Showing papers by "University of Minnesota published in 1986"
Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: Innovation is defined as "the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order" as mentioned in this paper, where the authors focus on four basic factors new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context.
Abstract: Innovation is defined as the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others within an institutional order. This definition focuses on four basic factors new ideas, people, transactions, and institutional context. An understanding of how these factors are related leads to four basic problems confronting most general managers: 1 a human problem of managing attention, 2 a process problem in managing new ideas into good currency, 3 a structural problem of managing part-whole relationships, and 4 a strategic problem of institutional leadership. This paper discusses these four basic problems and concludes by suggesting how they fit together into an overall framework to guide longitudinal study of the management of innovation.
3,513 citations
TL;DR: The data of high precision show that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CHD is not a threshold one, with increased risk confined to the two highest quintiles, but rather is a continuously graded one that powerfully affects risk for the great majority of middle-aged American men.
Abstract: The 356 222 men aged 35 to 57 years, who were free of a history of hospitalization for myocardial infarction, screened by the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) in its recruitment effort, constitute the largest cohort with standardized serum cholesterol measurements and long-term mortality follow-up. For each five-year age group, the relationship between serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) death rate was continuous, gradecf, and strong. For the entire group aged 35 to 57 years at entry, the age-adjusted risks of CHD death in cholesterol quintiles 2 through 5 (182 to 202, 203 to 220, 221 to 244, and ≥245 mg/dL [4.71 to 5.22, 5.25 to 5.69, 5.72 to 6.31, and ≥6.34 mmol/L]) relative to the lowest quintile were 1.29, 1.73, 2.21, and 3.42. Of all CHD deaths, 46% were estimated to be excess deaths attributable to serum cholesterol levels 180 mg/dL or greater (≥4.65 mmol/L), with almost half the excess deaths in serum cholesterol quintiles 2 through 4. The pattern of a continuous, graded, strong relationship between serum cholesterol and six-year age-adjusted CHD death rate prevailed for nonhypertensive nonsmokers, nonhypertensive smokers, hypertensive nonsmokers, and hypertensive smokers. These data of high precision show that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CHD is not a threshold one, with increased risk confined to the two highest quintiles, but rather is a continuously graded one that powerfully affects risk for the great majority of middle-aged American men. (JAMA1986;256:2823-2828)
2,113 citations
TL;DR: These approximations to the posterior means and variances of positive functions of a real or vector-valued parameter, and to the marginal posterior densities of arbitrary parameters can also be used to compute approximate predictive densities.
Abstract: This article describes approximations to the posterior means and variances of positive functions of a real or vector-valued parameter, and to the marginal posterior densities of arbitrary (ie, not necessarily positive) parameters These approximations can also be used to compute approximate predictive densities To apply the proposed method, one only needs to be able to maximize slightly modified likelihood functions and to evaluate the observed information at the maxima Nevertheless, the resulting approximations are generally as accurate and in some cases more accurate than approximations based on third-order expansions of the likelihood and requiring the evaluation of third derivatives The approximate marginal posterior densities behave very much like saddle-point approximations for sampling distributions The principal regularity condition required is that the likelihood times prior be unimodal
2,081 citations
TL;DR: In 15 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, comprising 11,579 men aged 40-59 years and "healthy" at entry, 2,288 died in 15 years, with all-cause and coronary heart disease death rates were low in cohorts with olive oil as the main fat.
Abstract: In 15 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study comprising 11579 men aged 40-59 years and healthy at entry 2288 died in 15 years. Death rates differed among cohorts. Differences in mean age blood pressure serum cholesterol and smoking habits explained 46% of variance in death rate from all causes 80% from coronary heart disease 35% from cancer and 45% from stroke....Death rates were related positively to average percentage of dietary energy from saturated fatty acids negatively to dietary energy percentage from monounsaturated fatty acids and were unrelated to dietary energy percentage from polyunsaturated fatty acids proteins carbohydrates and alcohol. Inclusion of the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids "with age blood pressure serum cholesterol and smoking habits as independent variables accounted for 85% of variance in rates of deaths from all causes 96% coronary heart disease 55% cancer and 66% stroke....All-cause and coronary heart disease death rates were low in cohorts with olive oil as the main fat. Causal relationships are not claimed but consideration of characteristics of populations as well as of individuals within populations is urged in evaluating risks." The study covered subpopulations in the United States Finland the Netherlands Italy Yugoslavia Greece and Japan. (EXCERPT)
1,673 citations
[...]
1,502 citations
TL;DR: This paper integrated important motivational and situational factors from organizational behavior theory and research into a model which describes how trainees' attributes and attitudes may influence the effectiveness of training. But they focused on the level of ability necessary to learn program content.
Abstract: Studies of the influence of trainees' characteristics on training effectiveness have focused on the level of ability necessary to learn program content. Motivational and environmental influences of training effectiveness have received little attention. This analysis integrates important motivational and situational factors from organizational behavior theory and research into a model which describes how trainees' attributes and attitudes may influence the effectiveness of training.
1,215 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that financial intermediaries arise endogenously within an environment in which the investment opportunities of agents are private information and it is established that financial intermediary are part of an efficient arrangement in the sense that they are needed to support the authors' private information core allocations.
1,110 citations
TL;DR: For both CHD and total mortality, serum cholesterol was similar to diastolic blood pressure in the shape of the risk curve and in the size of the high-risk group, which supports the policy of a moderate fat intake for the general population and intensive treatment for those at high risk.
1,089 citations
TL;DR: An examination of reanalyses of studies of self-monitoring, analyses of the internal structure of the Self-Monitoring Scale, and further relevant data suggest that the measure does tap a meaningful and interpretable causal variable with pervasive influences on social behavior, a variable reflected as a general self- monitoring factor.
Abstract: An extensive network of empirical relations has been identified in research on the psychological construct of self-monitoring. Nevertheless, in recent years some concerns have been expressed about the instrument used for the assessment of self-monitoring propensities, the Self-Monitoring Scale. Both the extent to which the measure taps an interpretable and meaningful causal variable and the extent to which the self-monitoring construct provides an appropriate theoretical understanding of this causal variable have been questioned. An examination of reanalyses of studies of self-monitoring, analyses of the internal structure of the Self-Monitoring Scale, and further relevant data suggest that the measure does tap a meaningful and interpretable causal variable with pervasive influences on social behavior, a variable reflected as a general self-monitoring factor. We discuss the evaluation and furthering of the interpretation of this latent causal variable, offer criteria for evaluating alternative measures of self-monitoring, and present a new, 18-item Self-Monitoring Scale.
1,052 citations
TL;DR: These REM sleep neurobehavioral disorders constitute another category of parasomnia, replicate findings from 21 years ago in cats receiving pontine tegmental lesions, and offer additional perspectives on human behavior, neurophysiology, pharmacology, and dream phenomenology.
Abstract: Four men, aged 67-72 years, had 4-month to 6-year histories of injuring themselves or their spouses with aggressive behaviors during sleep, often during attempted dream enactment. A 60-year-old woman had disruptive though nonviolent sleep and dream behaviors. Polysomnography did not detect seizures but did document REM sleep pathology with variable loss of chin atonia, extraordinarily increased limb-twitch activity, and increased REM ocular activity and density. A broad range of REM sleep behaviors was recorded on videotape, including stereotypical hand motions, reaching and searching gestures, punches, kicks, and verified dream movements. Stage 3-4 slow wave sleep was elevated for age in all patients. NREM sleep was devoid of harmful behaviors, although three men had periodic myoclonus. There was no associated psychiatric disorder, whereas serious neurologic disorder was closely associated in four cases: olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration, Guillain-Barre syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and an atypical dementia. Two patients had immediate and lasting sleep behavioral suppression induced by clonazepam, and another patient had the same response with desipramine. All instances of drug discontinuation prompted immediate relapse. In four cases there was associated dream hyperactivity, which resolved with behavioral control. These REM sleep neurobehavioral disorders constitute another category of parasomnia, replicate findings from 21 years ago in cats receiving pontine tegmental lesions, and offer additional perspectives on human behavior, neurophysiology, pharmacology, and dream phenomenology.
1,013 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients was significantly higher than among either local or national population-based samples (52% versus 30% and 33%).
Abstract: The prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients (N = 277) was significantly higher than among either local or national population-based samples (N = 1,440 and 17,000) (52% versus 30% and 33%) The higher prevalence was not associated with the age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, alcohol use, coffee use, or institutionalization of the psychiatric patients Smoking was especially prevalent among patients with schizophrenia (88%) or mania (70%) and among the more severely ill patients Hypotheses about why psychiatric patients are more likely to smoke and why they do not have a high rate of smoking-induced illnesses are presented
TL;DR: In this paper, an exploratory model describing the influence on trainee career and job attitudes on training outcomes (learning, behavior change, performance improvement) has been proposed, which suggests that job involvement and career planning are antecedents of learning and behavior change.
Abstract: Studies of the influence of trainee characteristics on training effectiveness have focused on the ability level necessary to learn program content. Motivational and environmental influences on training effectiveness have received little attention. The purpose of this study was to test an exploratory model describing the influence on trainee career and job attitudes on training outcomes (learning, behavior change, performance improvement). Results of the study suggest that job involvement and career planning are antecedents of learning and behavior change. Future research directions and practical implications of the results are discussed. Training can be defined as a planned learning experience designed to bring about permanent change in an individual's knowledge, attitudes, or skills (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, & Weick, 1970). Training effectiveness is usually determined by assessing some combination of the criteria presented in Kirkpatrick's (1967) hierarchical model of training outcomes. This hierarchy is composed of four levels of training effects: trainees' reactions to the program content and training process (reaction), knowledge or skill acquisition (learning), behavior change (behavior), and improvements in tangible individual or organizational outcomes such as turnover, accidents, or productivity (results). A number of training evaluation studies have provided support for the hierarchical model (e.g., Clement, 1978; Fromkin, Brandt, King, Sherwood, & Fisher, 1975; Latham, Wexley, & Purcell, 1975).
TL;DR: A single gel is able to resolve an entire range from large proteins to small peptides, obviating the need for urea or other additives as used in other systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a framework for analysing the major institutions governing the production and exchange of output and the primary factors of production in rural areas, incorporating general considerations of risk and information constraints jointly with the principal material attributes of agriculture and agricultural production factors.
Abstract: In this essay we develop a framework for analysing the major institutions governing the production and exchange of output and the primary factors of production in rural areas. The analysis incorporates general considerations of risk and information constraints jointly with the principal material attributes of agriculture and of agricultural production factors. The framework is used to analyse barriers to the existence of the major intertemporal and factor markets. It is applied specifically to land‐scarce environments for which it provides an internally consistent explanation for many of the well‐documented institutional features of such settings. In addition, the analysis provides new implications for, among other phenomena, the inter‐relationships among ownership holdings, operational scale, family size and factor productivity; for the scarcity of animal rental markets and use of animals as collateral; for the renting out of land by small landowners; and for the existence of plantations for certain crops.
TL;DR: In this article, an expanded self-leadership view is developed that includes self-imposed strategies for managing performance of tasks of low intrinsic motivational potential and self-influence that capitalizes on the "natural"/intrinsic motivational value of task activity.
Abstract: The considerable attention devoted to individual self-influence processes in organizations has been limited to scope, focusing primarily on self-management that facilitates behaviors that are not naturally motivating and that meet externally anchored standards. In this paper, individual self-control systems are viewed as the central control mechanisms within organizations. An expanded “self-leadership” view is developed that includes (a) self-imposed strategies for managing performance of tasks of low intrinsic motivational potential and (b) self-influence that capitalizes on the “natural”/intrinsic motivational value of task activity. Implications for theory and practice are addressed.
TL;DR: Some of the recent empirical studies validating the Circumplex Model are reviewed and the newly developed self-report measure, FACES III is described, which can be used for making a diagnosis of family functioning and for assessing changes over the course of treatment.
Abstract: This paper reviews some of the recent empirical studies validating the Circumplex Model and describes the newly developed self-report measure, FACES III. Studies testing hypotheses derived from the Circumplex Model regarding the three dimensions of cohesion, change, and communication are reviewed. Case illustrations using FACES III and the Clinical Rating Scale are presented. These two assessment tools can be used for making a diagnosis of family functioning and for assessing changes over the course of treatment. This paper reflects the continuing attempt to develop further the Circumplex Model and to bridge more adequately research, theory, and practice.
TL;DR: Inability of the mutant strain to express either a cloned TSST-1 gene or the chromosomal gene indicates that the transposon has inactivated a trans-active positive control element.
Abstract: Insertion of the erythromycin-resistance transposon Tn551 into the Staphylococcus aureus chromosome at a site which maps between the purB and ilv loci has a pleiotrophic effect on the production of a number of extracellular proteins. Production of alpha, beta and delta hemolysin, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) and staphylokinase was depressed about fifty-fold while protein A production was elevated twenty-fold. Hybridization analysis showed that the defect in expression of TSST-1 and alpha hemolysin was at the transcriptional level. Inability of the mutant strain to express either a cloned TSST-1 gene or the chromosomal gene indicates that the transposon has inactivated a trans-active positive control element. This element has been designated agr for accessory gene regulator.
TL;DR: In this article, approximate layer-averaged equations describing the mechanics of turbid underflows are derived and the authors show that the self-acceleration predicted by the three-equation model is so strong that the energy constraint fails to be satisfied.
Abstract: Approximate layer-averaged equations describing the mechanics of turbid underflows are derived. Closure of the equations describing the balance of fluid mass, sediment mass, and mean flow momentum provides for the delineation of a three-equation model. A description of sediment exchange with the bed allows for the possibility of a self-accelerating turbidity current in which sediment entrainment from the bed is linked to flow velocity. A consideration of the balance of the mean energy of the turbulence yields a constraint on physically realistic solutions to the three-equation model. It is shown that the self-acceleration predicted by the three-equation model is so strong that the energy constraint fails to be satisfied. In particular, the turbulent energy consumed in entraining new bed sediment exceeds the supply of energy to the turbulence, so that the turbulence, and thus the turbidity current, must die. The problem is rectified by the formulation of a four-equation model, in which an explicit accounting is made of the mean energy of the turbulence. Sediment entrainment from the bed is linked to the level of turbulence in the four-equation model. Self-acceleration is again predicted, although it is somewhat subdued compared with that predicted by the three-equation model. The predictions of both models are summarized over a wide range of conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mass transfer correlations reported in this paper are similar to earlier heat and mass transfer correlation, but can be complicated by diffusion across the fiber wall and by alterations in fiber geometry.
Abstract: Hollow-fiber contactors can provide fast mass transfer without flooding or loading. They are a promising alternative to packed towers for gas treating, and to centrifugal extractors for liquid-liquid extraction. Hollow-fiber contractors can be designed effectively using the mass transfer correlations reported in this paper. The correlations, based on aqueous deaeration and carbon dioxide absorption, are similar to earlier heat and mass transfer correlations, but can be complicated by diffusion across the fiber wall and by alterations in fiber geometry.
TL;DR: An asymptotic statistical analysis of the null-spectra of two eigen-assisted methods, MUSIC and Minimum-Norm, for resolving independent closely spaced plane waves in noise finds an approximate expression for the resolution threshold of two plane waves with equal power in noise.
Abstract: This paper presents an asymptotic statistical analysis of the null-spectra of two eigen-assisted methods, MUSIC [1] and Minimum-Norm [2], for resolving independent closely spaced plane waves in noise. Particular attention is paid to the average deviation of the null-spectra from zero at the true angles of arrival for the plane waves. These deviations are expressed as functions of signal-to-noise ratios, number of array elements, angular separation of emitters, and the number of snapshots. In the case of MUSIC. an approximate expression is derived for the resolution threshold of two plane waves with equal power in noise. This result is validated by Monte Carlo simulations.
TL;DR: Following infection of animals or humans, lentiviruses play a prolonged game of hide and seek with the host's immune system which results in a slowly developing multi-system disease.
Abstract: Following infection of animals or humans, lentiviruses play a prolonged game of hide and seek with the host's immune system which results in a slowly developing multi-system disease. Emerging knowledge of the disease processes is of some relevance to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by a virus possessing many of the characteristics of a lentivirus.
TL;DR: Treatment of the target cells with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine abolished recognition of infected target cells by class II-restricted CTL without diminishing class I-restricted recognition ofinfected target cells, suggesting that important differences may exist in requirements for antigen presentation between H-2K/D and H- 2I region- restricted CTL.
Abstract: We have examined requirements for antigen presentation to a panel of MHC class I-and class II-restricted, influenza virus-specific CTL clones by controlling the form of virus presented on the target cell surface. Both H-2K/D- and I region-restricted CTL recognize target cells exposed to infectious virus, but only the I region-restricted clones efficiently lysed histocompatible target cells pulsed with inactivated virus preparations. The isolated influenza hemagglutinin (HA) polypeptide also could sensitize target cells for recognition by class II-restricted, HA-specific CTL, but not by class I-restricted, HA-specific CTL. Inhibition of nascent viral protein synthesis abrogated the ability of target cells to present viral antigen relevant for class I-restricted CTL recognition. Significantly, presentation for class II-restricted recognition was unaffected in target cells exposed to preparations of either inactivated or infectious virus. This differential sensitivity suggested that these H-2I region-restricted CTL recognized viral polypeptides derived from the exogenously introduced virions, rather than viral polypeptides newly synthesized in the infected cell. In support of this contention, treatment of the target cells with the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine abolished recognition of infected target cells by class II-restricted CTL without diminishing class I-restricted recognition of infected target cells. Furthermore, when the influenza HA gene was introduced into target cells without exogenous HA polypeptide, the target cells that expressed the newly synthesized protein product of the HA gene were recognized only by H-2K/D-restricted CTL. These observations suggest that important differences may exist in requirements for antigen presentation between H-2K/D and H-2I region-restricted CTL. These differences may reflect the nature of the antigenic epitopes recognized by these two CTL subsets.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical treatment of a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) system is presented, and procedures for laboratory implementation are discussed, and the theory is presented in an analytic form that can be encoded for on-line or off-line data analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, Blechman and Kaplan's Force Without War is used to evaluate the probability of the use of force at any point in time, which is explained in terms of enduring and essential concerns, which are operationalized as coming from the international, domestic, and personal environments.
Abstract: Throughout the post–World War II period the president has been called upon to make decisions concerning the use of force as a political instrument. The explanation that is offered is based upon a characterization of the president as a cybernetic human decision maker facing limitations. These limitations, in conjunction with the complexity of the environment, lead presidents to develop and use a relatively simple decision rule. The dependent variable, which is the probability of the use of force at any point in time, is explained in terms of enduring and essential concerns, which are operationalized as coming from the international, domestic, and personal environments. Data are taken from Blechman and Kaplan's Force Without War. On the basis of our estimation and evaluation, presidential decisions to use force are based on factors in all three arenas.
TL;DR: The local Holder continuity of solutions of second-order parabolic equations with coefficients which need not be smooth was studied by Nash as mentioned in this paper, who used this property to derive regularity for a general solution.
Abstract: In 1958 Nash published his fundamental work on the local Holder continuity of solutions of second-order parabolic equations with coefficients which need not be smooth ([8]). The primary purpose of that work was to study the properties of the fundamental solution corresponding to the parabolic operator and from these properties to derive regularity for a general solution. Though the work is often cited in the literature about weak solutions of elliptic and parabolic equations, one feels that Nash’S ideas were never fully understood (and maybe still are not) and that because of this the more understandable and seemingly more fruitful ideas of De Giorgi ([4]) and Moser ([6], [7]) were subsequently adopted.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical approach is outlined, showing that the tragedy of the commons is an unsatisfactory model of common property, and an alternative model is presented, together with a call for research into institutional alternatives in resource management.
TL;DR: Etude du fonctionnement cognitif mesure par une batterie de tests and des activites de l'enfance entre 6 and 11 ans mesurees par un questionnaire retrospectif chez 25 personnes atteintes d'une maladie hormonale.
Abstract: Etude du fonctionnement cognitif mesure par une batterie de tests et des activites de l'enfance entre 6 et 11 ans mesurees par un questionnaire retrospectif chez 25 personnes atteintes d'une maladie hormonale
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the biogenesis of flavour in fruits and vegetables, and the changes in food flavour due to processing off-flavours in food, and present the application of flavourings in food processing.
Abstract: Part I: Flavour Chemistry Flavour and its study Biogenesis of flavour in fruits and vegetables Changes in food flavour due to processing Off-flavours in food Part II: Flavour Technology Flavourings and flavouring materials Flavouring materials of natural origin Flavouring materials made by processing Synthetic Flavouring materials Flavour potentiators Flavourists and flavour creation Flavour production The application of flavourings in food processing Flavours and the law Quality control.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that activated human blood monocyte, but not resting monocytes, release a mediator that attracts smooth muscle cells and cooperates with other mediators to stimulate fibroblast proliferation.
Abstract: Activated human monocytes express the c-sis proto-oncogene and release a mediator showing PDGF-like activity