Showing papers by "University of Missouri published in 1986"
TL;DR: This chapter discusses a wide variety of variables that proved instrumental in affecting the elaboration likelihood, and thus the route to persuasion, and outlines the two basic routes to persuasion.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
This chapter outlines the two basic routes to persuasion. One route is based on the thoughtful consideration of arguments central to the issue, whereas the other is based on the affective associations or simple inferences tied to peripheral cues in the persuasion context. This chapter discusses a wide variety of variables that proved instrumental in affecting the elaboration likelihood, and thus the route to persuasion. One of the basic postulates of the Elaboration Likelihood Model—that variables may affect persuasion by increasing or decreasing scrutiny of message arguments—has been highly useful in accounting for the effects of a seemingly diverse list of variables. The reviewers of the attitude change literature have been disappointed with the many conflicting effects observed, even for ostensibly simple variables. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) attempts to place these many conflicting results and theories under one conceptual umbrella by specifying the major processes underlying persuasion and indicating the way many of the traditionally studied variables and theories relate to these basic processes. The ELM may prove useful in providing a guiding set of postulates from which to interpret previous work and in suggesting new hypotheses to be explored in future research.
7,932 citations
TL;DR: The first time that American and Russian leaders had exchanged messages that were simultaneously televised was on New Year's Day, 1986 as mentioned in this paper, when U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Russian Premier Mikhail Gorbachev appeared on television in each others countries.
Abstract: On New Year’s Day, 1986, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and U.S.S.R. Premier Mikhail Gorbachev appeared on television in each others countries. It was the first time that American and Russian leaders had exchanged messages that were simultaneously televised. Reagan’s message, broadcast without warning during the popular Soviet evening news, spoke of world peace and called for the development of new defensive weapons. Gorbachev’s message, which appeared while many Americans were watching coverage of the traditional Tournament of Roses parade, also spoke of peace but decried seeking security with new weaponry. How effective were these messages likely to be? What would be the major determinant of effectiveness—the substance of the messages, or the appearance and demeanor of the speakers? If the messages produced attitude changes, would these changes last and would they lead to changes in behavior?
1,817 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated organizational factors related to user involvement in information system development and perceived system usefulness using a sample of 118 usermanagers in 34 companies and found that user involvement is related positively to users' perceptions of system usefulness.
Abstract: This study investigates organizational factors related to user involvement in information system development and perceived system usefulness Using a sample of 118 usermanagers in 34 companies, the results show that user involvement in design and implementation is related positively to users' perceptions of system usefulness However, organizational factors were not found to be related significantly to user involvement, as had been originally hypothesized Rather, organizational factors either had a direct relationship with perceived usefulness or moderated the relationship between involvement and usefulness Two factors reflecting an MIS department's maturity (size and age) were found to reduce users' perceptions of system usefulness Also, users at higher levels and those making more structured decisions found their systems more useful, although the user's level was found to moderate perceptions of system usefulness during the design stage Three other organizational factors (level of MIS manager, MIS department scope, and decentralization of authority) also were found to have moderating effects
422 citations
TL;DR: The acoustic characteristics of three tropical habitats were investigated to determine how they might constrain the structure of primate signals and the distances over which calls would be audible and over which primates could reliably transmit amplitude‐modulated or pulse‐coded information.
Abstract: The acoustic characteristics of three tropical habitats were investigated to determine how they might constrain the structure of primate signals. Ambient noise was measured, along with signal attenuation and aspects of signal degradation (reverberation, amplitude fluctuations, and pulse train modulation depth). These measures allowed estimation of the effects of habitat acoustics on the distances over which calls would be audible (the "active space") and over which primates could reliably transmit amplitude-modulated or pulse-coded information.
238 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three distinct methodologies have been used to investigate potential links between parent-child relations and the etiology of depression, as well as the findings obtained with each, are reviewed and critiqued.
237 citations
TL;DR: A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described which will separate and quantitate the seventeen amino acids typically found in protein acid hydrolyzates and displays a characteristic and unique [M- 57] fragment ion for each amino acid which often dominates the mass spectrum.
236 citations
TL;DR: The academic achievement scores of 122 children with epilepsy were examined in relation to demographic and clinical seizure variables, and the strongest correlates of academic performance were age of the child, age of seizure onset, lifetime total seizure frequency, and presence of multiple seizures.
Abstract: The academic achievement scores of 122 children with epilepsy were examined in relation to demographic and clinical seizure variables. As a group, these children were making less academic progress than expected for their age and IQ level. Academic deficiencies were greatest in arithmetic, followed by spelling, reading, comprehension, and word recognition. Results of the multiple regression analyses indicated a modest combined predictive significance of the demographic and clinical seizure variables for academic performance. In addition, the magnitude of these relationships varied by academic area. Among the individual variables examined the strongest correlates of academic performance were age of the child, age of seizure onset, lifetime total seizure frequency, and presence of multiple seizures (absence and tonic-clonic). These results are discussed in relation to developing an understanding of the factors which underlie academic vulnerability in children with epilepsy.
206 citations
TL;DR: The application of this method for the simultaneous detection of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-immunoreactive structures revealed that black colored TH-immunopositive fibers contacted brown colored CRF-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
Abstract: In order to study the morphological interrelationships between immunocytochemically identified neuronal systems, a double labelling procedure — suitable for correlative light and electron microscopic observations — is introduced. The technique is based on the consecutive use of the silver-gold (SG) intensified and non-intensified forms of the oxidized 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen in the framework of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) indirect immunocytochemical procedure. The first tissue antigen is detected by the SG intensified DAB chromogen, which has a black color and high electron density. The structures containing the second antigen are visualized by the non-intensified DAB-endproduct, which is less electron dense than the silver-gold amplified form and is brown. The metallic shield that forms around the labeled antibody sequences associated with the first antigen prevents non-specific binding of immunoglobulins used for the detection of the second tissue antigen.
175 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: In this article, the exponential failure model Gamma and Weibull Distributions Normal and Related Distributions Mixture Distributions and Competing Risks Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals Bayes Estimators Bayesian Approximation and Reliability Estimation Bayesian Intervals for Parameters and reliability Functions Reliability of Series/Parallel Systems Appendixes References Author Index Subject Index.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Introduction Exponential Failure Model Gamma and Weibull Distributions Normal and Related Distributions Mixture Distributions and Competing Risks Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals Bayes Estimators Bayesian Approximation and Reliability Estimation Bayesian Intervals for Parameters and Reliability Functions Reliability of Series/Parallel Systems Appendixes References Author Index Subject Index.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, total annual input of carbon with crop residues to the soils in Missouri (North Central Region of the USA) was found to be about 3.7 t ha−1.
Abstract: Total annual input of carbon with crop residues to the soils in Missouri (North Central Region of the USA) was found to be about 3.7 t ha−1 for wheat, 3.4 t ha−1 for soybeans and 9.2 t ha−1 for corn. Root biomass represented 40–50% of total residues and its accumulation appears to be influenced by climatic conditions. Estimates of carbon outflow from the ecosystem in the form of CO2 were in good agreement with the biomass input.
158 citations
TL;DR: Thermophilic bacteria which contain N4-methylcytosine rather than m5C in their genomes may thereby largely avoid heat-induced mutation due to deamination, which is incurred by the many organisms that contain m5 C in their DNA.
Abstract: The heat-induced conversion of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) residues to thymine residues and of cytosine to uracil residues in single-stranded DNA was studied. The calculated rates for deamination at 37°C and pH 7.4 were ∼9.5×10−10 and 2.1×10−10 sec−1, respectively. N4-Methyldeoxycytidine, which is in the DNA of certain thermophilic bacteria, was more heat-resistant than was deoxycytidine and much more than was 5-methyldeoxycytidine. Thermophilic bacteria which contain N4-methylcytosine rather than m5C in their genomes may thereby largely avoid heat-induced mutation due to deamination, which is incurred by the many organisms that contain m5C in their DNA.
TL;DR: In comparison to meningiomas, the principal differences were that neurofibromas had an even sex distribution, a lower incidence of cord signs and symptoms, more frequent findings on plain x-rays, and higher cerebrospinal fluid protein.
Abstract: A series of 66 spinal cord neurofibromas was analyzed for history, signs, surgical approach, and outcome. The tumors presented primarily with sensory symptoms. Plain films were abnormal in ½ of cases and ½ had a complete block. They were primarily intradural, and primarily thoracic. A conservative e
TL;DR: This morphological finding indicates that the central adrenergic system directly influences CRF-synthesizing neurons in the PVN and provides basis for a more definitive pharmacological manipulation of this system.
Abstract: Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide synthesized in the parvocellular subnuclei of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), takes part in the regulation of different stress evoked responses of the organism. In order to elucidate the role of the central adrenergic system in the regulation of these CRF-synthesizing neurons, a novel ultrastructural immunocytochemical dual localization technique was utilized. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), a specific enzyme marker for the central adrenaline system, and CRF-immunoreactive elements were simultaneously visualized in hypothalamic sections. PNMT-immunoreactive axon terminals established synaptic connections with somata, dendrites and spinous structures of CRF-producing neurons. This morphological finding indicates that the central adrenergic system directly influences CRF-synthesizing neurons in the PVN and provides basis for a more definitive pharmacological manipulation of this system.
TL;DR: A longitudinal study demonstrated the persistence of MCTD blotting patterns over many years, and the subsequent disappearance of those specificities in sera from patients who were in prolonged remission.
Abstract: Antibodies to ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and to the Sm antigen in sera from patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and systemic lupus erythematosus were studied using the techniques of immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation of U small nuclear RNPs. A cross-sectional study indicated that antibodies reacting with a 68K protein were associated with anti-RNP specificity in MCTD, but rarely occurred in systemic lupus erythematosus patients' sera. A longitudinal study demonstrated the persistence of MCTD blotting patterns over many years, and the subsequent disappearance of those specificities in sera from patients who were in prolonged remission.
TL;DR: Evidence that outer-segment components may be converted into lipofuscin fluorophores was provided by the discovery that in young RDY rats, fragments of outer segments from degenerating photoreceptor cells had fluorescence properties similar to those of RPE lip ofuscin.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Self-presentation and impression management has been studied extensively in the past two decades as mentioned in this paper, with a wide range of taxonomies, models, and analyses of the motivational bases of selfpresentation.
Abstract: Research on self-presentation and impression management has grown immensely in scope and sophistication during the past two decades. Standing on the shoulders of such astute observers of social behavior as Erving Goffman (e.g., 1959) and Edward E. Jones (e.g., 1964), social psychologists have begun sampling the panorama of fascinating and theoretically compelling behaviors that fall into this category of social influence tactic; one can hardly scan a journal in social psychology without seeing some insightful account or intriguing demonstration of the ways people behave to create impressions on others. Moreover, theory has not lagged behind. Taxonomies, models, and analyses of the motivational bases of self-presentation have been offered (e.g., Arkin, 1981; Arkin & Baumgardner, 1985; Baumeister, 1982; Hogan, 1982; Jones & Pittman, 1982) and lengthy reviews of the process and collections of perspectives on the problem have come fast and furious as well (e.g., Schlenker, 1982; Tedeschi, 1981).
TL;DR: In this article, millimeter-wave continuum observations and spectral line observations of the J = 5-4 and J = 2-1 transitions of CS toward IRAS 16293-2422, an extremely cold infrared source associated with a high-velocity molecular outflow in the Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud, are reported.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave continuum observations and spectral line observations of the J = 5-4 and J = 2-1 transitions of CS toward IRAS 16293-2422, an extremely cold infrared source associated with a high-velocity molecular outflow in the Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud, are reported. The observations indicate that this source is a dust-enshrouded object embedded in a dense, elongated configuration of molecular gas whose major axis is roughly orthogonal to the direction of the double bipolar outflow observed in it. The observations appear to provide spectroscopic evidence for significant mass infall motions associated with a young stellar object, and suggest that IRAS 16293-2422 is a true protostar.
TL;DR: Rietveld analyses of room-temperature neutron diffraction data for seven Nd2(Co/x/Fe/1-x/)14B alloys (x = 0,0.1, 0.3, 0.,5, 0,7, 0.9, 1) are reported in this paper.
Abstract: Rietveld analyses of room-temperature neutron diffraction data for seven Nd2(Co/x/Fe/1-x/)14B alloys (x = 0,0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1) are reported. Throughout the entire composition range the Nd2Fe14B-type tetragonal crystal structure is maintained, with the lattice constants decreasing significantly as the Co concentration x increases. It is found that the J2-type transition-metal sites are preferentially occupied by Fe ions in the pseudoternary systems, a result which is analogous to the preferential Fe occupation of c sites previously observed in hexagonal Nd2(Co/x/Fe/1-x/)17 alloys.
Patent•
30 Apr 1986TL;DR: A peritoneal dialysis catheter comprises a distal tubular section and proximal tubular sections, connected together by nonintegral tubular connector means so that the respective sections are connected together in sealed flow relation as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A peritoneal dialysis catheter comprises a distal tubular section and a proximal tubular section, connected together by nonintegral tubular connector means so that the respective sections are connected together in sealed flow relation. Such a catheter may be surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity, extending to the chest of the patient with an end thereof protruding from the chest. The respective ends of the catheter section may be connected to each other through the tubular connector means as the tubular sections are surgically implanted, and typically after such implantation is substantially complete.
TL;DR: It is suggested that permanent dual chamber pacing enhances survival to a greater extent than does permanent ventricular demand pacing in patients with high degree AV block and preexistent congestive heart failure.
TL;DR: The relationship between centroid depths and transform thermal structures is examined in this article, which reveals that transform earthquake centroid depth is above the predicted 400 C isotherms and the oceanic intraplate depths extend to the 750 C is otherm.
Abstract: Mechanisms and depths of 40 earthquakes on major transforms along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are studied in order to identify events that deviate from the transform-parallel strike-slip motion. Long and short period waves and Rayleigh wave spectral amplitudes are used to analyze focal mechanisms, depths, source time functions, and seismic moments of earthquakes. The relationship between centroid depths and transform thermal structures is examined. The data reveal that transform earthquake centroid depths occur above the predicted 400 C isotherms and the oceanic intraplate depths extend to the 750 C isotherm. Slip rates inferred from seismic moment releases are compared to those predicted by plate motions and good correlation is detected. The difference in the centroid depths of transform and interplate seismicity indicates transforms are either weaker or higher temperatures than expected.
TL;DR: The orientation of sectors that saddle the shoot demonstrates that the shoot meristem arises from a region of the embryo containing longitudinally oriented cell files and that this cell pattern is at least partially preserved during shoot initation.
TL;DR: It is concluded that, although it is always desirable to validate offsprings' reports of relatives' drinking, such reports tend to agree with those of other siblings, and the use of these reports is reasonable when validation is impossible or unfeasible.
TL;DR: In this paper, 12 treatment combinations including three fat levels, two internal endpoint temperatures, and two storage periods for ground beef patties were studied, and the results showed that no differences in cholesterol content could be attributed to fat content of raw product; therefore, choosing low fat ground beef to lower cholesterol may not be justified.
Abstract: Twelve treatment combinations including three fat levels, two internal endpoint temperatures, and two storage periods for ground beef patties were studied. Quality and sensory attributes as well as cholesterol content were evaluated. As fat level increased in raw patties, cholesterol content, drip and total cook loss, fat and cholesterol content of cook drip increased whereas red color intensity and evaporative losses decreased. Cholesterol content, evaporative and total losses, and beef-flavor intensity increased with higher internal endpoint temperature. Red color intensity of raw patties and cholesterol content of raw and cooked patties decreased with storage. No differences in cholesterol content could be attributed to fat content of raw product; therefore, choosing low fat ground beef to lower cholesterol may not be justified.
DOI•
01 Nov 1986TL;DR: In this article, a representative set of electric power distribution system planning models published in the literature has been reviewed and a model to solve the optimal sizing, location and timing of the distribution substations and feeder expansion simultaneously is presented.
Abstract: A representative set of electric power distribution system planning models published in the literature has been reviewed. The models have been classified according to their characteristics, from the point of view of stages of the plan and overall time span; the methods of treating distribution feeders and/or substations in terms of cost representation, location and sizing problems; radiality and voltage drop considerations; and the mathematical programming techniques used to solve them. Some of the particular features of models have been discussed in detail. The paper also presents a model to solve the optimal sizing, location and timing of the distribution substations and feeder expansion simultaneously. The model is based on mixed-integer programming and its objective function represents the present value of costs of investment, energy and demand losses of the system which take place throughout the duration of the plan. The objective function is minimised subject to Kirchhoff's current law, power capacity limits, and logical constraints. The model developed allows explicit constraints of radiality and voltage drops to be included in its formulation.
TL;DR: The authors' studies confirm that the affected organelle in NCS plants is the mitochondrion, and this line is a potential source of additional mutations for functional and molecular analyses of maize mitochondrial genes.
Abstract: The genetic analysis of higher plant mitochondria has been limited by a scarcity of identified mutations with known progenitors. Correspondingly, few molecular studies have been directed at types of plant mitochondrial variation other than cytoplasmic male sterility. The maternally inherited nonchromosomal stripe (NCS) mutants of maize have profound deleterious effects on plant growth and yield. We report specific alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for two independent, phenotypically distinct NCS mutants. NCS2 plants have a distinctive 21-kilobase Xho I mtDNA band and very reduced amounts of DNA in an 8-kilobase band that is present in the progenitor. NCS3 plants have a distinctive 20-kilobase Xho I band and a reduction in a 16-kilobase band. Our studies confirm that the affected organelle in NCS plants is the mitochondrion. Because NCS-type plants appear with a certain frequency in a particular line (WF9), this line is a potential source of additional mutations for functional and molecular analyses of maize mitochondrial genes.
TL;DR: The rRNA genes were found to be stable except in one family where a marked reduction in the number of rDNA units was observed, heritable and correlated with reduced C-banding at the position of Nor-R1 on chromosome 1R.
Abstract: Plants derived from tissue cultures of six triticale genotypes were the subject of an analysis for changes in the rRNA genes located at the site of nucleolar organizer regions (the Nor loci) on chromosomes 1B, 6B and 1R. In addition whole plant phenotypes and the chromosomal constitutions of their progenies were examined for alterations. Following treatment of DNA with the restriction endonuclease Taq1, it was possible to assign electrophoretic bands representing rDNA spacer sequences to each of the chromosomes known to carry a major Nor locus. In general, the rRNA genes were found to be stable except in one family where a marked reduction in the number of rDNA units was observed. This reduction in 1R rDNA spacer sequences was heritable and correlated with reduced C-banding at the position of Nor-R1 on chromosome 1R. The change was clearly a consequence of tissue culture since six other plants regenerated from the same culture, and the original parent, did not carry the alteration.
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of high versus low nonverbal teacher affect and active versus passive student activities during music listening on preschool children's attention, paired-comparison piece preference, time spent listening, and piece recognition.
Abstract: This study was designed to examine the effects of high versus low non-verbal teacher affect and active versus passive student activities during music listening on preschool children's attention, paired-comparison piece preference, time spent listening, and piece recognition Three-through five-year-old subjects (N = 94) participated in four small-group listening lessons and subsequent individual posttests Through the use of a modified multiple baseline design, each of four treatment conditions, representing different sequences of instructional events, was replicated three times All lessons were videotaped on a split screen showing both teacher and students Data obtained through observation of the videotaped lessons indicated that high teacher affect was associated with higher levels of group attending behavior than was low affect, and active listening activities elicited similar or higher on-task behavior than passive activities No significant effects concerning teacher affect during listening or piec
TL;DR: Observations provide ultrastructural evidence for the participation of central catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the regulation of the different neuronal and neuroendocrine functions which have been related to hypothalamic paraventricular neurons.
Abstract: The catecholaminergic innervation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the rat was studred by preembedding immunocytochemical methods utilizing specific antibodies which were generated against catecholamine synthesizing enzymes. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive terminals contained 80–120 nm dense core granules and 30–50 nm clear synaptic vesicles. The labeled boutons terminated on cell bodies and dendrites of both parvo- and magnocellular neurons of PVN via asymmetric synapses. The parvocellular subnuclei received a more intense adrenergic innervation than did the magnocellular regions of the nucleus. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-immunopositive axons were most numerous in the periventricular zone and the medial paryocellular subnucleus of PVN. Labeled terminal boutens contained 70–100 nm dense granules and clusters of spherical, electron lucent vesicles. Dendrites, perikarya and spinous structures of paraventricular neurons were observed to be the postsynaptic targets of DBH axon terminals. These asymmetric synapses frequently exhibited subsynaptic dense bodies. Paraventricular neurons did not demonstrate either PNMT or DBH immunoreactivity. The fibers present within the nucleus which contained these enzymes are considered to represent extrinsic afferent connections to neurons of the PVN.
TL;DR: The incidence of cysts in pregnancy was established with ultrasound and in 3,330 pregnant patients who underwent sonography, 38 adnexal cystic lesions (1.14%) were found; all but two cysts were discovered before 16 weeks.
Abstract: The incidence of cysts in pregnancy was established with ultrasound. In 3,330 pregnant patients who underwent sonography, 38 adnexal cystic lesions (1.14%) were found. All but two cysts were discovered before 16 weeks. Follow-up showed that the majority of the cystic lesions resolved spontaneously; these were presumed to represent corpus luteum cysts. Five patients underwent surgery because of persistent cystic lesions; a mucinous cystadenoma, a benign cystic teratoma, a paraovarian cyst, an inclusion cyst, and a tuboovarian abscess were found. Septations and echogenic material were seen within the cystic teratoma and the tuboovarian abscess but the sonographic features of the other operated lesions were identical to those seen in the corpus luteum cysts.