Showing papers by "University of Missouri published in 2002"
TL;DR: New guidelines for laboratory testing for patients with diabetes mellitus provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus, and several analytes have minimal clinical value at present and are not recommended.
Abstract: Background: Multiple laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of patients with diabetes mellitus The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially
Approach: An expert committee drafted evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory analysis in patients with diabetes An external panel of experts reviewed a draft of the guidelines, which were modified in response to the reviewers’ suggestions A revised draft was posted on the Internet and was presented at the AACC Annual Meeting in July, 2000 The recommendations were modified again in response to oral and written comments The guidelines were reviewed by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association
Content: Measurement of plasma glucose remains the sole diagnostic criterion for diabetes Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by the patients, who measure their own plasma or blood glucose with meters, and by laboratory analysis of glycated hemoglobin The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, autoantibodies, microalbumin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed
Summary: The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus Several analytes are of minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended
1,481 citations
TL;DR: Findings provide evidence of only a modest or small benefit of program participation for the average youth, but program effects are enhanced significantly when greater numbers of both theory-based and empirically based “best practices” are utilized and when strong relationships are formed between mentors and youth.
Abstract: We used meta-analysis to review 55 evaluations of the effects of mentoring programs on youth. Overall, findings provide evidence of only a modest or small benefit of program participation for the average youth. Program effects are enhanced significantly, however, when greater numbers of both theory-based and empirically based “best practices” are utilized and when strong relationships are formed between mentors and youth. Youth from backgrounds of environmental risk and disadvantage appear most likely to benefit from participation in mentoring programs. Outcomes for youth at-risk due to personal vulnerabilities have varied substantially in relation to program characteristics, with a noteworthy potential evident for poorly implemented programs to actually have an adverse effect on such youth. Recommendations include greater adherence to guidelines for the design and implementation of effective mentoring programs as well as more in-depth assessment of relationship and contextual factors in the evaluation of programs.
1,353 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate BAK1 is a component of BR signaling, and Expression of a dominant-negative mutant allele of B AK1 causes a severe dwarf phenotype, resembling the phenotype of null bri1 alleles.
1,275 citations
TL;DR: The production of four live pigs in which one allele of the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase locus has been knocked out is reported, paving the way for xenotransplantation of pigs from clonal fetal fibroblast cell lines.
Abstract: The presence of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose residues on the surface of pig cells is a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation. Here, we report the production of four live pigs in which one allele of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase locus has been knocked out. These pigs were produced by nuclear transfer technology; clonal fetal fibroblast cell lines were used as nuclear donors for embryos reconstructed with enucleated pig oocytes.
1,269 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the number of external appointments held by corporate directors and conclude that the evidence does not support calls for limits on directorships held by an individual, nor do they find that multiple directors are associated with a greater likelihood of securities fraud litigation.
Abstract: We examine the number of external appointments held by corporate directors. Directors who serve larger firms and sit on larger boards are more likely to attract additional directorships. Consistent with Fama and Jensen (1983), we find that firm performance has a positive effect on the number of appointments held by a director. We find no evidence that multiple directors shirk their responsibilities to serve on board committees. We also do not find that multiple directors are associated with a greater likelihood of securities fraud litigation. We conclude that the evidence does not support calls for limits on directorships held by an individual.
1,193 citations
TL;DR: A molecular approach to investigate auxin signaling in plants has led to the identification of several classes of early/primary auxin response genes, and a family of trans-acting transcription factors that bind with specificity to AuxREs has been characterized.
Abstract: A molecular approach to investigate auxin signaling in plants has led to the identification of several classes of early/primary auxin response genes. Within the promoters of these genes, cis elements that confer auxin responsiveness (referred to as auxin-response elements or AuxREs) have been defined, and a family of trans-acting transcription factors (auxin-response factors or ARFs) that bind with specificity to AuxREs has been characterized. A family of auxin regulated proteins referred to as Aux/IAA proteins also play a key role in regulating these auxin-response genes. Auxin may regulate transcription on early response genes by influencing the types of interactions between ARFs and Aux/IAAs.
1,109 citations
TL;DR: This paper developed a self-report measure of sensation seeking, a dispositional risk factor for various problem behaviors, and administered the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) to more than 7000 adolescents.
1,085 citations
Harvard University1, University of Missouri2, University of British Columbia3, Heriot-Watt University4, Indiana University5, Salk Institute for Biological Studies6, Leibniz Association7, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research8, Nagoya University9, University of Copenhagen10, University of Tsukuba11
TL;DR: A simplified nomenclature for Arabidopsis MAPKs and MAPK kinases is proposed that might also serve as a basis for standard annotation of these gene families in all plants.
1,072 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural equation modeling was performed to determine which construct served as the best predictor of general fluid intelligence in 120 healthy young adults, and the results suggest that WMC, but not short-term memory capacity or processing speed, is a good predictor of GFL in young adults.
1,061 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of event characteristics showed that drinking was more strongly associated with decreased protective behaviors among younger individuals, on first intercourse experiences and for events that occurred on average longer ago, suggesting future efforts aimed at reducing alcohol use in potentially sexual situations may decrease some forms of risky sex, but are less likely to affect protective behaviors directly.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the empirical associations between alcohol use and risky sex at two levels of analysis. Global associations test whether individuals who engage in one behavior are more likely to engage in the other, whereas event-specific associations test whether the likelihood of engaging in one behavior on a given occasion varies as a function of engaging in the other on that same occasion. Methods: Studies examining the association between drinking and risky sex in samples of college students and youth were reviewed. Those published in the past 10 years and using event-level methodology or random sampling were emphasized. Results: Findings were generally consistent across levels of analysis, but differed across types of risky behaviors. Drinking was strongly related to the decision to have sex and to indiscriminate forms of risky sex (e.g., having multiple or casual sex partners), but was inconsistently related to protective behaviors (e.g., condom use). Moreover, the links among alcohol use, t...
1,001 citations
TL;DR: Knowing the relationship between HbA(1c) and plasma glucose (PG) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes can help patients with diabetes and their healthcare providers set day-to-day targets for PG to achieve specific HBA( 1c) goals.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE — To define the relationship between HbA1c and plasma glucose (PG) levels in patients with type 1 diabetes using data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — The DCCT was a multicenter, randomized clinical trial designed to compare intensive and conventional therapies and their relative effects on the development and progression of diabetic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. Quarterly HbA 1c and corresponding seven-point capillary blood glucose profiles (premeal, postmeal, and bedtime) obtained in the DCCT were analyzed to define the relationship between HbA 1c and PG. Only data from complete profiles with corresponding HbA1c were used (n 26,056). Of the 1,441 subjects who participated in the study, 2 were excluded due to missing data. Mean plasma glucose (MPG) was estimated by multiplying capillary blood glucose by 1.11. Linear regression analysis weighted by the number of observations per subject was used to correlate MPG and HbA 1c.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether the length of the relationship between a company and an audit firm (audit-firm tenure) is associated with financial reporting quality and found no evidence of reduced financial-reporting quality.
Abstract: This study examines whether the length of the relationship between a company and an audit firm (audit-firm tenure) is associated with financial-reporting quality. Using two proxies for financial-reporting quality and a sample of Big 6 clients matched on industry and size, we find that relative to medium audit-firm tenures of four to eight years, short audit-firm tenures of two to three years are associated with lower-quality financial reports. In contrast, we find no evidence of reduced financial-reporting quality for longer audit-firm tenures of nine or more years. Overall, our results provide empirical evidence pertinent to the recurring debate regarding mandatory audit-firm rotation — a debate that has, to date, relied on anecdotal evidence and isolated cases.
TL;DR: Co-rumination refers to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings as discussed by the authors, which is related to positive friendship adjustment and problematic emotional adjustment.
Abstract: This research addresses a new construct, co-rumination Co-rumination refers to extensively discussing and revisiting problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative feelings Friendship research indicates that self-disclosure leads to close relationships; however, coping research indicates that dwelling on negative topics leads to emotional difficulties Co-rumination is a single construct that integrates both perspectives and is proposed to be related both to positive friendship adjustment and problematic emotional adjustment Third-, fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade participants (N = 608) responded to questionnaires, including a new measure of co-rumination Co-rumination was related to high-quality, close friendships and aspects of depression and anxiety Girls reported co-ruminating more than did boys, which helped to account for girls' more positive friendship adjustment and greater internalizing symptoms Other analyses addressed whether co-rumination and the related constructs of self-disclosure and rumination had different relations with friendship and emotional adjustment
Duke University1, Harvard University2, Emory University3, University of Western Ontario4, University of Missouri5, National Institutes of Health6, Baptist Health7, Oregon Health & Science University8, Virginia Commonwealth University9, Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai Roosevelt10, Tufts University11, Thomas Jefferson University12, University of California, San Francisco13
TL;DR: Overall, dual-chamber pacing offers significant improvement as compared with ventricular pacing, and reduces the risk of atrial fibrillation, reduces signs and symptoms of heart failure, and slightly improves the quality of life.
Abstract: Background Dual-chamber (atrioventricular) and single-chamber (ventricular) pacing are alternative treatment approaches for sinus-node dysfunction that causes clinically significant bradycardia. However, it is unknown which type of pacing results in the better outcome. Methods We randomly assigned a total of 2010 patients with sinus-node dysfunction to dual-chamber pacing (1014 patients) or ventricular pacing (996 patients) and followed them for a median of 33.1 months. The primary end point was death from any cause or nonfatal stroke. Secondary end points included the composite of death, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure; atrial fibrillation; heart-failure score; the pacemaker syndrome; and the quality of life. Results The incidence of the primary end point did not differ significantly between the dual-chamber group (21.5 percent) and the ventricular-paced group (23.0 percent, P=0.48). In patients assigned to dual-chamber pacing, the risk of atrial fibrillation was lower (hazard ratio, 0.79; 9...
TL;DR: The predominant emphasis on harmful effects of environmental stresses on growth of woody plants has obscured some very beneficial effects of such stresses, including physiological adjustment that protects plants from the growth inhibition and/or injury that follow when environmental stresses are abruptly imposed.
Abstract: The predominant emphasis on harmful effects of environmental stresses on growth of woody plants has obscured some very beneficial effects of such stresses. Slowly increasing stresses may induce physiological adjustment that protects plants from the growth inhibition and/or injury that follow when environmental stresses are abruptly imposed. In addition, short exposures of woody plants to extreme environmental conditions at critical times in their development often improve growth. Furthermore, maintaining harvested seedlings and plant products at very low temperatures extends their longevity. Drought tolerance: Seedlings previously exposed to water stress often undergo less inhibition of growth and other processes following transplanting than do seedlings not previously exposed to such stress. Controlled wetting and drying cycles often promote early budset, dormancy, and drought tolerance. In many species increased drought tolerance following such cycles is associated with osmotic adjustment that ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between governance and corporate innovation strategies, and found that differences among governance constitue a barrier between innovation and corporate success, in opposition to the assumption that owners have a unified voice.
Abstract: Examining the relationship between governance and corporate innovation strategies, we found, in opposition to the assumption that owners have a unified voice, differences among governance constitue
TL;DR: A review of mutations that affect auxin-modulated transcription factors, in particular those in the Aux/IAA and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR(ARF) genes, and potential mechanisms for interactions between auxin and light response pathways suggested by these mutants.
Abstract: Dramatic advances in our understanding of auxin signal-response pathways have been made in recent years. Much of this new knowledge has come through the study of mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutations have been identified in a wide variety of auxin-response components, including auxin transporters, protein kinases and phosphatases, components of a ubiquitin-proteosome pathway, and transcriptional regulators. This review focuses on mutations that affect auxin-modulated transcription factors, in particular those in the Aux/IAA and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) genes. Mutants in members of these related gene families exhibit phenotypes that indicate both unique localized functions, as well as overlapping redundant functions, throughout plant development - from embryogenesis to flowering. Effects of specific mutations on Aux/IAA and ARF protein functions at the biochemical and physiological levels will be discussed. We will also discuss potential mechanisms for interactions between auxin and light response pathways that are suggested by these mutants.
TL;DR: This paper developed a broad conceptualization of global marketing strategy, the GMS, that integrates three major perspectives, namely, the standardization, configuration-coordination, and integration perspectives, and they also developed a conceptual model that links the Gms to a firm's global market performance.
Abstract: Despite the strong interest in global marketing, there is no consensus in the literature about what constitutes global marketing strategy and whether it affects a firm’s global market performance. The authors develop a broad conceptualization of global marketing strategy, the GMS, that integrates three major perspectives—namely, the standardization, configuration–coordination, and integration perspectives—of global marketing strategy. They also develop a conceptual model that links the GMS to a firm’s global market performance. On the basis of a survey of business units competing in global industries, the authors find support for the broad GMS perspective and the fundamental relationship between the GMS and firms’ global market performance. The authors also discuss theoretical and managerial implications of their findings.
TL;DR: Oxygen isotope analyses of well-preserved foraminifera from Blake Nose (30°N paleolatitude, North Atlantic) and globally distributed deep-sea sites provide a long-term paleotemperature record for the late Albian-Maastrichtian interval that is difficult to reconcile with the existence of significant Cretaceous ice sheets as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Oxygen isotope analyses of well-preserved foraminifera from Blake Nose (30°N paleolatitude, North Atlantic) and globally distributed deep-sea sites provide a long-term paleotemperature record for the late Albian–Maastrichtian interval that is difficult to reconcile with the existence of significant Cretaceous ice sheets. Given reasonable assumptions about the isotopic composition of Cretaceous seawater, our results suggest that middle bathyal water temperatures at Blake Nose increased from ∼12 °C in the late Albian through middle Cenomanian to a maximum of 20 °C during the latest Cenomanian and earliest Turonian. Bottom waters were again ∼12 °C during the middle Campanian and cooled to a minimum of 9 °C during the Maastrichtian. Correlative middle bathyal foraminifera from other ocean basins yield paleotemperature estimates that are very similar to those from Blake Nose. Comparison of global bottom-water temperatures and latitudinal thermal gradients suggests that global climate changed from a warm greenhouse state during the late Albian through late Cenomanian to a hot greenhouse phase during the latest Cenomanian through early Campanian, then to cool greenhouse conditions during the mid-Campanian through Maastrichtian.
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic treatment of multilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators is presented, which includes strong type and endpoint weak type estimates, interpolation, a multi-inear T 1 theorem, and a variety of results regarding multinear multiplier operators.
TL;DR: Conservation for declining avian species may need to be customized according to the nest-predator species primarily responsible for local nest mortality and the nature of the landscape mosaic, which is complex, taxon-specific, and context-dependent.
Abstract: Population declines of many avian species are often attributed to increased rates of nest predation in fragmented landscapes, yet mechanisms underlying these effects have rarely been examined. We reviewed the literature to determine the extent to which hypotheses about nest predators and fragmentation have been invoked and compared this to the number of direct tests of predators with respect to habitat edge, patch size, or landscape type. We also conducted a meta-analysis of tested predator effects to evaluate whether predator responses—numerical, functional, or species richness—to fragmentation depend on spatial scale (edge, patch, or landscape), landscape type, geographic region, or predator taxa. We found 120 papers containing hypoth- eses about nest predators and fragmentation, but only 31 with hypothesis tests. Most tests were of a single predator species or guild, whereas most cited hypotheses generalized across broader taxonomic groups. Re- sults of predator tests were variable, but some general patterns were evident. Predator effects, including in- creased abundance, activity, or species richness in edges, small patches, or certain landscapes, were more prevalent (1) in tests conducted at the landscape scale than at the local scale, (2) in agricultural landscapes than in predominantly forested landscapes, (3) in certain biogeographic regions, and (4) for avian predators than for mammalian predators. Local-scale (edge and patch) effects were most common when the land sur- rounding patches was agricultural and when tests were conducted within agricultural landscapes. The re- sponse of nest predators to fragmentation is complex, taxon-specific, and context-dependent. Conservation ef- forts for declining avian species may therefore need to be customized according to the nest-predator species primarily responsible for local nest mortality and the nature of the landscape mosaic.
TL;DR: The assessment of clinical competence remains almost universally accepted in the nurse education literature as a laudable pursuit yet there are aspects of it that remain at odds with the higher education of nurses.
Abstract: Background. The assessment of clinical competence has returned to centre stage of nurse education. However, there is little evidence to support the use of clinical competence and a wide variety of methods for its use. Research question. The present study was designed to investigate the evidence for the use of clinical competence assessment in nursing. Design. A review using systematic methods of literature pertaining to clinical competence in nursing was conducted using defined dates, databases and search terms. Results. There is still considerable confusion about the definition of clinical competence and most of the methods in use to define or measure competence have not been developed systematically and issues of reliability and validity have barely been addressed. Conclusion. The assessment of clinical competence remains almost universally accepted in the nurse education literature as a laudable pursuit yet there are aspects of it that remain at odds with the higher education of nurses.
TL;DR: This article employed the integrated threat theory of intergroup attitudes to examine the attitudes of Black and White students toward the other racial group and found that realistic threats, symbolic threats, and intergroup anxiety predicted attitudes towards the other group.
Abstract: This study employed the integrated threat theory of intergroup attitudes to examine the attitudes of Black and White students toward the other racial group. This theory synthesizes previous research on the relationships of threats to intergroup attitudes. Structural equation modeling revealed that for both racial groups, realistic threats, symbolic threats, and intergroup anxiety predicted attitudes toward the other group. To varying degrees, the effects of negative contact, strength of ingroup identity, perceptions of intergroup conflict, perceived status inequality, and negative stereotyping on negative racial attitudes were mediated by the three threat variables. The model accounted for more variance in the negative attitudes of Whites toward Blacks than in the negative attitudes of Blacks toward Whites. The implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: The mechanisms of the magnetization switching of magnetic multilayers driven by a current are studied by including exchange interaction between local moments and spin accumulation of conduction electrons, and it is found that this exchange interaction leads to an effective field and a spin torque.
Abstract: The mechanisms of the magnetization switching of magnetic multilayers driven by a current are studied by including exchange interaction between local moments and spin accumulation of conduction electrons. It is found that this exchange interaction leads to two additional terms in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation: an effective field and a spin torque. Both terms are proportional to the transverse spin accumulation and have comparable magnitudes.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that resveratrol, a polyphenolic antioxidant, can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert protective effects against cerebral ischemic injury.
TL;DR: It is proposed that trilobite/Stbm mediates cellular interactions that confer directionality on distinct movements during vertebrate embryogenesis, and may regulate neuronal migration independently of PCP molecules.
Abstract: Embryonic morphogenesis is driven by a suite of cell behaviours, including coordinated shape changes, cellular rearrangements and individual cell migrations, whose molecular determinants are largely unknown. In the zebrafish, Dani rerio, trilobite mutant embryos have defects in gastrulation movements and posterior migration of hindbrain neurons. Here, we have used positional cloning to demonstrate that trilobite mutations disrupt the transmembrane protein Strabismus (Stbm)/Van Gogh (Vang), previously associated with planar cell polarity (PCP) in Drosophila melanogaster, and PCP and canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signalling in vertebrates. Our genetic and molecular analyses argue that during gastrulation, trilobite interacts with the PCP pathway without affecting canonical Wnt signalling. Furthermore, trilobite may regulate neuronal migration independently of PCP molecules. We show that trilobite mediates polarization of distinct movement behaviours. During gastrulation convergence and extension movements, trilobite regulates mediolateral cell polarity underlying effective intercalation and directed dorsal migration at increasing velocities. In the hindbrain, trilobite controls effective migration of branchiomotor neurons towards posterior rhombomeres. Mosaic analyses show trilobite functions cell-autonomously and non-autonomously in gastrulae and the hindbrain. We propose Trilobite/Stbm mediates cellular interactions that confer directionality on distinct movements during vertebrate embryogenesis.
TL;DR: In this article, a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education is presented. And they find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.
Abstract: According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, passive representation among public employees will lead to active representation in bureaucratic outputs. Existing research demonstrates that the link between passive and active representation exists for race but not for sex. Past research on this topic has not, however, taken into account the contextual environment that affects whether sex will translate into gender and lead to active representation in the bureaucracy. In this paper, we create a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education. We find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.
TL;DR: It is suggested that human CpG microarrays, in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation, will allow rapid identification of target promoters for many mammalian transcription factors.
Abstract: Previously, identification of promoters regulated by mammalian transcription factors has relied upon overexpression studies. Here we present the identification of a large set of promoters that are bound by E2F in physiological conditions. Probing a human CpG microarray with chromatin immunoprecipitated using an antibody to E2F4, we have identified 68 unique target loci; 15% are bidirectional promoters and 25% recruit E2F via a mechanism distinct from the defined consensus site. Interestingly, although E2F has been shown previously to regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, many of the new E2F target genes encode proteins involved in DNA repair or recombination. We suggest that human CpG microarrays, in combination with chromatin immunoprecipitation, will allow rapid identification of target promoters for many mammalian transcription factors.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This publication offers the complete JAMA series Users' Guides to the Medical Literature between two covers, to assist clinicians in learning the basics of evidence-based medicine and applying it in practice.
Abstract: If readers have not read the JAMA series Users' Guides to the Medical Literature and find the prospect of tracking down all twenty-five of the articles daunting, this publication offers the complete series between two covers. Guyatt and Rennie have amassed all articles in the series, which began in 1993. The information from the articles has been updated and woven together, without redundancies.
Divided into two parts, the Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice aims to make medical research literature accessible to clinicians. Part one is designed to teach clinicians ways of using research literature in their daily practice. To do so, it covers the philosophy of evidence-based medicine (EBM) as well as the ways to find, analyze, and apply the research to patient care for therapy; diagnosis; prognosis; and possible harmful applications. Case scenarios and clinical examples are liberally used to illustrate the concepts. References to part two are included for those who desire to dig deeper into a particular topic.
Part two is designed to instruct clinicians on how to teach model use of medical literature in daily practice. Correspondingly, the discussions are deeper, while additional topics, such as using statistical regression covered in “Part Two: Prognosis,” have been added. Sections from part one are reproduced here, though worded slightly differently. Although some might be tempted to read only part two, those wishing to teach EBM should gird themselves to study and read both parts, as each contains a significant amount of unique material.
The users' guides come with a set of pocket cards for figuring likelihood ratios and interpreting diagnostic tests and quick notes on evaluating articles for patient therapy. A CD-ROM version is also included for those who prefer to scroll or jump using hypertext their way through the guides. Hypertext has been used to link topics from part one to part two as well as to link references and illustrations.
A second Users' Guides to the Medical Literature by Guyatt and Rennie [1] is available. This one carries the subtitle Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice and is in essence a pocket guide version of the manual. Unfortunately, this is not indicated anywhere on the text. The similarities in titles can result in some confusion as to the difference between the two. The purpose of the Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice is to assist clinicians in learning the basics of EBM and applying it in practice. It includes all of part one and four subchapters from part two of the Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. The Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice also includes the same pocket cards and a CD-ROM of the full text of A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice. For those wishing to learn EBM principles for their own practice but not to teach, buying the smaller, cheaper Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice is more economical.
Competing with Guyatt and Rennie's Users' Guides to the Medical Literature texts is Sackett et al.'s Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM [2]. At 265 pages (compared to A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice at 712 pages), Sackett's book is the easier and quicker read. It covers the basics of EBM—definition of what it is, ways of finding the research, diagnosis and screening, prognosis, therapy, harm, guidelines, and teaching methods—and includes a CD-ROM version of the text with pocket cards corresponding to the chapters. Written more like a workbook than a lecture, Sackett's Evidence-Based Medicine will probably be the favorite of those who need to get up to speed on EBM quickly. In comparison, the Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice is denser and more in depth in its treatment of how to practice EBM.
Those who want instruction on how to systematically and rigorously search the literature for research articles are better off with McKibbon's PDQ Evidence-based Principles and Practice [3]. The Users' Guides to the Medical Literature do provide basic pointers on how to search for evidence, however, these pointers are indeed basic, very brief, and intended for busy clinicians who need to retrieve only one or two sound articles.
Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice will be useful for physicians as well as nurse practitioners and others desiring an in-depth coverage of EBM. It is highly recommended for purchase by medical libraries. For cost savings, hospital or smaller academic libraries may consider buying Guyatt and Rennie's Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: Essentials of Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, as it contains the full text of A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice on CD-ROM.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that even weak dispersive forces can exert a profound influence over solid-state dynamics.
Abstract: A well-known organic host compound undergoes single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transitions upon guest uptake and release. Despite a lack of porosity of the material, guest transport through the solid occurs readily until a thermodynamically stable structure is achieved. In order to actively facilitate this dynamic process, the host molecules undergo significant positional and/or orientational rearrangement. This transformation of the host lattice is triggered by weak van der Waals interactions between the molecular components. In order for the material to maintain its macroscopic integrity, extensive cooperativity must exist between the molecules throughout the crystal, such that rearrangement can occur in a well-orchestrated fashion. We demonstrate here that even weak dispersive forces can exert a profound influence over solid-state dynamics.