Showing papers by "University of Michigan published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, an alternating sequence of first overgeneralizing self-conceptions and then differentiating differentiating beliefs is described. But the authors do not specify the order of the overgeneralization.
Abstract: incorporating first behaviors (e.g. "good at doing sums"), then traits ("smart"), then single abstractions ("scientific"), then higher order abstrac tions ("intellectual"). Within each of the phases, there is an alternating sequence of first overgeneralizing self-conceptions and then differentiating
2,890 citations
TL;DR: The second editon of Paxinos and Watson's rat stereotaxic atlas is, like the first, an indispensable commodity for neuroscientists utilizing rodent models for research as well as for students learning basic fundamentals of rat brain neuroanatomy.
2,333 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987TL;DR: The Biology of Moral Systems (BOS) as mentioned in this paper is an evolutionary theory of human interests, using senescence and effort theory from biology to analyze the patterning of human lifetimes.
Abstract: Despite wide acceptance that the attributes of living creatures have appeared through a cumulative evolutionary process guided chiefly by natural selection, many human activities have seemed analytically inaccessible through such an approach. Prominent evolutionary biologists, for example, have described morality as contrary to the direction of biological evolution, and moral philosophers rarely regard evolution as relevant to their discussions. "The Biology of Moral Systems" adopts the position that moral questions arise out of conflicts of interest, and that moral systems are ways of using confluences of interest at lower levels of social organization to deal with conflicts of interest at higher levels. Moral systems are described as systems of indirect reciprocity: humans gain and lose socially and reproductively not only by direct transactions, but also by the reputations they gain from the everyday flow of social interactions. The author develops a general theory of human interests, using senescence and effort theory from biology, to help analyze the patterning of human lifetimes. He argues that the ultimate interests of humans are reproductive, and that the concept of morality has arisen within groups because of its contribution to unity in the context, ultimately, of success in intergroup competition. He contends that morality is not easily relatable to universals, and he carries this argument into a discussion of what he calls the greatest of all moral problems, the nuclear arms race. "Crammed with sage observations on moral dilemmas and many reasons why an understanding of evolution based on natural selection will advance thinking in finding practical solutions to our most difficult social problems." U "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences" "Richard D. Alexander" is Donald Ward Tinkle Professor of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, and Curator of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. A recipient of numerous awards, Dr. Alexander is the author of "Darwinism and Human Affairs."
1,734 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an economic model of defensive marketing strategy is developed for complaint management based on Hirschman's exit-voice theory, which is used to reduce the number of customer com...
Abstract: On the basis of Hirschman's exit-voice theory, an economic model of defensive marketing strategy is developed for complaint management. Though many firms strive to reduce the number of customer com...
1,336 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that marriage and presence of children in the home have a deterrent effect on negative health behaviors, and it is suggested that family roles promote social control of health behaviors which affect subsequent mortality.
Abstract: Age-adjusted mortality rates are higher for the unmarried and nonparents than for the married and parents. The effects of marital and parental status on mortality are usually attributed to the positive effects of social integration or social support. The mechanisms by which social support or integration is linked to health outcomes, however, remain largely unexplored. One mechanism may involve health behaviors; the family relationships of marriage and parenting may provide external regulation and facilitate self-regulation of health behaviors which can affect health. The present study employs a national sample to examine the relationships of marital and parenting status to a variety of health behaviors. Results indicate that marriage and presence of children in the home have a deterrent effect on negative health behaviors. It is suggested, within the theoretical framework of social integration, that family roles promote social control of health behaviors which affect subsequent mortality.
1,147 citations
TL;DR: A special class of indefinite quadratic programs is constructed, with simple constraints and integer data, and it is shown that checking (a) or (b) on this class is NP-complete.
Abstract: In continuous variable, smooth, nonconvex nonlinear programming, we analyze the complexity of checking whether(a)a given feasible solution is not a local minimum, and(b)the objective function is not bounded below on the set of feasible solutions.
We construct a special class of indefinite quadratic programs, with simple constraints and integer data, and show that checking (a) or (b) on this class is NP-complete. As a corollary, we show that checking whether a given integer square matrix is not copositive, is NP-complete.
1,117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a model to explain persistent, gender-role linked trends, summarizes evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators.
Abstract: Occupational sex segregation continues to exist and the occupational career paths of women and men continue to differ. This article proposes a model to explain these persistent, gender-role linked trends, summarizes evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators. In addition, the article reviews the economic and psychological costs often associated with the traditional female choices and proposes interventions aimed at achieving a more gender—fair social system that does not devalue traditionally female domains. The proposed model links occupational choices to expectations for success and subjective task value, which, in turn, are linked to gender-role socialization, self schemas, and anticipated role and task demands. The importance of subjective task value is stressed, as is the need to study women's achievement-related choices from the women's perspective.
1,003 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987984 citations
TL;DR: High repetitiveness appears to be a greater risk factor than high force, and the odds ratio for the high force-high repetitive jobs was more than 15 (p less than .001) compared to the low force-low repetitive jobs.
Abstract: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most commonly reported nerve entrapment syndrome. The prevalence of CTS among 652 active workers in jobs with specific hand force and repetitiveness characteristics was estimated. The prevalence of CTS ranged from 0.6% among workers in low force-low repetitive jobs to 5.6% among workers in high force-high repetitive jobs. When controlling for potential confounders, the odds ratio for the high force-high repetitive jobs was more than 15 (p less than .001) compared to the low force-low repetitive jobs. High repetitiveness appears to be a greater risk factor than high force (odds ratio of 5.5 p less than .05 versus 2.9 and not statistically significant).
870 citations
TL;DR: The results of Experiment 2 indicated that both structural features and salient surface features influence spontaneous selection of an analogue, however, structural features have a greater impact than do surface features on a problem solver’s ability to use an analogue once its relevance has been pointed out.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated factors that influence the retrieval and use of analogies in problem solving, Experiment 1 demonstrated substantial spontaneous analogical transfer with a delay of several days between presentation of the source and target analogues. Experiment 2 examined the influence of different types of similarity between the analogues. A mechanism for retrieval of source analogues is proposed, based on summation of activation from features shared with a target problem. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that both structural features, which play a causal role in determining possible problem solutions, and salient surface features, which do not have a causal role, influence spontaneous selection of an analogue. Structural features, however, have a greater impact than do surface features on a problem solver’s ability to use an analogue once its relevance has been pointed out.
835 citations
TL;DR: This paper examines the social support networks of older adults using the Kahn and Antonucci (1980) life course social support model, a national sample of adults aged 50 and older was interviewed, generating support networks consisting of an average of 8.9 members.
Abstract: This paper examines the social support networks of older adults. Based upon the Kahn and Antonucci (1980) life course social support model, a national sample of adults aged 50 and older (N = 718) was interviewed, generating support networks consisting of an average of 8.9 members. The respondents were asked questions of the structural (e.g., age, sex, closeness, years known, proximity, and frequency of contact) and functional (number and type of supports provided and received) characteristics of their social networks. These characteristics and relationships are described in detail.
TL;DR: A cladogram is produced that partially reconstructs the evolutionary history of the present-day haplotype variability in Drosophila melanogaster by producing a nested analysis of variance that simultaneously detects phenotypic effects, localizes the effects within the cladogram, and identifies haplotypes that are potentially heterogeneous in their Phenotypic associations.
Abstract: Because some genes have been cloned that have a known biochemical or physiological function, genetic variation can be measured in a population at loci that may directly influence a phenotype of interest. With this measured genotype approach, specific alleles or haplotypes in the probed DNA region can be assigned phenotypic effects. In this paper we address several problems encountered in implementing the measured genotype approach with restriction site data. A number of analytical problems arise in part as a consequence of the linkage disequilibrium that is commonly encountered when dealing with small DNA regions: 1) different restriction site polymorphisms are not statistically independent, 2) the sites being measured are not likely to be the direct cause of the associated phenotypic effects, 3) haplotype classes may be phenotypically heterogeneous, and 4) the sites that are most strongly associated with phenotypic effects are not necessarily the most closely linked to the actual genetic cause of the effects. When recombination and gene conversion are rare, the primary cause of linkage disequilibrium is history (mutational origin, genetic drift, hitchhiking, etc.). We deal with historical association directly by producing a cladogram that partially reconstructs the evolutionary history of the present-day haplotype variability. The cladogram defines a nested analysis of variance that simultaneously detects phenotypic effects, localizes the effects within the cladogram, and identifies haplotypes that are potentially heterogeneous in their phenotypic associations. The power of this approach is illustrated by an analysis of the associations between alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and restriction site variability in a 13-kb fragment surrounding the ADH locus in Drosophila melanogaster.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence regarding the two quantifiable components of the costs of going public: direct expenses and underpricing, together with an explanation of why some firms choose to use best efforts offers in spite of their apparent higher total costs.
TL;DR: The Information Lens system is a prototype intelligent information-sharing system that is designed to include not only good user interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activity of individuals, but also good organizational interfaces for support the problem -solving activities of groups.
Abstract: The Information Lens system is a prototype intelligent information-sharing system that is designed to include not only good user interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activity of individuals, but also good organizational interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activities of groups.
TL;DR: The degree of closeness of the linear relationship between the atomic water-1-octanol partition coefficients and molar refractivities has been checked, and the low value suggests that both parameters can be used to model the intermolecular interaction.
Abstract: In an earlier paper (Ghose A. K.; Crippen, G. M. J. Comput. Chem. 1986, 7, 565) the need of atomic physicochemical properties for three-dimensional-structure-directed quantitative structure-activity relationships was demonstrated, and it was shown how atomic parameters can be developed to successfully evaluate the molecular water-1-octanol partition coefficient, which is a measure of hydrophobicity. In the present work the atomic values of molar refractivity are reported. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens are divided into 110 atom types of which 93 atomic values are evaluated from 504 molecules by using a constrained least-squares technique. These values gave a standard deviation of 1.269 and a correlation coefficient of 0.994. The parameters were used to predict the molar refractivities of 78 compounds. The predicted values have a standard deviation of 1.614 and a correlation coefficient of 0.994. The degree of closeness of the linear relationship between the atomic water-1-octanol partition coefficients and molar refractivities has been checked by the correlation coefficient of 89 atom types used for both the properties. The correlation coefficient has been found to be 0.322. The low value suggests that both parameters can be used to model the intermolecular interaction. The origin of these physicochemical properties and the types of interaction that can be modeled by these properties have been critically analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between quantitative and qualitative measures of support, the number and source of support provided and received, and the relative predictive power of quality and quantity of support on well-being.
Abstract: This paper is designed to empirically investigate sex differences in social support. Several types of sex differences are examined, including quantity and quality of support, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative measures of support, the number and source of support provided and received, and the relative predictive power of quality and quantity of support on well-being. The data are taken from the Supports of the Elderly, a national survey of older people (Kahn and Antonucci, 1984). Included in the present study are 214 men and 166 women ranging in age from 50 to 95 who are married and have at least one child. The analyses reveal that women have larger networks and receive supports from multiple sources, while men tend to rely on their spouses exclusively. Men report greater satisfaction with marriage than women. Quantitative supports are more related to qualitative supports for women than for men. For both sexes, the quality of support rather than the quantity of support has significantly greater effects on well-being; both the quantity and quality of social support have a greater impact on the well-being of women compared to men.
TL;DR: Past studies have significantly increased the accuracy of analytical and experimental models investigating bone, and bone/implant interfaces as well as enhanced the perspective towards understanding the factors which may influence bone formation or resorption.
TL;DR: The process of wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery is summarized and the scientific rationale of several surgical and pharmacologic techniques introduced to enhance success in eyes with poor surgical prognoses is elucidated.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is suggested that an adequate intervention theory for improving PE fit in work settings is one which includes the systemic properties of organizations as a predictor of the likelihood and nature of individual change.
TL;DR: The authors argued that while most major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class-based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values.
Abstract: Ronald Inglehart has argued that, while most of the major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class–based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values. This has presented something of a dilemma to the traditional parties, and helps account for the decline of social-class voting. Scott Flanagan takes issue with Inglehart's interpretation in several particulars. Although their views converge in many respects, Flanagan urges conceptual reorientations and adumbrates a different interpretation of post–World War II political development in Europe and Japan.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed empirically empirically found to predict preference can be analyzed both in terms of their inferences and their inferential properties, i.e., the extent to which they are preferred.
Abstract: Scenes of the outdoor physical environment vary substantially in the extent to which they are preferred. Variables empirically found to predict preference can be analyzed both in terms of their inf...
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TL;DR: A mutant virus deficient in the 'A' gene which produces virion particles normally is described, however, the particles are 1,000 times less infective than wild type, indicating that HIV can spread from cell to cell in a mechanism that does not require the ' A' gene product and probably does not requirement the production of infective virus particles.
Abstract: The genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contains several open reading frames (ORFs) not present in other viruses. The 'A' gene1, also known as Q2P'3, ORF-14 or sor5, partially overlaps the pol gene; its protein product has a relative molecular mass of 23,000 (Mr 23K) and is present in productively infected cells7–10. The function of this protein is unclear; mutant viruses deleted in 'A' replicate in and kill CD4+ lymphocyte lines8, but the high degree of conservation of the deduced amino-acid sequence in nine different HIV isolates (80%) and the presence of analogous genes in HIV-211 and other lentiviruses suggest that the gene function is an important one. Here we describe a mutant virus deficient in the 'A' gene which produces virion particles normally; however, the particles are & sm;1,000 times less infective than wild type. Transcomplementation experiments partially restore infectivity. The mutant virus spreads efficiently when virus-producing cells are co-cultivated with CD4+ lymphocytes, however, indicating that HIV can spread from cell to cell in a mechanism that does not require the 'A' gene product and probably does not require the production of infective virus particles.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempted to replicate Kahneman and Tversky's (1982a) finding of greater regret for action than inaction and determine whether this pattern extends to the parallel case of joy over happy outcomes, to different life domains, and to both genders.
Abstract: In their research on decision under uncertainty, Kahneman and Tversky (1982a) examined whether, given the same negative outcome, there is any difference in the experience of regret, depending on whether the outcome follows action or inaction. This study attempted to replicate Kahneman and Tversky's (1982a) finding of greater regret for action than inaction and to determine whether this pattern extends to the parallel case of joy over happy outcomes, to different life domains, and to both genders. Through a vignette experiment, the previousfinding of a strong tendency to imagine greater regret following action than inaction was replicated. The same pattern was observed in the case of joy over positive outcomes. In two of the three vignettes presented, this "actor effect "was stronger for negative than for positive outcomes. In a third vignette, explicit knowledge of a missed negative outcome seems to have magnified the usual joy over having made a good decision, causing the expected joy over acting and suc...
TL;DR: This work forms the correspondence problem as an optimization problem and proposes an iterative algorithm to find trajectories of points in a monocular image sequence and demonstrates the efficacy of this approach considering synthetic, laboratory, and real scenes.
Abstract: Identifying the same physical point in more than one image, the correspondence problem, is vital in motion analysis. Most research for establishing correspondence uses only two frames of a sequence to solve this problem. By using a sequence of frames, it is possible to exploit the fact that due to inertia the motion of an object cannot change instantaneously. By using smoothness of motion, it is possible to solve the correspondence problem for arbitrary motion of several nonrigid objects in a scene. We formulate the correspondence problem as an optimization problem and propose an iterative algorithm to find trajectories of points in a monocular image sequence. A modified form of this algorithm is useful in case of occlusion also. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach considering synthetic, laboratory, and real scenes.
TL;DR: The antecedents of marital stability (divorce or remaining married) and marital satisfaction (within the group that remains married) were investigated with a panel of 300 couples who were followed from their engagements in the 1930s until 1980.
Abstract: The antecedents of marital stability (divorce or remaining married) and marital satisfaction (within the group that remains married) were investigated with a panel of 300 couples who were followed from their engagements in the 1930s until 1980. Twenty-two of the couples broke their engagements; of the 278 couples who married, 50 got divorced at some time between 1935 and 1980. Personality characteristics (measured by acquaintance ratings made in the 1930s) were important predictors of both marital stability and marital satisfaction. The three aspects of personality most strongly related to marital outcome were the neuroticism of the husband, the neuroticism of the wife, and the impulse control of the husband. In combination, the 17 major antecedent variables were moderately predictive of a criterion variable composed of both marital stability and marital satisfaction (R = .49). The three major aspects of personality accounted for more than half of the predictable variance. The remaining variance was accounted for by attitudinal, social-environment, and sexual history variables.
TL;DR: The pattern of accumulation of adenylylated nucleotides during these treatments was inconsistent with a simple role for these nucleotide as alarmones sufficient for triggering the heat shock response, but was consistent with a role in the oxyR-mediated response.
Abstract: Heat and various inhibitory chemicals were tested in Escherichia coli for the ability to cause accumulation of adenylylated nucleotides and to induce proteins of the heat shock (htpR-controlled), the oxidation stress (oxyR-controlled), and the SOS (lexA-controlled) regulons. Under the conditions used, heat and ethanol initiated solely a heat shock response, hydrogen peroxide and 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline (ACDQ) induced primarily an oxidation stress response and secondarily an SOS response, nalidixic acid and puromycin induced primarily an SOS and secondarily a heat shock response, isoleucine restriction induced a poor heat shock response, and CdCl2 strongly induced all three stress responses. ACDQ, CdCl2, and H2O2 each stimulated the synthesis of approximately 35 proteins by factors of 5- to 50-fold, and the heat shock, oxidation stress, and SOS regulons constituted a minor fraction of the overall cellular response. The pattern of accumulation of adenylylated nucleotides during these treatments was inconsistent with a simple role for these nucleotides as alarmones sufficient for triggering the heat shock response, but was consistent with a role in the oxyR-mediated response.
TL;DR: This article investigated organizational attributes commonly associated in the literature with organizational decline and turbulence, including increased conflict, turnover, resistance to change, centralization, scapegoating of leaders, and so on, and found that organizational attributes associated with the actions of top managers are significantly affected by turbulence but not by decline.
Abstract: Financial support for this study was provided by the National Institute of Education and by the Graduate School of Business Administration and the Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education at the University of Michigan. This study clarifies the meaning and conceptual domain of organizational decline by delimiting it operationally from the related constructs of turbulence, stagnation, and environmental decline. We investigated organizational attributes commonly associated in the literature with organizational decline and turbulence. These attributes, including increased conflict, turnover, resistance to change, centralization, scapegoating of leaders, and so on, were investigated in 334 institutions of higher education, along with objective measures of their patterns of decline and turbulence over a six-year period. Results suggest that organizational attributes (e.g., centralization) associated with the actions of top managers are significantly affected by turbulence but not by decline. Organizational attributes (e.g., scapegoating) associated with the actions of organization members who are not top managers are significantly affected by decline but not by turbulence. One implication is that different sources of uncertainty may have differential effects on organizations and that loosely coupled structures may not, therefore, always be effective in buffering the technological core from decline-induced uncertainty.'
Book•
01 Jan 1987TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare demographic social and economic characteristics of black and white Americans to discover how and to what extent racial identity influences opportunities and outcomes in our society and find that the sociological reality of race is more important than its biological reality.
Abstract: This study undertaken for the National Committee for Research on the 1980 Census is one in a series of volumes concerned with analyses of the 1980 U.S. census results. In the present volume the authors "compare demographic social and economic characteristics of blacks and whites to discover how and to what extent racial identity influences opportunities and outcomes in our society." Data are primarily from the 1980 census but are supplemented by earlier censuses and national and local surveys. "Each chapter in this book examines the comparative status of black and white Americans. We look at the internal diversity of blacks and whites; we also look at the groups in relation to one another and over time. Chapters 2-5 examine the dynamic population processes of fertility mortality growth and migration. Over time these processes have changed not only the size but also the age structure and geographic location of the black and white populations in the United States. Chapter 6 describes marital status and family structure; Chapter 7 describes educational attainment and school enrollment; Chapters 8-11 focus on the economic statuses of blacks and whites as revealed in the 1980 census. Of special importance in this connection is the relationship of economic status to other characteristics of the individual. In Chapter 12 we compare foreign-born and native-born blacks....We consciously examine the impact of race on the lives of black and white Americans and find that the sociological reality of race is more important than its biological reality." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose three key mechanisms by which personality and social processes are intrinsically linked: selection, evocation, and manipulation, defined as the ways in which individuals unintentionally elicit predictable reactions from others in their social environments.
Abstract: This article proposes three key mechanisms by which personality and social processes are intrinsically linked. Selection deals with the manner in which individuals choose to enter or avoid existing environments. Evocation is defined by the ways in which individuals unintentionally elicit predictable reactions from others in their social environments. Manipulation deals with the tactics that individuals use intentionally to alter, shape, exploit, or change the social environments they inhabit. Empirical findings from 57 dating couples (undergraduates), and previous research within social, personality, and developmental psychology, are used to illustrate the heuristic value of this framework.