive of lipid content in addition to its buoyant density of 1.348 in CsCl and its sensitivity to chloroform. The latent period of PRD1 varies with the R(+) host bacterial strain used for growth of the phage.
TL;DR: The propositional representation is used to interpret effects of verbal context upon recognition memory and the implications of these context effects are considered for two-process models of recall and recognition.
Abstract: This paper modifies the Anderson and Bower (1972) theory of recognition memory for words. A propositional representation is outlined for the contextual information underlying word recognition. Logical arguments are offered for preferring this representation over the undifferentiated associative representation used earlier. The propositional representation is used to interpret effects of verbal context upon recognition memory. The implications of these context effects are considered for two-process models of recall and recognition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify causal mechanisms in the evolution of life history patterns in plants and animals, using well-studied examples from the literature, and use them to identify the necessary and sufficient environmental factors that can be used to explain the observed diversity of life histories.
Abstract: Evolutionary theory has not yet determined the necessary and sufficient environmental factors that can be used to explain the observed diversity of life history patterns in plants and animals. Although recent theoretical treatments of the evolution of life history rely heavily on the concepts of r- and K-selection, we find this framework inadequate to explain life histories of many well-known organisms. Instead, using well-studied examples from the literature, we attempt to identify causal mechanisms in the evolution of their life histories. The density of the population in relation to resources, the trophic and successional position of the population, and predictability of mortality patterns all appear to be important determinants of adaptive strategies. Therefore, consideration of many environmental dimensions seems essential to provide complete understanding of the evolution of life histories.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the view that organization structure and process are related to organizational climate which in turn is related to organization performance and employee job satisfaction, and find that several organizational process variables (but no structural variables) were significantly related to the climate of the organization as perceived by scientists.
TL;DR: The procedure was a mode of treatment of periodontal pockets aimed at re attachment and readaptation of the pocket walls rather than surgical eradication of the outer walls of the pock ets.
Abstract: W I D M A N 1 I N T R O D U C E D T H E reverse bevel scalloping type of gingival incisions in 1916 as a modification of Neumann's 2 periodontal flap surgery. Widman made a scalloped gingival incision around the neck of the teeth about 1 mm. away from the teeth, raised a high mucoperiosteal flap beyond the apices of the teeth, curetted away the remaining soft tissue collar around the teeth, did a thorough root planing of the teeth, a minor trim ming of bone for flap adaptation, and closed the flap by individual interproximal sutures. The procedure was a mode of treatment of periodontal pockets aimed at re attachment and readaptation of the pocket walls rather than surgical eradication of the outer walls of the pock ets. Essentially the same procedure was described more recently by Morris. 4
TL;DR: Most of the thirty-three ossicles are found in each of the species, but there are some major differences between species.
Abstract: The stomatogastric nervous system of the reptantian Decapoda Crustacea, particularly the small isolated stomatogastric ganglion containing the 25-30 motor neurons that control the muscles of the gastric mill and the pyloric filter of the stomach, is an important preparation for research in comparative neurophysiology. Unfortunately there are no comprehensive descriptions of the neuromuscular system of the stomach in these animals. Therefore, since the stomatogastric motor neurons are identified by reference to the muscles they innervate, it has been difficult to identify neurons within or between species. The most important features for classifying the muscles of the decapod stomach are the ossicles to which the muscles attach. In the latter part of the last century Mocquard demonstrated that the stomach ossicles of the decapods could be compared in different groups despite the large variations from group to group. A summary of Mocquard’s (1883) classification scheme, with some modifications, is given. The scheme recognizes 33 ossicles in seven categories (cardiac gastric mill, I—VII; lateral supporting cardiac ossicles, VIII-XV ; ossicles of the cardio-pyloric valve, XVI-XVIII; supporting ossicles of the dorsal pyloric stomach, XIX -XXI; supporting ossicles of the ventral pylorus and ampullae, XXII-XXVII; supra-ampullary ossicles, XXVIII-XXX ; supporting ossicles of the lateral pylorus, XXXI-XXXIII). Where necessary, comments are then made on the ossicles of the three divergent species studied, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura); the lobster, Homarus americanus (Macrura) and the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Palinura). Most of the thirty-three ossicles are found in each of the species, but there are some major differences between species. Callinectes , for example, has the most complex ossicle system and Panulirus the most reduced.