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Showing papers by "University of Montpellier published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the critical points of the system for constant equations of state in the range 1
Abstract: Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universes with a presently large fraction of the energy density stored in an X-component with wX<-1/3, are considered. We find all the critical points of the system for constant equations of state in that range. We consider further several background quantities that can distinguish the models with different wX values. Using a simple toy model with a varying equation of state, we show that even a large variation of wX at small redshifts is very difficult to observe with dL(z) measurements up to z~1. Therefore, it will require accurate measurements in the range 1

1,960 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
21 Sep 2001-Science
TL;DR: Hydrogen sensors and hydrogen-activated switches were fabricated from arrays of mesoscopic palladium wires fabricated by electrodeposition onto graphite surfaces and transferred onto a cyanoacrylate film.
Abstract: Hydrogen sensors and hydrogen-activated switches were fabricated from arrays of mesoscopic palladium wires. These palladium "mesowire" arrays were prepared by electrodeposition onto graphite surfaces and were transferred onto a cyanoacrylate film. Exposure to hydrogen gas caused a rapid (less than 75 milliseconds) reversible decrease in the resistance of the array that correlated with the hydrogen concentration over a range from 2 to 10%. The sensor response appears to involve the closing of nanoscopic gaps or "break junctions" in wires caused by the dilation of palladium grains undergoing hydrogen absorption. Wire arrays in which all wires possessed nanoscopic gaps reverted to open circuits in the absence of hydrogen gas.

1,315 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
14 Jun 2001-Nature
TL;DR: The results support the concept of a jamming phase diagram for attractive colloidal particles, providing a unifying link between the glass transition, gelation and aggregation.
Abstract: A wide variety of systems, including granular media, colloidal suspensions and molecular systems, exhibit non-equilibrium transitions from a fluid-like to a solid-like state, characterized solely by the sudden arrest of their dynamics. Crowding or jamming of the constituent particles traps them kinetically, precluding further exploration of the phase space1. The disordered fluid-like structure remains essentially unchanged at the transition. The jammed solid can be refluidized by thermalization, through temperature or vibration, or by an applied stress. The generality of the jamming transition led to the proposal2 of a unifying description, based on a jamming phase diagram. It was further postulated that attractive interactions might have the same effect in jamming the system as a confining pressure, and thus could be incorporated into the generalized description. Here we study experimentally the fluid-to-solid transition of weakly attractive colloidal particles, which undergo markedly similar gelation behaviour with increasing concentration and decreasing thermalization or stress. Our results support the concept of a jamming phase diagram for attractive colloidal particles, providing a unifying link between the glass transition3, gelation4,5 and aggregation6,7,8.

827 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a tectonic approach was used to define the Variscan orogeny by collision of Avalonia plus Armorica with Gondwana, and the Galicia-Southern Brittany suture between the Rheic and the so-called Armorica microplate was defined.
Abstract: The Variscan belt of western Europe is part of a large Palaeozoic mountain system, 1000 km broad and 8000 km long, which extended from the Caucasus to the Appalachian and Ouachita mountains of northern America at the end of the Carboniferous. This system, built between 480 and 250 Ma, resulted from the diachronic collision of two continents: Laurentia–Baltica to the NW and Gondwana to the SE. Between these two continents, small, intermediate continental plates separated by oceanic sutures mainly have been defined (based on palaeomagnetism) as Avalonia and Armorica. They are generally assumed to have been detached from Gondwana during the early Ordovician and docked to Laurentia and Baltica before the Carboniferous collision between Gondwana and Laurentia–Baltica. Palaeomagnetic and palaeobiostratigraphic methods allow two main oceanic basins to be distinguished: the Iapetus ocean between Avalonia and Laurentia and between Laurentia and Baltica, with a lateral branch (Tornquist ocean) between Avalonia and Baltica, and the Rheic ocean between Avalonia and the so-called Armorica microplate. Closure of the Iapetus ocean led to the Caledonian orogeny: a belt resulting from collision between Laurentia and Baltica, and from softer collisions between Avalonia and Laurentia and between Avalonia and Baltica. Closure of the Rheic ocean led to the Variscan orogeny by collision of Avalonia plus Armorica with Gondwana. A tectonic approach allows this scenario to be further refined. Another important oceanic suture is defined: the Galicia–Southern Brittany suture, running through France and Iberia and separating the Armorica microplate into North Armorica and South Armorica. Its closure by northward (or/and westward?) oceanic and then continental subduction led to early Variscan (430–370 Ma) tectonism and metamorphism in the internal parts of the Variscan belt. As no Palaeozoic suture can be detected south of South Armorica, this latter microplate should be considered as part of Gondwana since early Palaeozoic times and during its Palaeozoic north-westward drift. Thus, the name Armorica should be restricted to the microplate included between the Rheic and the Galicia–Southern Brittany sutures.

756 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when H is a real Hilbert space and f: H→R is a differentiable convex function whose minimal value is achieved, then each solution trajectory t→x(t) of this system weakly converges towards a solution of ∇f(x)=0.
Abstract: The ‘heavy ball with friction’ dynamical system x + γx + ∇f(x)=0 is a nonlinear oscillator with damping (γ>0). It has been recently proved that when H is a real Hilbert space and f: H→R is a differentiable convex function whose minimal value is achieved, then each solution trajectory t→x(t) of this system weakly converges towards a solution of ∇f(x)=0. We prove a similar result in the discrete setting for a general maximal monotone operator A by considering the following iterative method: x k+1−x k −α k (x k −x k−1)+λ k A(x k+1)∋0, giving conditions on the parameters λ k and α k in order to ensure weak convergence toward a solution of 0∈A(x) and extending classical convergence results concerning the standard proximal method.

585 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The links between canalization, plasticity and developmental stability, the three major processes involved in the control of phenotypic variability, are clarified.
Abstract: The relationship between genotype and phenotype is not one to one. This statement is central to our understanding of how natural selection shapes phenotypic evolution. Here, we clarify the links between canalization, plasticity and developmental stability, the three major processes involved in the control of phenotypic variability. We present a short historical review, including the original definitions of these concepts, and then summarize their current meaning and use, highlighting possible sources of confusion. Some of the perspectives allowed by a more synthetic conceptual framework are presented, in the light of the recent advances in molecular and developmental genetics.

537 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, progress made over the past years in the functionalisation of polybenzimidazole and polyetherketones with a view to increasing their proton conduction properties without detriment to their thermohydrolytic and chemical stability such that corresponding membranes may be employed in hydrogen oxygen (air) or direct methanol fuel cells.

530 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fission track analysis on zircons and apatites yields new information about the timing of deformation of the northern Tibetan plateau as mentioned in this paper, indicating a general late Triassic-early Jurassic cooling probably driven by the collision between the Qiantang and Kunlun blocks.

481 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Phenology is shown here to be a major determinant of plant species range and should therefore be used to assess the consequences of global warming on plant distributions, and the spread of alien plant species.
Abstract: Global warming is expected to have a major impact on plant distributions, an issue of key importance in biological conservation. However, very few models are able to predict species distribution accurately, although we know species respond individually to climate change. Here we show, using a process-based model (PHENOFIT), that tree species distributions can be predicted precisely if the biological processes of survival and reproductive success only are incorporated as a function of phenology. These predictions showed great predictive power when tested against present distributions of two North American species – quaking aspen and sugar maple – indicating that on a broad scale, the fundamental niche of trees coincides with their realized niche. Phenology is shown here to be a major determinant of plant species range and should therefore be used to assess the consequences of global warming on plant distributions, and the spread of alien plant species.

481 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used six organophosphorus compounds chosen as model coupling molecules: phenylphosphonic and diphenylphphosphinic acids, their ethyl esters, and their trimethylsilyl esters.
Abstract: Titanium oxide particles were treated using six organophosphorus compounds chosen as model coupling molecules: phenylphosphonic and diphenylphosphinic acids, their ethyl esters, and their trimethylsilyl esters. The ability of all of these coupling molecules to modify the surface of the TiO2 particles was demonstrated by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption. The bonding modes on the surface were investigated by means of diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform (DRIFT) and 31P solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. Upon irradiation in water, a marked trend to the photooxidative degradation of the anchored organophosphorus groups was evidenced, especially in the case of phosphinate groups.

467 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2001-Genetics
TL;DR: This discrete description of Base composition is spatially structured in mammalian genomes and three major classes of genomic fragments with low, median, and high GC content, respectively, are defined.
Abstract: BASE composition is spatially structured in mammalian genomes. From sodium chloride centrifugation experiments, Bernardi et al . ([1985][1]) defined three major classes of genomic fragments with low, median, and high GC content, respectively, and called them isochores. This discrete description now

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider scalar-tensor theories of gravity in an accelerating universe and show that knowledge of the luminosity distance as a function of redshift up to a factor of 2, which is expected in the near future, severely constrains the viable subclasses of scalar tensor theories, due to the requirement of positive energy for both the graviton and the scalar partner.
Abstract: We consider scalar-tensor theories of gravity in an accelerating universe. The equations for the background evolution and the perturbations are given in full generality for any parametrization of the Lagrangian, and we stress that apparent singularities are sometimes artifacts of a pathological choice of variables. Adopting a phenomenological viewpoint, i.e., from the observations back to the theory, we show that knowledge of the luminosity distance as a function of redshift up to $z\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{-}2,$ which is expected in the near future, severely constrains the viable subclasses of scalar-tensor theories. This is due to the requirement of positive energy for both the graviton and the scalar partner. Assuming a particular form for the Hubble diagram, consistent with present experimental data, we reconstruct the microscopic Lagrangian for various scalar-tensor models, and find that the most reasonable ones are obtained if the universe is (marginally) closed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kinetic studies under pressure enable dissection of the roles of packing and cavities in folding, and in assembly of multimolecular structures such as protein-DNA complexes and viruses.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Feb 2001-Nature
TL;DR: The observation of this cosmochronometer gives the most direct age determination of the Galaxy, and with improved theoretical and laboratory data, it will provide a highly precise lower limit to the age of the Universe.
Abstract: The ages of the oldest stars in the Galaxy indicate when star formation began, and provide a minimum age for the Universe. Radioactive dating of meteoritic material and stars relies on comparing the present abundance ratios of radioactive and stable nuclear species to the theoretically predicted ratios of their production. The radioisotope 232Th (half-life 14 Gyr) has been used to date Galactic stars, but it decays by only a factor of two over the lifetime of the Universe. 238U (half-life 4.5 Gyr) is in principle a more precise age indicator, but even its strongest spectral line, from singly ionized uranium at a wavelength of 385.957 nm, has previously not been detected in stars. Here we report a measurement of this line in the very metal-poor star CS31082-001, a star which is strongly overabundant in its heavy elements. The derived uranium abundance, log(U/H) = -13.7 +/- 0.14 +/- 0.12 yields an age of 12.5 +/- 3 Gyr, though this is still model dependent. The observation of this cosmochronometer gives the most direct age determination of the Galaxy. Also, with improved theoretical and laboratory data, it will provide a highly precise lower limit to the age of the Universe.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Measurements on ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in low-resistance contact to nonsuperconducting metallic pads, at low voltage and at temperatures down to 70 mK strongly suggest the existence of superconductivity in ropes of SWNT.
Abstract: We report measurements on ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in low-resistance contact to nonsuperconducting (normal) metallic pads, at low voltage and at temperatures down to 70 mK. In one sample, we find a 2 orders of magnitude resistance drop below 0.55 K, which is destroyed by a magnetic field of the order of 1 T, or by a dc current greater than $2.5\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}$. These features strongly suggest the existence of superconductivity in ropes of SWNT.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Red wine, and particularly Pinot Noir, Egiodola, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot varieties, or Chardonnay enriched in phenolics during wine-making for white varieties contribute to a very significant catechin dietary intake.
Abstract: Phenolics from grapes and wines can play a role against oxidation and development of atherosclerosis. Levels of phenolics, major catechins [(+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin dimers B1, B2, B3, and B4], phenolic acids (gallic acid and caffeic acid), caftaric acid, malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside were quantified by HPLC with UV detection for 54 French varietal commercial wines taken from southern France to study the antioxidant capacity and the daily dietary intake of these compounds for the French population. The highest antioxidant capacity was obtained with red wines and ranged from 12.8 mmol/L (Grenache) to 25.2 mmol/L (Pinot Noir). For white wines, Chardonnay enriched in phenolics by special wine-making was found to have an antioxidant capacity of 13.8 mmol/L, comparable to red wine values. For red wines classified by vintages (1996-1999) antioxidant capacities were approximately 20 mmol/L and then decreased to 13.4 mmol/L for vintages 1995-1991. Sweet white wines have 1.7 times more antioxidant capacity (3.2 mmol/L) than dry white wines (1.91 mmol/L). On the basis of a still significant French wine consumption of 180 mL/day/person, the current daily intake of catechins (monomers and dimers B1, B2, B3, and B4) averaged 5 (dry white wine), 4.36 (sweet white wines), 7.70 (rose wines), 31.98 (red wines), and 66.94 (dry white wine enriched in phenolic) mg/day/resident for the French population. Red wine, and particularly Pinot Noir, Egiodola, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot varieties, or Chardonnay enriched in phenolics during wine-making for white varieties contribute to a very significant catechin dietary intake.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The production of antifungal (poly)peptides by limited proteolysis of hemocyanin could be relevant to a shrimp immune reaction that would confer a new function to the multifunctional respiratory pigment of crustaceans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cl cloning and characterization of the IRT2 cDNA are reported, a member of the ZIP family of metal transporters, highly similar to IRT1 at the amino-acid level, and therefore provide the first tissue localization of a plant metal transporter.
Abstract: Iron uptake from the soil is a tightly controlled process in plant roots, involving specialized transporters. One such transporter, IRT1, was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and shown to function as a broad-range metal ion transporter in yeast. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the IRT2 cDNA, a member of the ZIP family of metal transporters, highly similar to IRT1 at the amino-acid level. IRT2 expression in yeast suppresses the growth defect of iron and zinc transport yeast mutants and enhances iron uptake and accumulation. However, unlike IRT1, IRT2 does not transport manganese or cadmium in yeast. IRT2 expression is detected only in roots of A. thaliana plants, and is upregulated by iron deficiency. By fusing the IRT2 promoter to the uidA reporter gene, we show that the IRT2 promoter is mainly active in the external cell layers of the root subapical zone, and therefore provide the first tissue localization of a plant metal transporter. Altogether, these data support a role for the IRT2 transporter in iron and zinc uptake from the soil in response to iron-limited conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an imaging technique developed to study the strain localization phenomena that occur during the tension of thin, flat steel samples is presented, where the data are processed using digital speckle image correlation to derive the two in-plane components of the displacement vectors.
Abstract: This paper presents an imaging technique developed to study the strain localization phenomena that occur during the tension of thin, flat steel samples. The data are processed using digital speckle image correlation to derive the two in-plane components of the displacement vectors. The authors observe that the calculation of the intercorrelation function reveals a systematic error and propose a numerical method to limit its influence. Plastic incompressibility and thin-sheet assumptions are used to derive the third displacement component and, hence, the various strain and strain rate components. Numerous checks are presented at each step in processing the data to determine the final accuracy of the strain measurements. It is estimated that this accuracy is quite sufficient to track the inception and the development of localization. Examples of possible application are presented for mild steels whose strain localization mechanisms appear to be precocious and gradual.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the current state of the art of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is presented and the principles of EFM operation and the interpretation of the obtained local voltage and capacitance data are discussed.
Abstract: The current state of the art of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is presented. The principles of EFM operation and the interpretation of the obtained local voltage and capacitance data are discussed. In order to show the capabilities of the EFM method, typical results for semiconducting nanostructures and lasers are presented and discussed. Improvements to EFM and complementary electrical methods using scanning microscopy demonstrate the continuing interest in electrical probing at the nanoscale range.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2001-Genetics
TL;DR: It is found that outlier loci are easier to recognize when this joint distribution is conditioned on the total number of allelic states represented in the pooled sample at each locus, and the conditional distribution is less sensitive to the values of nuisance parameters.
Abstract: Population structure and history have similar effects on the genetic diversity at all neutral loci. However, some marker loci may also have been strongly influenced by natural selection. Selection shapes genetic diversity in a locus-specific manner. If we could identify those loci that have responded to selection during the divergence of populations, then we may obtain better estimates of the parameters of population history by excluding these loci. Previous attempts were made to identify outlier loci from the distribution of sample statistics under neutral models of population structure and history. Unfortunately these methods depend on assumptions about population structure and history that usually cannot be verified. In this article, we define new population-specific parameters of population divergence and construct sample statistics that are estimators of these parameters. We then use the joint distribution of these estimators to identify outlier loci that may be subject to selection. We found that outlier loci are easier to recognize when this joint distribution is conditioned on the total number of allelic states represented in the pooled sample at each locus. This is so because the conditional distribution is less sensitive to the values of nuisance parameters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prognostic factors for radiographic damage in early RA were identified and a predictive arithmetic score was drawn up that could be used to predict radiologic damage at 3 years and radiologic progression in individual patients.
Abstract: Objective To determine prognostic factors of radiologic damage and radiologic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods A cohort of 191 patients with RA whose disease duration was shorter than 1 year were prospectively followed up for 3 years. Radiologic scores (as determined by Sharp's method, modified by van der Heijde) and radiologic progression were used as outcome measures. Numerous baseline clinical, laboratory, genetic, and radiographic data were obtained. Results The change in the total radiologic score for the patients followed up over 3 years was a mean ± SD increase of 6.1 ± 6.2. Radiologic progression was observed in 71 of the 172 patients for whom there were data at the end of the study. By univariate analysis with Fisher's exact test, radiologic scores and progression at followup were closely correlated with the baseline values of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein level, IgM and IgA rheumatoid factor positivity, antiperinuclear antibody positivity, radiologic scores, duration of morning stiffness, and RA-associated HLA–DRB1∗04 genes. No correlation was demonstrated with sex, age, Disease Activity Score, swollen or tender joint counts, extraarticular manifestations, Health Assessment Questionnaire score, Ritchie Articular Index, patient's assessment of pain, positivity for anti–heat-shock protein 90-kd antibodies, anticalpastatin antibodies, anti-RA33 antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, YKL-40, or antikeratin antibodies, and HLA–DRB1∗01 genes. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the only baseline values that were predictive of the 3-year radiologic scores were IgM rheumatoid factor positivity, DRB1∗04 genes, pain score, and total radiologic score. Progression of joint damage was predicted by the ESR, IgM rheumatoid factor positivity, DRB1∗04 genes, and erosions score at baseline. Conclusion Prognostic factors for radiographic damage in early RA were identified. A combination of these baseline values allowed us to draw up a predictive arithmetic score that could be used to predict radiologic damage at 3 years and radiologic progression in individual patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dramatic difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of PLA-PEG 45-20 30% NCs compared to poloxamer-coated NCs indicates that covalent attachment, longer PEG chain lengths, and higher densities are necessary to produce an increased half-life of NCs in vivo.
Abstract: Purpose: To study the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of novel polyethyleneglycol (PEG) surface-modified poly(rac-lactide) (PLA) nanocapsules (NCs) and to investigate the influence of PEG chain length and content.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is shown of the existence of a direct T3 mitochondrial pathway, and the respective importance of the nuclear and mitochondrial pathways for organelle activity is clarified.
Abstract: Triiodothyronine (T3) is considered a major regulator of mitochondrial activity. In this review, we show evidence of the existence of a direct T3 mitochondrial pathway, and try to clarify the respective importance of the nuclear and mitochondrial pathways for organelle activity. Numerous studies have reported short-term and delayed T3 stimulation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Convincing data indicate that an early influence occurs through an extra-nuclear mechanism insensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis. Although it has been shown that diiodothyronines could actually be T3 mediators of this short-term influence, the detection of specific T3-binding sites, probably corresponding to a 28 kDa c-Erb Aalpha1 protein of the inner membrane, also supports a direct T3 influence. The more delayed influence of thyroid hormone upon mitochondrial respiration probably results from mechanisms elicited at the nuclear level, including changes in phospholipid turnover and stimulation of uncoupling protein expression, leading to an increased inner membrane proton leak. However, the involvement of a direct mitochondrial T3 pathway leading to a rapid stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis has to be considered. Both pathways are obviously involved in the T3 stimulation of mitochondrial genome transcription. First, a 43 kDa c-Erb Aalpha1 protein located in the mitochondrial matrix (p43), acting as a potent T3-dependent transcription factor of the mitochondrial genome, induces early stimulation of organelle transcription. In addition, T3 increases mitochondrial TFA expression, a mitochondrial transcription factor encoded by a nuclear gene. Similarly, the stimulation of mitochondriogenesis by thyroid hormone probably involves both pathways. In particular, the c-erb Aalpha gene simultaneously encodes a nuclear and a mitochondrial T3 receptor (p43), thus ensuring coordination of the expression of the mitochondrial genome and of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Recent studies concerning the physiological importance of the direct mitochondrial T3 pathway involving p43 led to the conclusion that it is not only involved in the regulation of fuel metabolism, but also in the regulation of cell differentiation. As the processes leading to or resulting from differentiation are energy-consuming, p43 coordination of metabolism and differentiation could be of significant importance in the regulation of development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Nussloch loess sequences were sampled at close intervals (10 cm) and documented in respect of their stratigraphy, palaeopedology, sedimentology, palynology, malacology and geochemistry, and were dated using radiocarbon and OSL methods as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the decomposition of tensor products of representations into irreducible is studied for a continuous family of integrable operator representations of U q (sl(2,ℝ).
Abstract: The decomposition of tensor products of representations into irreducibles is studied for a continuous family of integrable operator representations of U q (sl(2,ℝ). It is described by an explicit integral transformation involving a distributional kernel that can be seen as an analogue of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. Moreover, we also study the relation between two canonical decompositions of triple tensor products into irreducibles. It can be represented by an integral transformation with a kernel that generalizes the Racah–Wigner coefficients. This kernel is explicitly calculated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Diethanolamine and triethanolamine were selected among several low and high molecular weight polyols and amines tested as potential plasticizers of wheat gluten film.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mesocosm experiment was performed to study the influence of nutrients on activity and diversity of bacterial assemblages from the Mediterranean Sea, and changes in the diversity of the predominant bacterial populations were monitored by DGGE fingerprinting of PCR products derived from 16S rRNA encoding genes.

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Mar 2001-Talanta
TL;DR: A review of nearly 60 artificial salivas was carried out to clarify the role of some of the compounds most frequently met in the proposed formulae and the SAGF medium was used as a reference and some in vitro behavioral tests of dental biomaterials were studied in a comparative way.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a fully coupled numerical thermomechanical model handling strain localization, surface processes and ultra-high viscosity contrasts (11 orders of magnitude) as discussed by the authors test a number of possible mechanisms of High Pressure (HP) −Low Temperature (LT)/High Temperature (HT) exhumation in continental collision zones.