Showing papers by "University of Michigan published in 1979"

The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.

Abstract: The psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance is reviewed and elaborated. It is argued that various modes of psychotherapy can be meaningfully differentiated in terms of the kinds of working alliances embedded in them. Moreover, the strength, rather than the kind of working alliance, will prove to be the major factor in change achieved through psychotherapy. Strength of alliance will be a function of the goodness of fit of the respective personalities of patient and therapist to the demands of the working alliance. Past research bearing on these propositions and indicated future research are discussed. Extensions to changes sought in teaching and other group processes are briefly touched. Proliferation of psychotherapies has dominated the sixties and seventies. Thirty-six psychotherapies (Harper, 1959) had to be supplemented by an additional compilation (Harper, 1975). Unchecked, this trend would come perilously close to the solipsism, a psychotherapeutic method for each psychotherapist. Not unexpectedly, research in psychotherapy has suffered from an analogous lack of convergence, and with it a disappointing impotence about providing empirical tests of competing claims. As Donald Campbell (1976) suggests, given the wide prevalence of the need for psychotherapy, and the continuing ability of individuals or society to pay for it, the winnowing of this harvest of methods must come from research. Campbell (1976) speaks to the practitioner, exhorting him or her to engage in systematic follow-up. This essay addresses those prac1 An earlier version of this paper was given at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy, June, 1975. * Requests for reprints should be sent to Edward S. Bordin, Ph.D., University of Michigan Counseling Center, 1007 East Huron Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. titioners who are also research workers, to call attention to a point of view that can encompass most, if not all, approaches to psychotherapy and can lead toward the needed convergence in research. There has been a promising rate of growth of research and research workers, with encouraging trends toward a coming together on basic issues: I aim to contribute to that movement. Moreover, because of the generalizability of my ideas to all change situations, I hope to stimulate research applications to teaching and to community change processes. 1 propose that the working alliance between the person who seeks change and the one who offers to be a change agent is one of the keys, if not the key, to the change process. The working alliance can be defined and elaborated in terms which make it universally applicable, and can be shown to be valuable for integrating knowledge—particularly for pointing to new research directions. As my initial statement suggests, a working alliance between a person seeking change and a change agent can occur in many places besides the locale of psychotherapy. The concept of the working alliance would seem to be applicable in the relation between student and teacher, between community action group and leader, and, with only slight extension, between child and parent. While I believe such extensions to be fruitful, they are beyond the scope of this paper. I shall confine myself to the therapeutic working alliance, making only brief inferences to extensions to other change enterprises.2 2 One might extend the idea of working alliances to nonchange situations. Although prisons, under reform ideology, have been set up as change situations, most observation suggests that staff and inmates typically arrive at a mutually agreed-upon alliance to get through their relationship with as little upset as possible.

Four Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge

Abstract: (1979). Four Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes, and Knowledge. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 353-356.

Extreme ultraviolet observations from Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter

Abstract: The global hydrogen Lyman alpha, helium (584 angstroms), and molecular hydrogen band emissions from Saturn are qualitatively similar to those of Jupiter, but the Saturn observations emphasize that the H(2) band excitation mechanism is closely related to the solar flux. Auroras occur near 80 degrees latitude, suggesting Earth-like magnetotail activity, quite different from the dominant Io plasma torus mechanism at Jupiter. No ion emissions have been detected from the magnetosphere of Saturn, but the rings have a hydrogen atmosphere; atomic hydrogen is also present in a torus between 8 and 25 Saturn radii. Nitrogen emission excited by particles has been detected in the Titan dayglow and bright limb scans. Enhancement of the nitrogen emission is observed in the region of interaction between Titan's atmosphere and the corotating plasma in Saturn's plasmasphere. No particle-excited emission has been detected from the dark atmosphere of Titan. The absorption profile of the atmosphere determined by the solar occultation experiment, combined with constraints from the dayglow observations and temperature information, indicate that N(2) is the dominant species. A double layer structure has been detected above Titan's limb. One of the layers may be related to visible layers in the images of Titan.

The Two-Communities Theory and Knowledge Utilization:

Abstract: utilization in policy formulation is limited, the literature abounds with social scientists speculation about why the information they produce has little impact on policy matters. Either explicitly or implicitly, the most prevalent theory found in this literature may be characterized as the &dquo;Two-Communities&dquo; theory. Authors who hold this view attempt to explain nonutilization in terms of the relationship of the researcher and the research system to the policy maker and the policy-making system. They argue that social scientists and policy makers live in separate worlds with different and often conflicting values, different reward systems, and different languages. The social scientist is

Long-range correlations in smoke-particle aggregates

Abstract: Ultrafine smoke particles stick together to form chain-like aggregates. We find that the particle density has long-range correlations of the same form in iron, zinc or silicon dioxide aggregates. The correlation data suggest a power-law spatial dependence giving a Hausdorff dimension between 1.7 and 1.9. We discuss the consistency of these results with a model based on percolation. We also compare our results with a random-walk model, which has a nominal Hausdorff dimension of 2.

A Dynamic Simultaneous Equation Model of Electoral Choice

Abstract: This article develops a simultaneous equation model of the voting decision in a form thought to mirror the main lines of cognitive decision-making processes of individual voters. The model goes beyond earlier efforts in two respects. First, it explicitly represents the causal interdependence of voter assessments in the election situation, permitting such estimations as the degree to which correlations between voter issue positions and issue positions ascribed to preferred candidates arise because of projection onto the candidate or persuasion by the candidate. Secondly, the model is truly dynamic, in the sense that it is dependent on longitudinal data for its proper estimation. The utility of the model is certified by the goodness of fit achieved when applied to 1972–76 panel data for a sample of the national electorate.

Marital Status and Health.

Abstract: In the United States, mortality rates are higher for nonmarried people than married people, and are especially high for the formerly married. To determine if morbidity and disability reveal the same differentials, age-adjusted data from the Health Interview Survey, Health Examination Survey, 1960 and 1970 Censuses of Population, and other federal health surveys are examined. The noninstitutional population is considered first: divorced and separated people have the worst health status, with highest rates of acute conditions, of chronic conditions which limit social activity, and of disabilityfor health problems. Widowed people rank second for health status, followed by single people. Married people appear healthiest, having low rates of chronic limitation and disability. Their rates of restricted activity and medical care are intermediate, but hospital stays tend to be short. Considering the institutional population, rates of residence in health institutions are highest for single people and lowest for married ones. These results are explained by marital roles and life styles which influence health, by selectivity into a marital status because of health, and by propensities to take health actions when feeling ill.

Results of Periodontal Treatment Related to Pocket Depth and Attachment Level. Eight Years

Abstract: In previous papers we have reported longitudinal results of periodontal treatment based on mean values for all treated teeth,1,2 and analysis based on mean values from the half mouths of patients.3 These methods of analysis, however, did not reveal specifically what happened over time to pockets of various depth and attachment levels. Prognosis is a very elusive, but fundamentally important consideration in treatment planning, and since pocket depth and loss of attachment traditionally are basic elements in assessment of periodontal prognosis, it was decided to analyze our longitudinal treatment results with the initial pocket depth and attachment level serving as reference. The first part of the analysis is a general appraisal of the longitudinal value of periodontal therapy related to variations in initial pocket depth, and the second part attempts to determine if treatment modality will influence the maintenance ofperiodontal attachment dependent on variations in initial severity of the disease.

Language transfer and universal grammatical relations

Abstract: It is generally accepted by both theoreticians and language teachers that when attempting to communicate in a second language, learners often “transfer” elements of their native language onto the speech patterns of the target language. Despite the wide recognition of this phenomenon and the important role it has had in language learning and pedagogical search, true nature has not been adequately established. In owner to better determine the nature of language transfer, a study investigating the acquisition of relative clauses by adult second language learners was conducted. The purposes of this study were to determine what language transfer consists of, what language phenomena are and are not transferred, what constitutes evidence for the existence of transfer and what the role in language transfer of language universals is. It was found that an adequate description of language transfer cannot be given without a consideration of target language facts and language universals. On the basis of these results a model of language transfer is proposed that predicts under which conditions transfer is most likely to occur. The model suggested herein includes notions of language universals, language distance and surface language phenomena.

Plus ça change…: The New CPS Election Study Panel*

Abstract: Between 1956 and 1960, the first long-term panel study of the American electorate was carried out at the University of Michigan. Among other findings from this original panel were sharp contrasts between the high individual-level stability of party identification and more labile individual preferences on major political issues of the day. Since 1960, several changes in the nature of the American electoral response have caught the attention of scholars, including an erosion of party loyalties on one hand and an increasing crystallization of issue attitudes on the other. Completion of a new panel segment, 1972–76, makes it possible to review the original 1956–60 findings in the light of these intervening changes. We discovered that the contrasts in individual-level continuity of party and issue positions remain nearly identical to those estimated for 1956–60. The theoretical significance of these counter-intuitive results is discussed.

A Depression Rating Scale for Children

Abstract: A rating scale is needed for clinical and research studies of depression in childhood. A Children9s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) was devised and tested on 30 inpatient children in a medical hospital. A high correlation was found between the global ratings by two psychiatrists of the severity of depression and the scores on the CDRS. The items on the CDRS which had the highest correlation with a global rating of depression were social withdrawal, capacity for fun, irritability, schoolwork, expressive communication, general somatic features, hypoactivity, and depressed mood. The syndrome of depression in childhood can be characterized and rated primarily by observed behaviors.

Pressure sensitivity in anisotropically etched thin-diaphragm pressure sensors

Abstract: In this paper the differential equations governing thin, square-diaphragm silicon pressure sensors are developed and solved using finite-difference numerical methods. Diaphragm deflection and stress patterns are presented in a normalized form applicable to diaphragms of arbitrary thickness and size. For 1-mm210-µm-thick diaphragms in

Response Validity in Surveysof Voting Behavior

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a project which validated the reported registration and voting behavior of respondents in a national election study. The accuracy of reported voting behavior in the 1976 general election is assessed in terms of the demographic characteristics of the respondents to the Center for Political Studies National Election Study as well as the extent of their participation in a survey panel begun in 1972. Increased levels of registration and turnout are observed in association with the number of interviews in which respondents participated, and three alternative social psychological models of the effects of preelection interviews are evaluated. Although the interview apparently served as a stimulus to voting, neither a model associated with self-concept theory nor alienation theory appears to explain the phenomenon adequately. The interview effect is significant and appears to be cumulative, indicating that researchers using the survey method with panel designs should be sensitive to the effects of their method on the behavior which they are trying to measure. Michael W. Traugott is Study Director in the Center for Political Studies and Lecturer in the Department of Political Science, and John P. Katosh is Assistant Study Director in the Center for Political Studies, The University of Michigan. Portions of the data utilized in this research were made available by the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research. The data for the CPS 1976 American National Election Study were originally collected under a grant from the National Science Foundation. Neither the original collectors of the data nor the Consortium bears any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1979 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/79/0043-359/$1.75 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.156 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 05:44:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 360 MICHAEL W. TRAUGOTT AND JOHN P. KATOSH first national study to replicate that effort based upon the panel study of the American electorate conducted by the Center for Political Studies from 1972 to 1976. The presentation includes a discussion of the magnitude of the misreporting of registration status and voting behavior as well as the characteristics of those who are most likely to misreport their registration or voting. It also includes an evaluation of three competing explanations of an apparent "interview effect" on voting behavior. Estimating Registration and Voting from Surveys Clausen's report on the results of the 1964 vote validation study stands to date as the only major investigation of the validity of voting reports in surveys. Clausen began his analysis by examining the relationship between estimates of voting derived from the Survey Research Center's (SRC) 1964 Election Study and the Census Bureau's Voting Supplement to the November 1964 Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1965). He attempted to explain the overreport of turnout by respondents in two surveys by differences between the samples and the electorate as a whole. This resulted in adjustments to both the numerator and denominator of the official turnout estimate to make them more comparable to the sampled populations in both of the surveys. He then compared that "revised" official estimate of voting with the turnout estimates from each of the surveys. Finally, he reported on the results of an official records check in an attempt to ascertain the sources and consequences of the remaining differences in turnout estimates. The data reported here are based upon equivalent surveys conducted in conjunction with the 1976 presidential election. We have attempted to replicate in our study the procedures Clausen used in 1964. The two survey sources are (1) the Center for Political Studies (CPS) 1976 National Election Study, which yielded an estimated turnout rate of 72 percent, and (2) the Census Bureau's Voting Supplement to the November 1976 Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1978), which yielded an estimated turnout rate of 59 percent. Both of these turnout estimates exceed the official estimate of turnout of 54 percent, which was based upon actual election re-

Occupational stress and health among factory workers.

Abstract: This study extends prior research on occupational stress and health by examining the crosssectional association of 12 measures of perceived stress to five indicators of self-reported symptoms of ill health andfive medical conditions in a population of blue-collar workers. Net of a variety of confounding factors, including exposure to noxious physical-chemical agents, perceived stress is consistently positively related to self-reported angina, ulcers, and neurotic symptoms and to medical evidence of hypertension and other heart disease risk factors. Perceived stress is also positively associated with self-reported respiratory and dermatological symptoms but only among workers who report exposure to potentially noxious physicalchemical agents. That is, stress seems to exacerbate the deleterious effects of such exposure. The results suggest that occupational stress may affect a wide range of workers and health outcomes. Limitations of the study indicate a need for future longitudinal studies with more medical data on health status and fuller assessment of environmental and genetic factors that may interact with stress in determining health.

Field Research in Minority Communities: Ethical, Methodological and Political Observations by an Insider.

Abstract: This paper reviews issues in field research in minority communities. The general question, “Where shall minority research come from?” is posed, then considerable attention is focused on the insider-outsider controversy—especially its importance for Chicanos in the social sciences. It is argued that minority researchers have certain empirical and methodological advantages in conducting field research, but also face unique problems in simultaneously addressing ethical, methodological and political concerns. The author's field research experience among Chicano families is then drawn on for general implications for insider research in minority communities.

Multiplexity in Adult Friendships

Abstract: "Multiplexity" is the overlap of roles, exchanges, or affiliations in a social relationship. In two cities, adult friendship dyads are examined for multiplexity in three affiliations: kin, neighbor, and coworker. Several factors are proposed to account for multiplex ties: limited opportunities for social contact; preference for the special similarities that kin, neighbors, and coworkers have; and preference for holistic and diffuse friendships. Two structural features are discovered: repetition of multiplexity, and segregation of affiliations. These mean that if multiplexity appears in one friendship, it tends to be repeated in others. But the categories kin, neighbor, and coworker seldom appear in the same friendship. Repetition and segregation are demonstrated by comparing observed friendships with expectations from a random-choice model. When social and demographic differentials in multiplexity are examined, they confirm the importance of both opportunities and preferences in motivating multiplex friendships. Consequences of multiplexity for friendship behavior are hypothesized, and one consequence (contact frequency) is analyzed. Neighbor multiplexity increases friendship contact, a reflection of high opportunities for contact among neighbor friends. Kin and coworker multiplexity do not increase friendship contact. When adults develop close friendships, they sometimes select their friends from among kin, neighbors, and coworkers. In social networks research, this overlap of two or more important social relationships is called multiplexity. Although some studies report the frequency of such overlap, no study has seriously examined the structure and importance of multiplexity in adult friendships. Does multiplexity occur throughout a person's friendship network? In other words, if one close friend is a relative, are other close friends also relatives? Are friendships often highly multiplex, for example, kin friends who are coworkers or neighbors as well? What encourages people to develop multiplex friendships, and what consequences does multiplexity have for the stability and energy of friendships? This paper concentrates on the structure of multiplexity and its causes in adult friendships in two urban populations, with less attention to