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Showing papers by "University of Michigan published in 1976"


Book
25 Mar 1976
TL;DR: This work is indispensable for any social scientist concerned with the authors' current predicaments, and especially for those among us who are committed to the idea of the welfare system and yet have begun to realize that spending is not enough.
Abstract: benefits require a fundamental recasting of economic and sociopolitical structures lest permanent stagflation erode the impact of present and future allocations. Clearly, when social welfare expenditures in the United States have increased from under $9,000 million in 1940 to over $200,000 million in 1973, and when total government spending exclusive of defense now absorbs roughly 32 percent of national income, it is obvious that further advances in welfare require basic structural changes. Without these, further extension of the welfare state will become counterproductive. Far from limiting himself to the decline of economic surplus, the author discusses a variety of other issues, such as changes in the stratification system, the weakening of political regimes and the emergence of an ethic of hedonistic consumerism, which are connected with the rise of the welfare state. He shows, for example, that the format of conventional interest-group politics has been undermined by the welfare state. While it is true that the claims and expectations rooted in a person's occupation remain central, they are now crisscrossed by contradictory or competing pulls that arise out of claims for welfare benefits. It is much more difficult than in the past for a person to calculate rationally where his political interests lie. "A person's linkage to the mode of production . . . is (now) based both on his occupation and on the institutions of social welfare" (p. 83). This may help account for the decline of relatively stable class-based politics, and the increase of independent voters in recent decades, as well as for the strains in the functioning of electoral and parliamentary institutions in the recent period. Janowitz concludes with a series of observations on the need to increase a welfare society's ability to deal with the problems he has outlined. Though somewhat vague in detail, one nevertheless gathers that he favors both large-scale planning efforts and increasing citizens' participation through self-regulation. Space does not allow me to even indicate the many areas in which I differ from Janowitz; for example, his definition of the welfare state as any state that allocates "at least 8 to 1o percent of the gross national product to welfare" (p. 2) seems inadequate, since this definition would make Kuwait and Albania into welfare states. But my main object is to alert the reader that this work is indispensable for any social scientist concerned with our current predicaments, and especially for those among us who are committed to the idea of the welfare system and yet have begun to realize that spending is not enough. LEwIs A. COSER State University of New York at Stony Brook

2,316 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach for the determination of the critical percolation concentration, percolations probabilities, and cluster size distributions is presented for the Site Percolation problem.
Abstract: A new approach for the determination of the critical percolation concentration, percolation probabilities, and cluster size distributions is presented for the site percolation problem. The novel "cluster multiple labeling technique" is described for both two- and three-dimensional crystal structures. Its distinctive feature is the assignment of alternate labels to sites belonging to the same cluster. These sites are members of a simulated finite random lattice. An algorithm useful for the determination of the critical percolation concentration of a finite lattice is also presented. This algorithm is especially useful when applied in conjunction with the cluster multiple labeling technique. The basic features of this technique are illustrated by applying it to a small planar square lattice. Numerical results are given for a triangular subcrystal containing up to 9 000 000 sites. These results compare favorably with the exact value of the infinite lattice critical percolation concentration.

1,469 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the prevalence of commodity bundling as a marketing strategy and found that it can save cost savings in production, transactions, and information associated with bundling.
Abstract: Presents information on a study which analyzed the prevalence of commodity bundling as a marketing strategy. Cost savings in production, transactions and information associated with commodity bundling; Characteristics of commodity bundling; Problems associated with convention price discrimination that can overcome by commodity bundling; Conclusions. (Из Ebsco)

1,433 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of tests using unidirectional and π/4 Graphite T-300 Fiberite 1034 composites were performed in the temperature range 300-425 K with the material submerged both in moist air (humidity 0 to 100%) and in water.
Abstract: Expressions are presented for the moisture distribution and the mois ture content as a function of time of one dimensional homogeneous and composite materials exposed either on one side or on both sides to humid air or to water. The results apply during both moisture absorption and desorption when the moisture content and the temperature of the environ ment are constant. Test procedures are described for determining experi mentally the values of the moisture content and the diffusivity of com posite materials. A series of tests using unidirectional and π/4 Graphite T-300 Fiberite 1034 composites were performed in the temperature range 300—425 K with the material submerged both in moist air (humidity 0 to 100%) and in water. The test data support the analytical results and pro vide the moisture absorption and desorption characteristics of such com posites. Extension of the results to materials exposed to time varying envi ronmental conditions is indicated.

1,149 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

883 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the solution of the Dirichlet problem discussed by Bremermann actually solves (1), in a generalized sense, with f = 0, which seems a reasonable candidate for a nonlinear potential theory associated with the theory of functions of several complex variables.
Abstract: where G' denotes the Jacobian determinant of G. Furthermore, if G4=(0 . . . . . 0), then (d d ~ log h G I) "= 0. Thus, for f = 0, (1) is a natural generalization of the Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions in the complex plane. Other extended Dirichlet problems were studied in connection with function theory in several variables by S. Bergman [2, 3] (on domains with distinguished boundary surfaces) and more generally by H. Bremermann [4]. In Section 8 it is shown that the solution of the problem discussed by Bremermann actually solves (1), in a generalized sense, with f = 0 . The problem (1) seems to be a reasonable candidate for a (nonlinear) potential theory associated with the theory of functions of several complex variables. The question of uniqueness for the problem (1) is related to the question of existence of "inner functions" on the domain O. If h is a bounded analytic function

657 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
16 Apr 1976-Science
TL;DR: An attempt is made to show generally that variations in aggregate intelligence scores are closely associated with variations in patterns of family configuration and that these aggregate family factors are deeply implicated in the declining Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores.
Abstract: An attempt is made to show generally that variations in aggregate intelligence scores are closely associated with variations in patterns of family configuration and that these aggregate family factors are deeply implicated in the declining Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores the discussion summarizes a recent theoretical analysis that specifies the conditions under which family configuration may foster or impede intellectual growth and examines some relevant empirical findings finally returning to the special case of the SATs. A variety of findings reveal the impact of family configuration on intelligence: intellectual performance increases with decreasing family size; children born early in the sibship perform births are relatively short; long intersibling spacing appears to cancel the negative effects of birth order and in extreme cases to reverse them; in general long intervals enhance intellectual growth; the adverse effects of short intervals are reflected in the typically low intelligence quotients (IQs) of children of multiple births; only children the benefits of a small family are apparently counteracted by the lack of opportunities to serve as teachers to younger children; last children suffer that handicap also; temporal changes in family patterns such as birthrates average orders of births intervals between children and family size are reflected in temporal changes in aggregate measures of intellectual performance; and males and females differ in average birth order and this difference is reflected in aggregate intellectual performance scores. The pattern of these diverse data is consistent with the analysis of intellectual development based on the confluence model. Not all variation in intelligence is accounted for by variation in family configuration. For example the large decline in SAT Scores in the US cannot be a function of changes in family configuration alone because it is considerably larger that would be expected on the basis of a simple extrapolation from the four national samples.

609 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The regulation of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in depressed patients was studied by a midnight dexamethasone suppression test and disinhibition of HPA activity suggests that there is an abnormal limbic system drive on the HPA axis in primary depressive illness.
Abstract: • The regulation of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in depressed patients was studied by a midnight dexamethasone suppression test. By using an observation period of 24 hours postadministration of dexamethasone, a graded series of abnormal test responses was identified. Depressed patients show abnormal early escape from suppression rather than absolute resistance to HPA suppression by dexamethasone. With increasing severity of depression, this escape occurs progressively more early on the day after administration of dexamethasone. These abnormalities were strongly related to the presence of HPA hyperactivity before dexamethasone was given. The essential disturbance of neuroendocrine regulation in depression is a failure of the normal brain inhibitory influence on the HPA system. This disinhibition of HPA activity suggests that there is an abnormal limbic system drive on the HPA axis in primary depressive illness.

590 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dexamethasone suppression test may be of value as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of "endogenous" depression as indicated by high baseline midnight plasma cortisol levels.
Abstract: • Forty-two patients with endogenomorphic depression (ED) and 42 patients with other psychiatric disorders received an overnight dexamethasone test of hypothalamopituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppressibility. Plasma and urinary cortisol measures showed that the ED patients had significantly greater HPA activity before dexamethasone and less complete HPA suppression after dexamethasone. High cortisol values after dexamethasone correlated strongly with spontaneous HPA disinhibition, as indicated by high baseline midnight plasma cortisol levels. Criteria for defining normal suppression responses were developed. All patients with depressive neuroses and most patients with other nondepressive disorders had completely normal responses to dexamethasone. About half of the ED patients had abnormal responses, whether or not they were receiving other drugs at the time of the test. Drug-free patients with depressive neuroses or other disorders showed no abnormal responses to dexamethasone. The effects of psychotropic drugs on the test require further study. Patients with two or more abnormal cortisol values after administration of dexamethasone were identified correctly as ED at confidence levels close to100%. dexa-methasone suppression test may be of value as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of "endogenous" depression.

571 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that follicular development and granulosa cell differentiation are dependent on steroid-protein hormone regulation of hormone specific receptors.
Abstract: The effects of estradiol, FSH and LH on ovarian follicular development and granulosa cell differentiation were examined in the immature rat hypophysectomized on day 24 of age. Administration of estradiol to hypophysectomized rats for 4 days stimulated the growth of large preantral follicles with a concomitant 1.5-fold increase in FSH receptor content and a 4-fold decrease in LH receptor content in the granulosa cells. When highly purified hFSH was administered alone, receptor content for FSH increased progressively for 4 days while receptor for LH remained essentially unchanged. However, when rats were pretreated with estradiol, the response of follicles to FSH was markedly enhanced as indicated by the appearance of large, antral follicles and elevated receptor content for both FSH and LH. Receptor content for FSH increased markedly in response to hFSH following only one day of estradiol pretreatment, while receptor content for LH increased most rapidly in response to hFSH after 3 days of estradiol pretreatment. LH administered to rats possessing large preovulatory follicles caused luteinization of granulosa cells and a marked decline in receptor content for both gonadotropins within 24 h. Receptor content remained low even 48 h after LH administration when granulosa cells were fully luteinized. These results indicated that follicular development and granulosa cell differentiation are dependent on steroid-protein hormone regulation of hormone specific receptors.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The isolated oxygenase catalyzed the insertion of both oxygen molecules required for the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates in a specific activity of 46,000 units/mg of protein.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a change in a substance occurs when that substance acquires a new property it did not previously have, or loses a property it previously had, or fissions and fusions of substances can be considered as cases of losing or acquiring properties.
Abstract: The term ‘event’ ordinarily implies a change, and most changes are changes in a substance. Whether coming into being and passing away can be construed as changes in substances is a question we shall not consider here. A change in a substance occurs when that substance acquires a property it did not previously have, or loses a property it previously had. Whether fissions and fusions of substances can be considered as cases of losing or acquiring properties is, again, a question we shall not discuss in this paper. By ‘substance’ I mean things like tables, chairs, atoms, living creatures, bits of stuff like water and bronze, and the like; there is no need here to associate this notion with a particular philosophical doctrine about substance.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: A generalized conjugate gradient method for solving sparse, symmetric, positive-definite systems of linear equations, principally those arising from the discretization of boundary value problems for elliptic partial differential equations is considered.
Abstract: We consider a generalized conjugate gradient method for solving sparse, symmetric, positive-definite systems of linear equations, principally those arising from the discretization of boundary value problems for elliptic partial differential equations. The method is based on splitting off from the original coefficient matrix a symmetric, positive-definite one that corresponds to a more easily solvable system of equations, and then accelerating the associated iteration using conjugate gradients. Optimality and convergence properties are presented, and the relation to other methods is discussed. Several splittings for which the method seems particularly effective are also discussed, and for some, numerical examples are given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of motion trajectories qualitatively supported a descriptive model whereby a visually mediated discrete-correction control process is used, as proposed by Crossman and Goodeve and Keele (1968), but evidence of severe nonlinearities in the measured human movement responses did not support the use of linear control models.
Abstract: The relationship between Fitts' Index of Difficulty (ID = log2 2A/W) and movement time was investigated for finger, wrist, and whole arm motions over a wide range of movement distances (0.25 to 30.5 cm). Results supported Fitts' original speculation that various limb segments may show different maximum information processing rates. Short-distance finger and wrist motions showed much higher rates (38 and 23 bits/sec, respectively) than longer-distance arm motions (10 bits/sec). Examination of motion trajectories qualitatively supported a descriptive model whereby a visually mediated discrete-correction control process is used, as proposed by Crossman and Goodeve (Note 1) and Keele (1968). However, evidence of severe nonlinearities in the measured human movement responses did not support the use of linear control models in explaining the empirical validity of Fitts' law in predicting human motor performance.


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, an econometric methodology was proposed to deal with life cycle earnings and mobility among discrete earnings classes. But the methodology is not suitable for the case of single individuals.
Abstract: This paper proposes an econometric methodology to deal with life cycle earnings and mobility among discrete earnings classes. First, we use panel data on male log earnings to estimate an earnings function with permanent and serially correlated transitory components due to both measured and unmeasured variables. Assuming that the error components are normally distributed, we develop statements for the probability that an individual's earnings will fall into a particular but arbitrary time sequence of poverty states. Using these statements, we illustrate the implications of our earnings model for poverty dynamics and compare our approach to Markov chain models of income mobility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new exponential stripping program, CSTRIP, has been developed that overcomes the problems associated with the use of previously published techniques and enables the rapid economical calculation of initial polyexponential parameter estimates.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simulations have shown that the equations yield the correct answers for an n-compartment mammillary model with central compartment elimination only, when rate constants, dose, and a value of Vp have been assigned.
Abstract: It is shown that if the numerical values of the coefficients and exponents of the polyexponential equation describing the whole blood (plasma or serum) concentration after administration of a drug by bolus intravenous injection, or during or after termination of a constantrate intravenous infusion, are known, then many needed pharmacokinetic parameters may be obtained directly. Parameters readily calculated by simple arithmetic are as follows: plasma or serum clearance, Clp; volume of plasma compartment, Vp; volume of distribution at steady state, Vdss; V{darea} or Vβ, extrapolated volume of distribution, Vdexr; half-life of elimination, t1/2; amount metabolized and/or excreted to time t, (Ae); amount in the body at time t, Ab; amount in the plasma (reference) compartment at time t, Ap; and amount in other compartments at time t, Ao. Simulations have shown that the equations yield the correct answers for an n-compartment mammillary model with central compartment elimination only, when rate constants, dose, and a value of Vp have been assigned. Since whole blood (plasma or serum) concentrationtime data always lead to ambiguities as to which specific model is involved, the equations are most appropriate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data obtained are in accord with a peroxidase-like mechanism for the action of cytochrome P-450, which catalyzes the hydroperoxide-dependent hydroxylation of a variety of substrates in the absence of NADPH, NADPHcytochromeP-450 reductase, and molecular oxygen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an extension of substrate specificity studies it was found that p-aminobenzoate is a substrate and 5-hydroxypicolinate is an effector for p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depressed patients who had high daily UFC values and those with depressive neuroses excreted less than unipolar or bipolar depressives and following treatment, more normal UFC excretion was found in depressed patients.
Abstract: Urinary free Cortisol (UFC) excretion was determined in 60 depressed inpatients and in 35 psychiatric inpatients with other disorders. The depressed patients had high daily UFC values, while the other patients excreted normal amounts. Over 40% of the depressed patients had UFC excretions in the range seen in Cushing's disease, while only 6% of the other patients excreted such high amounts of Cortisol. Age and sex differences did not account for the results. Among the depressed patients those with depressive neuroses excreted less than unipolar or bipolar depressives. Following treatment, more normal UFC excretion was found in depressed patients. The estimation of UFC and its clinical utility are discussed in detail. UFC determination is a simple and informative indicator of adrenal cortical activation and its application to psychoendocrine studies is recommended.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Apr 1976-Science
TL;DR: The observed conditions of coexistence and competitive displacement agree with those predicted solely from the abilities of each species to acquire and utilize limiting nutrients and may help explain the regional coexistence in nature of an otherwise paradoxically high number of algal species.
Abstract: All possible outcomes of ecological competition, including stable coexistence, were observed in laboratory studies of two species of freshwater diatoms potentially limited by phosphate and silicate. The relative abundance of these nutrients determined the outcome of competition. The observed conditions of coexistence and competitive displacement agree with those predicted solely from the abilities of each species to acquire and utilize limiting nutrients. Coexistence occurred only when the growth rate of each species was limited by a different resource. These results may help explain the regional coexistence in nature of an otherwise paradoxically high number of algal species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Information on the nutrient kinetics of Asterionella formosa Hass.
Abstract: SUMMARY Information on the nutrient kinetics of Asterionella formosa Hass. and Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. under either phosphate or silicate limitation was obtained for use in a Monod model and in a variable internal stores model of growth. Short-term batch culture growth experiments were fit to the Monod model and long-term semicontinuous culture experiments and short-term uptake experiments were fit to the variable internal stores model. Mathematical analysis indicates that the parameters of the 2 models may be expressed in terms of each other at steady state. The qualitative results of both batch and steady state culture methods agree. For limiting phosphate experiments. A. formosa is better able to grow at low PO4-P concentrations than C. meneghiniana, as shown by its lower K for PO4-P limited growth. The kQ of A. formosa compared to C. meneghiniana found in long-term semicontinuous culture indicates that A. formosa is almost an order of magnitude more efficient at using internal phosphate for growth. The qualitative results under silicate-limited growth of C. meneghiniana is less than that of A. formosa. The kQ from semicontinuous culture experiments indicates that C. meneghiniana is the more efficient at using internal silicate for growth. Nutrient uptake experiments showed more variability from a Michaelis-Menten relationship than short-term growth experiments. There were no significant differences between the 2 species in half saturation constants for either phosphate or silicate uptake. We observed a marked dependence of the coefficient of luxury consumption (R) of phosphate on the steady state growth rate. A. formosa has a higher R than C. meneghiniana.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the c-wave of the electroretinogram may be produced by the pigment epithelial cells as they hyperpolarize in response to the decrease in [K+]o around the photoreceptors.
Abstract: 1. Double-barrel, potassium-specific microelectrodes have been used to measure light-induced transient changes in [K+]o in the frog eye cup preparation. These changes in [K+]o have been termed the ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The technique of partitioning recall and reproduction data into chunks on the basis of inter-response times (IRTs) was applied to the reproduction and recall of Go patterns by a Go Master and a Go beginner, but no single IRT was able to produce consistent, veridical chunks for either Go player.