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Institution

University of Minnesota

EducationMinneapolis, Minnesota, United States
About: University of Minnesota is a education organization based out in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Transplantation. The organization has 117432 authors who have published 257986 publications receiving 11944239 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities & University of Minnesota-Twin Cities.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two objectives provided the focus for the Conference on Community Violence and Children's Development that was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation: to examine the evidence for deficit behaviors that characterized children rearing in poverty and to identify the characteristics of children who sustained their competencies despite being reared in comparable environments.
Abstract: Two objectives provided the focus for the Conference on Community Violence and Children's Development that was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. One was to examine the evidence for deficit behaviors that characterized children reared in poverty; the second was to identify the characteristics of children who sustained their competencies despite being reared in comparable environments. These dual objectives took this form: "What can we conclude from studies of children, their families, and environments about characteristics that predispose children to maladjustment following exposure to violence, and about characteristics that protect children from such adjustment problems following, or in the midst of, violence exposure?" VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: The intent of this article by Garmezy was to identify the differences between children who do not suffer maladjustment despite exposure to violence, and children who do suffer maladjustment as a result of exposure to violence. METHODOLOGY: The author employed a non-experimental design by reviewing literature on the effects of cumulative risk factors for children with maladjustment difficulties. The author then identified the protective factors which helped provide healthy development in children, despite their exposure to violence and other potentially maladaptive experiences. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: One study (Rutter 1979) identified six variables, linked to the family, which created a cumulative effect that increased the likelihood of maladjustment for each factor which was present. The factors included marital discord, low socioeconomic status, an overcrowded environment or large family size, paternal criminal behavior, maternal psychiatric disorder, and foster home placement. Findings by two other researchers (Kolvin 1988, Sameroff 1982, 1984, 1989, 1990) supported the notion of cumulative effects although their categories differed slightly. All three studies noted the combination of negative sociocultural elements and negative biological elements as especially problematic in producing positive outcomes. Resiliency, the power to recover from difficult environmental or biological circumstances, appeared in one study but the children became increasingly less competent as they were tested over time (another potential example of the effects of cumulated stress, especially stress over time). Although research on the factors central to resiliency was scarce, the author did note that signs of emotional distress were not necessarily suggestive of a breakdown in resilient behavior. On the contrary, some research (Werner 1989; Werner and Smith 1982, 1992) had indicated that although adult survivors of childhood trauma demonstrated good coping with adult responsibilities, life satisfaction or happiness were not always also present. Another study (Coatsworth 1991) identified competence items for measuring success in adaptation: Academic and job performance, obedience to the law, expectations for appropriate social conduct with adults, relating well to peers, maintaining close relations with friends, and preliminary signs of developing romantic relationships. The author cautioned, however, that such competence items were rarely utilized in research on adaptive individuals and therefore the understanding of resiliency factors was minimal. Several protective factors were also identified which could lead to eventual competence, including temperament factors (reflectiveness, cognitive skills, positive responsiveness to others), families characterized as warm and cohesive, and the presence of an external support (teacher, neighbor, parents of peers) (Garmezy 1985). To confound the issue, however, Festinger (1983) tracked 277 young adult men who had been placed in foster care as young boys and determined that the overall adaptation to adult life was no different than the family-reared men she randomly selected as a control group. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author closed with the suggestion to address the scientific and political facets of understanding resilience. The scientific challenges, according to the author, required further research on biological, genetic, and social-developmental elements which effected resiliency. The political challenges included, most importantly, a serious examination of the effects of poverty on family survivorship and a resulting strategy for addressing poverty. Finally, intensive studies on shifts in individual adaptation and the correlates of this adaptation, argued the author, required additional longitudinal studies. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) KW - Child Witness KW - Child Development KW - Youth Development KW - Poverty KW - Socioeconomic Factors KW - At Risk Child KW - At Risk Youth KW - Exposure to Violence KW - Witnessing Violence Effects KW - Literature Review KW - Family Relations KW - Witness Adjustment KW - Child Adjustment KW - Emotional Adjustment KW - Individual Risk Factors KW - Individual Risk Factors KW - Resiliency KW - Domestic Violence Effects KW - Domestic Violence Victim KW - Child Abuse Effects KW - Child Abuse Victim KW - Child Victim KW - Victim Adjustment KW - Family Environment KW - Family Risk Factors KW - Family Protective Factors Language: en

954 citations

Book ChapterDOI
17 Feb 2002
TL;DR: This paper presents an adaptation of Lesk's dictionary-based word sense disambiguation algorithm that uses the lexical database WordNet as the source of glosses for this approach, and attains an overall accuracy of 32%.
Abstract: This paper presents an adaptation of Lesk's dictionary-based word sense disambiguation algorithm. Rather than using a standard dictionary as the source of glosses for our approach, the lexical database WordNet is employed. This provides a rich hierarchy of semantic relations that our algorithm can exploit. This method is evaluated using the English lexical sample data from the SENSEVAL-2 word sense disambiguation exercise, and attains an overall accuracy of 32%. This represents a significant improvement over the 16% and 23% accuracy attained by variations of the Lesk algorithm used as benchmarks during the Senseval-2 comparative exercise among word sense disambiguation systems.

954 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the development of social buffering of cortisol responses that produces a functional analogue of the rodent stress hyporesponsive period by the time children are about 12 months of age is described.

953 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This letter presents an exact average symbol error rate analysis for the distributed spatial diversity wireless system with K amplifying relays in a Rayleigh-fading environment and shows that the cooperative network presented in this letter achieves full diversity order.
Abstract: In a distributed spatial diversity wireless system, not all antennas are located at one station as in classical transmit diversity systems, but are dispersed at different, possibly mobile, stations in the network. Transmit diversity is created when the selected stations assist a sender by relaying its information signal to the destination. In this letter, we present an exact average symbol error rate analysis for the distributed spatial diversity wireless system with K amplifying relays in a Rayleigh-fading environment. The average symbol error rate formula allows us to clearly illustrate the advantage that the distributed diversity system has in overcoming the severe penalty in signal-to-noise ratio caused by Rayleigh fading. Using simple bounds on the probability of error, we show that the cooperative network presented in this letter achieves full diversity order.

953 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Acute pulmonary dysfunction from complement-mediated leukostasis may play a major part in the acute cardiopulmonary complications of cellophane-membrane hemodialysis.
Abstract: During hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary decompensation may appear in uremic patients, possibly caused by plugging of pulmonary vessels by leukocytes In 34 patients we noted leukopenia (20% of initial levels) during hemodialysis that in 15 was associated with impaired pulmonary function When we infused autologous plasma, incubated with dialyzer cellophane, into rabbits and sheep, sudden leukopenia and hypoxia occurred, with doubling of pulmonary-artery pressures and quintupling of pulmonary-lymph effluent Histologic examination showed severe pulmonary-vessel-leukostasis and interstitial edema The syndrome was prevented by preinactivation of complement but was reproduced by infusions of plasma in which complement was activated by zymosan Thus, acute pulmonary dysfunction from complement-mediated leukostasis may play a major part in the acute cardiopulmonary complications of cellophane-membrane hemodialysis

951 citations


Authors

Showing all 118112 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Walter C. Willett3342399413322
David J. Hunter2131836207050
David Miller2032573204840
Mark I. McCarthy2001028187898
Dennis W. Dickson1911243148488
David H. Weinberg183700171424
Eric Boerwinkle1831321170971
John C. Morris1831441168413
Aaron R. Folsom1811118134044
H. S. Chen1792401178529
Jie Zhang1784857221720
Jasvinder A. Singh1762382223370
Feng Zhang1721278181865
Gang Chen1673372149819
Hongfang Liu1662356156290
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023200
20221,176
202111,903
202011,807
201910,984
201810,367